狼疮样肾炎小鼠模型研究进展

系统性红斑狼疮（ systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE）是一种以体内产生抗核抗体为特征的自身免疫性疾病,其病因目前未明,一般认为是遗传、环境、内分泌、感染等因素相互作用的结果。狼疮样肾炎小鼠模型与人SLE发病机制和病理变化等有着相似特点,是研究SLE、筛选抗炎免疫药物较理想的实验性病理模型。本文对近年来狼疮样肾炎小鼠模型制备的方法及评价进行了综述。     

慢性抗Thy1抗体肾炎模型的研究进展

慢性抗thy1抗体肾炎模型由于其疾病过程与人类IgA肾病及其他的系膜增生性肾炎的疾病进程相似,可以用作研究慢性肾脏病的发病机制以及新的治疗策略,本文就慢性抗thy1抗体肾炎模型的建立方法、病理演变过程、发病机制及治疗进展做一综述.     

Alexion的MAb治疗狼疮相关肾损伤

在Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (NewHaven,TC)开展的临床前研究中,有关抗-C5 Mab试验不断取得喜人结果。去年九月有报道,这种Mab可防止并治疗胶原-诱发的小鼠关节炎。目前Alexion公司的发现是,此Mab具有抗狼疮-相关肾损伤,即肾小球性肾炎的潜力。 用两种小鼠模型进行试验。一种是急性和快速进行性肾炎模型。这种肾炎往往导致狼疮肾炎患者的肾     

一种实用性狼疮样肾炎动物模型--鼠慢性移植物抗宿主病的制备

目的建立一种狼疮样肾炎动物模型,为人类狼疮性肾炎（ＬＮ）实验和临床研究提供基础。方法取雌性亲代ＤＢＡ／２的淋巴细胞分４次经静脉注射雌性子代Ｆ１代杂交鼠（Ｃ５７ＢＬ６× ＤＢＡ２）。注射时间为０,３,７,１０ ｄ。每次注射淋巴细胞数为５０× １０６。结果尿白蛋白于第４次注射后２周开始升高,第１２周达高峰;血抗ｄｓ－ＤＮＡ水平于第４次注射后２周已明显升高,至第４周达高峰,各时点与对照组差异明显。普通光镜（ＰＡＳ、ＰＡＳＭ）示肾小球基底膜增厚,系膜轻度增生,小管间质炎症细胞浸润;免疫荧光示ＩｇＧ沿基底膜呈线状或颗粒状沉积,部分小管基底膜亦可见其沉积;电镜显示膜性肾炎改变,基底膜增宽,内有电子致密物沉积,上皮细胞足交融合。结论本实验所建立狼疮样肾炎动物模型,主要为膜性肾炎。     

转化生长因子-β蛋白及mRNA基因在人类系膜增生性肾小球肾炎中的表达

目的：探讨转化生长因子－β（TGF－β）蛋白及mRNA基因在系膜增生性肾小球肾炎中的表达及其在发病中的作用。方法：采用常规病理,免疫组织化学及原位杂交方法对人系膜增生性肾小球肾炎组织进行染色,并经医学图像分析系统进行分析,结果：在正常对照组,TGF－β蛋白及TGF－β1mRNA小肾小管上皮细胞呈极弱表达,肾小球内TGF－β蛋白及mRNA未见阳性表达,在系膜增生肾小球肾炎组织中,TGF－β蛋白在肾近曲小管上皮细胞胞浆内呈强阳性表达,肾小球球囊壁及系膜区呈阳性,肾小球与肾小管阳性表达与正常对照组相比均具有显性差异（P＜0．01）,TGF－β1mRNA阳性表达位于肾近曲小管上皮细胞胞浆内和肾小球系膜区,肾小球和肾小管上皮细胞TGF－β1mRNA阳性表达与正常对照组相比差异也有显性（P＜0．01）。结论：系膜增生性肾小球炎时TGF－β蛋白及TGF－β1mRNARNA阳性表达与正常对照组相比差异也有显性（P＜0．01）。结论：系膜增生性肾小球肾炎时TGF－β蛋白及TGF－β1mRNA在肾小球与肾小管表达均显增高,进一步显示TGF－β在肾小球系膜细胞增生及肾小管间质纤维化中所起的重要作用。     

一种皮肤型狼疮小鼠模型的鉴定

目的通过对老龄系统性红斑狼疮小鼠(TC)皮肤症状的观察和鉴定,探讨其是否可以作为一种研究皮肤型狼疮的小鼠模型。方法观察TC小鼠出现皮肤症状的年龄,对比同龄小鼠与C57BL/6小鼠的皮肤症状,ELISA法检测小鼠血清抗dsDNA抗体及抗ANA抗体,HE染色检测小鼠皮肤病理学症状。结果 2/3的TC小鼠出现毛发脱失、皮肤溃烂等症状,其病变最早发生于40周龄,皮肤病变的狼疮小鼠血清抗dsDNA抗体和抗ANA抗体滴度明显高于C57BL/6小鼠(P<0.05);HE染色结果显示狼疮小鼠角质层缺失,上皮层连续性中断,真皮层大量淋巴细胞浸润。结论狼疮小鼠在40周后会出现皮肤病变,显示该小鼠可作为一种研究慢性皮肤型狼疮的疾病模型。     

两种系膜增殖性肾炎大鼠模型的建立比较

目的　探讨快速建立系膜增殖性肾炎大鼠模型的方法。方法　 30只SD大鼠随机分 3组。正常对照组 ;葡萄球菌内毒素 (SEB)静脉注射 ,牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)隔日口服及免疫佐剂皮下注射组 ;在第二组基础上加作肝左叶切除组。 14周后分别作尿蛋白 ,IGA免疫荧光及病理组织检查。结果　肝左叶切除组蛋白尿出现的时间早于非肝切除组 ,但两组在 14周后蛋白尿定量无明显统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,对照组尿蛋白定性始终均为阴性。光镜检测轻至中度系膜扩张 ,伴系膜细胞少量增生 但两组比较无明显统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,肝左叶切除组IgA免疫荧光强于非肝切除组。结论　葡萄球菌肠内毒素静脉注射、BSA隔日口服、免疫增强剂或在上述基础上加肝左叶切除的方法都能诱发SD大鼠系膜增殖性肾炎模型。肝左叶切除组蛋白尿出现时间早 ;但于 14周后尿蛋白量无显著差异。     

应用高脂饮食联合维生素D3建立慢性系膜增殖性肾炎血管病变大鼠模型

目的 探讨应用高脂饮食建立慢性系膜增殖性肾炎血管病变模型的方法.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠行单侧肾切除后随机分为单纯肾切除组、单纯肾炎组、单纯高脂组、肾炎高脂组.单纯肾炎组、肾炎高脂组在单侧肾切除后3d尾静脉注射OX7抗体(100 mg/kg),1周后尾静脉连续注射OX7抗体(每次100 mg/kg,1次/周,共3次),单纯肾切除组和单纯高脂组在同一时间尾静脉注射PBS,注射抗体后第2天单纯高脂组、肾炎高脂组腹腔注射维生素D3(6万U/kg,1次/4周),同时给予高脂饲料.分别于第4、8、10周观察各组大鼠的一般情况、体重、血压、尿蛋白、血浆白蛋白、血脂、血钙、肾功能以及肾脏病理改变.结果 模型组(肾炎高脂组)大鼠第8周肾小球外的小动脉出现管壁增厚,管腔变小,平滑肌细胞减少,细胞排列紊乱,纤维组织增生.第10周单纯肾炎组和单纯高脂组肾小球外小动脉管壁轻度增厚,管腔变化不明显,模型组血管病变积分明显高于单纯肾炎组和单纯高脂组(P＜0.05).结论 通过对慢性抗Thy1肾炎大鼠加用高脂饲料并腹腔注射维生素D3的方法,可以成功建立慢性系膜增殖性肾炎血管病变模型.     

HMGB1对小鼠系膜细胞细胞周期及细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响

该实验以小鼠系膜细胞MMC为研究对象,以重组HMGB1为刺激物,通过检测细胞周期的变化及细胞PCNA、CyclinD1、CDK4和p16的表达水平,初步探讨HMGB1对系膜细胞的细胞周期及其相关调控因子的影响。选取小鼠系膜细胞MMC为研究对象,随机分为对照组及0.05mg/LHMGB1刺激组,经流式细胞术检测发现HMGB1能够上调小鼠系膜细胞中S期细胞所占比例;免疫细胞化学检测显示,PCNA蛋白在小鼠系膜细胞中的表达上调;通过RT-PCR技术及Western blot技术检测到小鼠系膜细胞中CyclinD1 mRNA和蛋白以及CDK4蛋白的高表达情况,而p16蛋白的表达呈时间依赖性降低。由此可见,HMGB1可能是通过上调CyclinD1/CDK4的表达,并下调p16的表达,促进细胞从G_0/G_1期进入S期,介导了小鼠系膜细胞的异常增殖,可能是HMGB1参与狼疮性肾炎发病的可能机制之一。     

活性维生素D3对大鼠系膜增生性肾炎PCNA的影响

目的:研究活性维生素D3对大鼠系膜增生性肾小球肾炎的作用及机制.方法:应用抗大鼠胸腺细胞免疫血清(Anti-thymocyte serum,ATS)抗体一次性尾静脉注射复制大鼠系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis,MsPGN)模型,将实验大鼠分为三组对照组(A组)、模型组(B组)、活性维生素D3治疗组(C组),分别与1、3、7、14天每组各处死6只大鼠,并采用Envision免疫组化法、RT-PCR法,观察PCNA蛋白、PCNAmRNA及中性粒细胞在肾小球中的表达情况.结果:肾炎组增殖细胞核抗原(Proliferating cell nuclear Antigen,PCNA)蛋白、PCNAmRNA及肾小球中中性粒细胞计数明显高于对照组(p＜0.01),并随着时间延长逐渐增高,到第7天达到高峰,第14天有下降的趋势.活性维生素D3治疗组PCNA蛋白、PCNAmRNA及肾小球中中性粒细胞计数的表达均较低(p＜0.01),其中第3、7、14天表达均显著减少(p＜0.05).PCNA蛋白、PCNAmRNA、中性粒细胞计数各指标之间呈均成正相关.结论:活性维生素D3可以抑制系膜细胞的增生,其作用机制可能是抑制炎症细胞浸润、PCNAmRNA及其蛋白的表达.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.