龙桑一号桑叶精油的挥发性组分(英文)

桑品种龙桑一号(Morus alba)栽培于中国东北黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南林场桑产业科技示范园。2009年7月、8月和9月的桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油中的挥发性组分经水蒸馏提取后进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明桑叶精油的共有组分是植醇(醇类化合物)、六氢金合欢丙酮(酮类化合物)、二十七烷和二十五烷(烃类化合物)。棕榈酸为7月和8月采集桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油的共有第一主成分。顺式-β-金合欢烯、反式-β-金合欢烯、β-甜没药烯、反式-α-佛手柑油烯和α-姜黄烯是9月采集桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油的主要芳香组分。萜类化合物相对含量较高的9月份采集的干桑叶精油具有药用价值。     

小蓬草精油的分离组分比较分析

通过薄层色谱分析和柱色谱分离结合气相色谱-质谱分析小蓬草精油的分离组分,结果表明其不同分离组分组成有差异,可以分离得到以香芹酮(18.33%)为特征成分,含有cis-香芹醇(3.79%),cis-香芹酮氧化物(1.74%),trans-香芹醇(1.62%),橙花叔醇(1.13%),石竹烯氧化物(0.38%),对甲基苯乙酮(0.64%)或者是以cis-香芹醇为特征成分,含有cis-马鞭草烯酮的分离组分。香芹酮、cis-香芹醇、橙花叔醇、对甲基苯乙酮、cis-马鞭草烯酮等是具有香气的化合物。     

蕈树叶芳香精油成分分析及其抗氧化活性研究

为了解蕈树叶芳香精油化学组分及抗氧化活性,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)结合Kovats保留指数(K I)比较的方法对其进行了成分分析,并运用二种体外方法对其抗氧化活性进行了测定。结果表明蕈树叶精油以倍半萜烯类为主(占62.39%),主要特征成分为双环大根香叶烯(10.71%)、(E)-丁香烯(9.96%)和α-依兰油烯(8.92%)。该精油具有中等程度的自由基清除活性和抗脂质过氧化活性。其抗氧化活性可能与精油中的酚类物质5-羟基白菖莆烯(2.97%)以及醇类物质1-表橙椒醇(3.12%)和(Z)-白檀油烯醇(2.12%)等化合物有关。     

小蓬草精油化感作用的生物测定

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从小蓬草[Conyza canadensis (L.)Cronq.]地上部分分离出精油,利用GC-MS技术对该精油的主要化学成分进行了鉴定,结果显示:精油提取率为0.07%;该精油主要含有2,3-二甲基-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮、α-佛手柑油烯、柠檬烯二醇、反式-β-金合欢烯和α-姜黄烯等成分,其中,2,3-二甲基-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的相对含量最高,达到54.41%.以青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)、白菜[B. pekinensis (Lour.)Rupr.]、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和高粱[Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench]为供试植物,采用培养皿法对不同质量浓度(0.75、1.5、3.0和6.0 g·L-1)小蓬草精油的化感效应进行了生物测定,结果显示:经不同质量浓度小蓬草精油处理后4种供试植物的种子最终发芽率和发芽指数以及幼苗的根长和株高等4个生物测定指标总体上均低于对照,且随精油质量浓度的提高不断降低,其中,0.75 g·L-1 精油处理组的4个生物测定指标均与对照无显著或极显著差异,而6.0 g·L-1精油处理组的4个指标与对照则有显著或极显著的差异.4种供试植物的4个生物测定指标的化感效应敏感指数几乎均为负值,且随精油质量浓度的提高敏感指数的绝对值逐渐增大,说明小蓬草精油对供试植物的化感作用为抑制作用,且抑制作用的强度与精油质量浓度有关.在4种供试植物中,小蓬草精油对青菜种子的最终发芽率的抑制作用最明显,其半抑制浓度(IC50)约为3.0 g·L-1;在4个生物测定指标中,种子最终发芽率以及幼苗根长对小蓬草精油的化感作用较敏感.研究结果表明,小蓬草精油具有一定的化感活性,可将其作为植物源除草剂原料进行开发利用.     

永州薄荷精油成分分析及其与异蛇蛇蜕浸液复配剂抑菌效果研究

为更好开发利用永州异蛇(尖吻蝮蛇)和永州薄荷两种地方特色资源,本研究通过GC-MS法分析了永州薄荷精油的成分,采用药敏纸片法测试了永州薄荷精油、异蛇蛇蜕浸液及二者复配剂的抑菌效果。结果发现,永州薄荷精油中共检出20种成分,其中含量较多的成分为薄荷醇(42.67%)、薄荷酮(27.30%),二者占总含量近70%;另有7种成分占总量比例超过1%,分别是α-蒎烯(3.65%)、β-蒎烯(3.28%)、柠檬烯(5.63%)、正辛醇(1.47%)、异薄荷醇(7.88%)、胡薄荷酮(1.35%)、乙酸薄荷酯(2.70%);还含有2种其他产区薄荷精油中未被检出的萜烯与二氢香芹醇(0.50%)。永州薄荷精油与异蛇蛇蜕浸提液均对金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾杆菌表现出抑菌活性,其中薄荷精油对痢疾杆菌的抑制效果较金黄色葡萄球菌更佳,而异蛇蛇蜕浸提液则对二者的抑制活性无显著差异;两种提取物复配液的抑菌效果优于各自单方;相同原液浓度下,二者最佳复配比为薄荷精油:蛇蜕浸提液1∶2(V∶V);复配剂对痢疾杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌最小抑菌浓度分别为15和10 mg/mL。研究结果为两种地方特色动植物资源的协同开发提供了实验依据。     

中国特有植物银杉叶精油成分的研究

本文用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用仪,分离了银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)叶精油主要成分26个,鉴定了19个化合物,并测定了含量。其中主要成分有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-龙脑烯醛、反式-松香芹醇、桃金娘烯醛、马鞭草烯酮和石竹烯氧化物等。     

水翁花蕾和水翁叶精油的化学成分研究

水翁的花营和鲜叶经水蒸汽蒸馏得到一种淡黄色的精油,前者出油率为0.18％。后者为0.08％。我们应用毛细管气相色谱,气相色谱/质谱联用,红外光谱和紫外光谱等方法,对两种精油进行化学分成分析,分别鉴定出35个和27个已知化学成分。两者相同的化学成分有:β-罗勒烯(Z)、β-罗勒烯(E)、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、小茴香烯、香叶醇、顺式-丁香烯、橙花叔醇等23个化学成分,分别占花营精油全油的90％和叶精油95％以上。     

不同产地吴茱萸果实挥发油成分的GC-MS分析及与小花吴茱萸的比较

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取陕西汉中、贵州、福建、江西4个产地的吴茱萸和汉中产小花吴茱萸的果实挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)共鉴定出154种化学成分,主要为萜类、酯类及酰胺类等化合物。其中陕西汉中产吴茱萸果实挥发油中鉴定出48种化学成分,未知成分2种。主要成分有反式-罗勒烯(相对含量为75.05%,下同)、顺式-罗勒烯(8.10%)、β-香叶烯(6.14%)等;贵州产吴茱萸果实挥发油中鉴定出43种化学成分,未知成分3种,其主要成分有反式-罗勒烯(67.04%)、β-香叶烯(9.66%)、顺式-罗勒烯(7.98%)等;福建产吴茱萸果实挥发油中鉴定出57种化学成分,未知成分2种,主要成分有反式-罗勒烯(73.14%)、顺式-罗勒烯(8.41%)、β-香叶烯(3.82%)等;江西产吴茱萸果实挥发油中鉴定出61种化学成分,主要种类有β-香叶烯(33.49%)、反式-罗勒烯(30.27%)、β-水芹烯(18.86%)、顺式-罗勒烯(5.23%)等;陕西汉中产小花吴茱萸果实挥发油中鉴定出化学成分83种,未知成分3个,其主要成分为反式-罗勒烯(40.21%)、顺式-罗勒烯(8.99%)、β-香叶烯(6.74%)等。结果表明,不同产地吴茱萸及小花吴茱萸果实中挥发油的主要成分种类比较接近,但各自挥发油化合物组成又都含有其特有化学成分。     

中国特有植物银杉叶精油成分的研究

本文用气相色谱-质谱 — 计算机联用仪,分离了银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)叶精油主要成分26个,鉴定了19个化合物,并测定了含量。其中主要成分有a — 蒎烯、β — 蒎烯,a— 龙脑烯醛、反式 — 松香芹醇,桃金娘烯醛、马鞭草烯酮和石竹烯氧化物等。     

樗叶花椒树皮精油化学成分及其抗氧化活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取樗叶花椒树皮精油,气相色谱-质谱联用法分离并分析鉴定其成分及相对含量,并研究了精油的抗氧化活性。结果表明,在樗叶花椒树皮精油中共鉴定出54个化合物,樗叶花椒树皮中精油的主要成分为(-)-松油烯醇(17.64%)、桉叶醇(13.82%)、香桧烯(11.73%)、γ-萜品烯(10.88%)、α-蒈烯(8.00%)、芳樟醇(6.93%)、萜品油烯(5.86%)、α-萜品醇(4.44%)、(-)-α-水芹烯(2.25%)等;400 ppm的樗叶花椒树皮中精油对超氧阴离子自由基(O-·2)、羟基自由基(·OH)、有机自由基(DPPH·)以及体外模拟胃液中亚硝酸根离子(NO-2)的清除率分别达到17.4%、49.1%、48.7%和50.8%。     

小蓬草精油的提取及GC-MS分析

水蒸馏和水蒸气蒸馏分别提取鲜小蓬草精油的气相色谱-质谱分析结果表明:水蒸馏提取的鲜小蓬草精油挥发性组分较多且柠檬烯质量分数最高(15.36%),香芹酮(10.15%)次之.而水蒸气蒸馏分别提取鲜和干小蓬草精油的气相色谱-质谱分析表明干小蓬草有利于提取更多精油香料成分,且柠檬烯质量分数最高(57.68%),反式-α-佛手...     

小蓬草精油对两种蚊虫的毒杀活性和成分分析

【目的】明确小蓬草Conyza canadensis ( L.) Cronq.精油的杀虫潜力及其活性成分。【方法】通过浸虫法和密闭熏蒸法测试了小蓬草精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus幼虫及成蚊的毒杀活性, 并利用气相色谱 质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对精油的挥发性成分进行了定性分析。【结果】 小蓬草精油对白纹伊蚊1-4龄期幼虫及蛹的24 h LC50值分别为25.01, 45.88, 56.94, 64.60和346.23 μg/mL; 对致倦库蚊幼虫1-4龄期幼虫及蛹的24 h LC₅₀值分别为9.16, 8.65, 32.12, 43.68和197.83 μg/mL。在剂量分别为48, 64, 80, 96, 112和128 μg/cm3时, 小蓬草精油对白纹伊蚊成蚊的KT₅₀值分别为28.81, 22.31, 20.38, 17.05, 13.92和9.74 min; 对致倦库蚊的KT50值分别为34.90, 32.97, 23.97, 19.60, 15.20和10.34 min。 24 h熏蒸对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的LC50值分别是75.46和99.19 μg/cm³。小蓬草精油的GC MS定性分析共分离鉴定出31种化合物, 其中单萜类物质6种, 倍半萜烯类物质17种, 含氧萜烯类6种。【结论】结果表明小蓬草精油对这两种蚊虫的毒杀活性较高, 具有深开发潜力。     

牛至挥发油的化学成分及其化感作用

为探究牛至挥发油的化学成分及其化感作用,本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取牛至全草挥发油,利用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)从牛至挥发油中鉴定出14种化学成分,占总出峰面积的93.6%,主要成分为甲基丁香酚(16.5%)、肉豆蔻醚(15.6%)、香芹酚(15.0%)、百里香酚(9.8%)、洋芹脑(9.4%)等。通过测定挥发油对小麦、绿豆和萝卜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,评价挥发油的化感潜力。结果表明: 牛至挥发油对3种受体植物的种子萌发有抑制作用,其中,对小麦的抑制作用最强,萝卜和绿豆次之,挥发油对供试植物地上部分生长的抑制作用大于地下部分。挥发油对3种供试植物幼茎及小麦和萝卜幼根生长的抑制作用与浓度成正相关,对绿豆幼根长度则表现为“低促高抑”现象。本研究证实牛至挥发油中含有化感物质,其活性化合物及作用机制有待进一步研究。     

小蓬草水浸液对2种花卉种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用北大核心CSCD

为揭示入侵杂草与草本花卉之间的竞争关系,以入侵植物小蓬草为供体材料,常用的花卉波斯菊、观赏油菜为受体材料,研究了小蓬草根、叶水浸提液对受体植物种子萌发、幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的化感效应差异。结果表明,(1)小蓬草浸提液对受体植物的种子萌发均具有显著化感效应,基本表现为“低促高抑”的趋势,且波斯菊、观赏油菜的种子萌发率在根、叶浸提液浓度为25 g/L时最高,在浸提液浓度为100 g/L时最低。(2)小蓬草浸提液对受体植物幼苗上下胚轴生长具有“低促高抑”的浓度效应,且浓度越大抑制作用越显著。(3)在小蓬草根、叶浸提液处理下,观赏油菜的SOD和POD活性大多显著高于对照,波斯菊SOD和POD活性则大多显著低于对照;波斯菊、观赏油菜CAT活性整体呈先缓慢升高后降低的趋势。(4)波斯菊幼苗MDA含量随小蓬草根、叶浸提液浓度的增加均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,并大多高于对照水平,而观赏油菜幼苗MDA含量随着根浸提液浓度增加而逐渐升高,却随着叶浸提液浓度的增加而降低,但大多显著低于对照水平。研究发现,小蓬草浸提液对2种花卉种子萌发和幼苗生长均表现出“低促高抑”化感作用,且综合效应强弱表现为观赏油菜大于波斯菊,根浸提液处理大于叶浸提液。     

Allelopathic interactions between invasive plant Solidago canadensis and native plant Phragmites australis

Taking the seeds of invasive plant Solidago canadensis and native plant Phragmites australis from their mono- and co-dominant communities as allelopathic acceptors, this paper analyzed the differences in the seed germination rate and sprout length after treated with five level (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensis and P. australis extracts, aimed to understand the allelopathic interactions between the two species. The 1000-grain weight and seed germination rate under distilled water treatment of the two species in co-dominated community were greater than those in mono-dominant community. Low level (12.5 and 25 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensi extracts slightly promoted the seed germination rates of S. canadensis in both mono- and co-dominant communities, but high level (50, 100, and 200 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensi extracts had strong inhibition effect, especially for the S. canadensis in co-dominated community. No significant patterns were observed about the effects of P. australis extract on S. canadensis seed germination. The sprout length of S. canadensis seeds in both mono- and co-dominant communities decreased with increasing level of S. canadensis extract, but decreased in a fluctuation way with increasing level of P. australis extract. After treated with the extracts of P. australis or S. canadensis, the seed germination rate of P. australis in mono-dominant community was significantly greater than that in co-dominant community (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between these two extracts.     

Chemical Composition of Ambrosia trifida Essential Oil and Phytotoxic Effect on Other Plants

This study aimed to identify the main components of an essential oil produced from leaves of Ambrosia trifida and to evaluate its potential allelopathic effect on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with both mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). Total 69 compounds were identified, with limonene (20.7 %), bornyl acetate (15.0 %), borneol (14.7 %) and germacrene D (11.6 %) as the major components. The working solutions of the essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 and dissolved in distilled water were prepared at four concentration levels (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 % and 1 %, v/v). The results obtained showed that increase in essential oil concentration leads to decrease in seed germination, as well as shoot and radical length of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (p<0.05) between control and 1 % and 0.5 % oil concentrations in all treatments. The essential oil of A. trifida exhibited more powerful phytotoxic effects on lettuce, watermelon and tomato than on cucumber regarding germination and early seedling growth.     

Transfer of glyphosate resistance: evidence of hybridization in Conyza (Asteraceae)

Transfer of herbicide resistance genes between crops and weeds is relatively well documented; however, far less information exists for weed-to-weed interactions. The hybridization between the weedy diploids Conyza canadensis (2n = 18) and C. ramosissima (2n = 18) was investigated by monitoring transmission of the allele conferring resistance to N-phosphonomethyl glycine (glyphosate). In a multivariate quantitative trait analysis, we described the phylogenic relationship of the plants, whereas we tested seed viability to assess potential postzygotic reproductive barriers (PZRB) thus affecting the potential establishment of hybrid populations in the wild. When inflorescences were allowed to interact freely, approximately 3% of C. ramosissima or C. canadensis ova were fertilized by pollen of the opposing species and produced viable seeds; >95% of the ova were fertilized under no-pollen competition conditions (emasculation). The interspecific Conyza hybrid ( ) demonstrated an intermediate phenotype between the parents but superior resistance to glyphosate compared to the resistant C. canadensis parent. Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in the selfed ( ) followed the partially dominant nuclear, single-gene model; backcrosses confirmed successful introgression of the resistance allele to either parent. Negligible PZRB were observed in the hybrid progenies, confirming fertility of the C. canadensis × C. ramosissima nothotaxa. The implications of introgressive hybridization for herbicide resistance management and taxonomy of Conyza are discussed.     

不同温度对七种外来杂草生理指标的影响及其适应意义

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidagocanadensis)、小飞蓬(Conyzacanadensis)、野塘蒿(Conyzabonarinsis)、钻形紫菀(Astersublatus)、一年蓬(Erigeronannuus)、马缨丹(Lantanacamara)和金鸡菊(Coreopsislanceolata)是我国东南地区有分布的7种外来杂草。测定了38°C、25°C和5°C处理下它们的可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性。结果表明,7种杂草对高温的耐受能力,由大到小分别为野塘蒿、小飞蓬、钻形紫菀、加拿大一枝黄花、马缨丹、一年蓬和金鸡菊,对低温的耐受能力,由大到小则分别为野塘蒿、小飞蓬、马缨丹、一年蓬、钻形紫菀、加拿大一枝黄花和金鸡菊。分析了四种生理指标变化的生态适应意义。     

Potential allelochemicals from the essential oil of Ruta graveolens

The essential oil of aerial parts of Ruta graveolens was obtained by hydrodistillation with a 0.74% yield on a dry weight basis. Thirty-eight components were identified by GC and GC-MS analyses. 2-Ketones predominated in the essential oil, with undecan-2-one (46.8%) and nonan-2-one (18.8%) as the main constituents. The essential oil and some of its constituents were tested for their allelopathic activity in vitro on radish germination and radicle growth in light and darkness. The essential oil and some of its minor constituents were effective and dose-dependent inhibitors of both the germination and radicle growth; 2-ketones are not active. The possible allelopathic activity of rue essential oil and some its isolated constituents is reported.