名刊封面

干细胞是一类尚未完全分化的细胞,受精卵就是最初始的干细胞。而细胞凋亡是正常机体细胞在受到生理和病理性刺激后出现的一种自发的死     

流式细胞术在细胞凋亡检测中的应用

凋亡是细胞受一些生理或病理信号刺激时所发生的一种程序性死亡过程.近年来,有关肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究已成为一个新的研究热点．围绕凋亡细胞出现的典型的形态变化及生化改变,建立了一些检测分析凋亡细胞的方法．文章着重概述了流式细胞术（FCM）在细胞凋亡研究中的应用,尤其是NT法、TdT法及SBIP法等新方法的价值.     

HIV介导的细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是多细胞生物的一种生理性细胞死亡 ,它和坏死性细胞死亡是两种不同的细胞死亡形式 ,细胞凋亡是细胞内在的有规律的机制引起的 ,它可由细胞内部因素和外部刺激所诱导 ,细胞凋亡有其固有的形态特点 ,这种“自杀”行动对机体的正常发育和新陈代谢都是必要的 ,有助于维持组织稳态 ,对于机体是有利的。如细胞凋亡异常将会给机体带来各种病理后果。另外由于细胞凋亡的可诱导性 ,就为疾病的治疗提供了一条新思路。近年来发现 ,ＨＩＶ病毒也参与了细胞凋亡的诱导和抑制 ,在这些过程中相关的病毒基因的表达和相应蛋白质的合成起着关键性的作…     

细胞胀亡（oncosis）：一种不同于凋亡（apoptosis）的细胞死亡

凋亡是一种主动方式的程度性细胞死亡,它的形态特征为细胞固缩、核碎裂。近来Majno提出一种表现为细胞肿胀和核溶解的细胞损伤过程,称之为胀亡（oncosis）。目前,毒理病理学家认为凋亡和胀亡代表了两种不同的细胞死亡方式,本文对细胞胀亡的病理形态特征、生化改变和发生机制,分子凋控的初步研究进展及其与凋亡的联系进行综述,以利于加深对细胞死亡方式的进一步认识。     

脑缺血与细胞凋亡

凋亡是细胞内特殊的自杀程序启动后引起的细胞程序性死亡。凋亡能够保证个体的正常生长发育,同时也参与许多疾病的病理过程。凋亡的机理尚未完全阐明,许多研究提示白介素-1β-转化酶在细胞凋亡过程中起关键作用。脑组织缺血、缺氧主要通过释放兴奋性氨基酸作用于突触后受体引起神经元坏死,近年发现脑缺血也能引起神经元凋亡。实验证明,阻断神经细胞凋亡能减轻缺血引起的脑组织损伤。因此,抗细胞凋亡可能是脑缺血一种新的治疗手段。     

自由基与细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是指细胞在生理和病理情况下的一种死亡模式,广泛涉及到肿瘤、衰老和退行性病变等一系列疾病．最近有实验表明自由基与细胞凋亡有密切的关系．凋亡细胞内活性氧自由基（ROS）生成增加,同时消除ROS的能力下降.大多数凋亡障碍的细胞表现出ROS分子大量减少,若调节细胞内ROS含量,死亡率能随之改变;离子辐射能通过经自由基引起细胞的凋亡,培养细胞在无血清或撤除生长因子后发生的死亡也大多与细胞内自由基代谢酶如过氧化氢酶等的活性变化有关.提示自由基是参与调节细胞凋亡的重要因素之一.     

自噬抑制与肿瘤

自噬是一种在正常细胞和病理状态细胞中普遍存在的生理机制。自噬与肿瘤细胞的生存与凋亡关系密切,在很多肿瘤细胞中,其自噬活性均有改变。抑制肿瘤细胞中自噬活动可以促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡。在化疗诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的同时,以自噬抑制剂抑制肿瘤细胞的自噬活动,可改善肿瘤的治疗效果。     

关于TRAIL对凋亡的作用

凋亡,即程序性细胞死亡,是允许多细胞动物严格调控细胞生长,防止癌症、免疫缺陷及自身反应性等病理过程的一种关键机制。在哺乳动物细胞中,凋亡可通过两个主要途径起始：一个与死亡受体的参与有关,另一个则与线粒体释放细胞色素c有关。线粒体途径既可由外部信号也可由内部信号如DNA损伤所触发。Bcl-2家族的促凋亡(pro—apoptotic)和抗凋亡(anti—apoptotic)成员可聚集于线粒体表     

几种免疫分子对Fas介导细胞凋亡的调节

Fas/APO-1介导的细胞凋亡在免疫自稳,免疫调控,免疫逃逸,免疫赦免等各个免疫生理,病理过程中均发挥着至关重要的作用。它可使免疫细胞的活化增殖和机体的免疫应答维持在一定的限度,从而避免发生过度免疫反应损伤机体。使机体的免疫系统处于一平衡状态。免疫分子。凋亡基因及抗凋亡基因表达的蛋白,以及多种药物均可调节Fas介导的细胞凋亡。本主要对几种免疫分子对Fas介导细胞凋亡的调节机制的研究进展做一论述。     

胱天蛋白酶与中枢神经系统疾病

机体的器官为了完成其功能 ,就必须有一套调节控制系统来决定细胞生存与死亡的时间[1] 。在生命进程中 ,例如发育和免疫 ,进化保守机制也发挥着重要的作用[2 ] 。由生理和病理因子介导凋亡的初级信号机制是不同的 ,每一种因子都有特定的底物。这些底物在细胞间进行信号转导 ,最终引起凋亡。然而 ,在哺乳动物细胞中 ,其引起凋亡的最终通路是共同的 ,即胱天蛋白酶 (ｃａｓ ｐａｓｅ)的激活。1 .胱天蛋白酶促凋亡信号通路与调节胱天蛋白酶是一种特异性的在天门冬氨酸残基后裂解靶蛋白 ,保守的半胱氨酸蛋白酶 ,在细胞凋亡中起关键性的作用。迄今…     

Understanding pathology in the context of physiological mechanisms: the practicality of a broken-normal view

The topic of disease mechanisms is of clinical importance, as our understanding of such mechanisms plays an important role in how we approach devising treatments for disease. In this paper, I critique an argument made by Mauro Nervi, in which he asserts that pathology is often better viewed in the context of distinct theoretical mechanisms. I use this critique as a starting point to argue that viewing pathology as a broken-normal, malfunctioning mechanism is more therapeutically practical and more relevant to clinical drug design, than creating a theoretical separation of pathology from physiology.     

Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A.P. Avtsyn Is the Founder of the Russian School of Human Geographical Pathology and Ecological Physiology

A short analysis is presented of the development in Russia of human geographical pathology and ecological physiology, and it is fair to say that Academician Alexander Pavlovich Avtsyn of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences was a founder of these scientific trends. His scientific heritage, theoretical bases of these sciences, and prospects for development of human ecological physiology and pathology are considered.     

Rhes: a GTP-binding protein integral to striatal physiology and pathology

Rhes, the Ras Homolog Enriched in Striatum, is a GTP-binding protein whose gene was discovered during a screen for mRNAs preferentially expressed in rodent striatum. This 266 amino acid protein is intermediate in size between small Ras-like GTP-binding proteins and α-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. It is most closely related to another Ras-like GTP-binding protein termed Dexras1 or AGS1. Although subsequent studies have shown that the rhes gene is expressed in other brain areas in addition to striatum, the striatal expression level is relatively high, and Rhes protein is likely to play a vital role in striatal physiology and pathology. Indeed, it has recently been shown to interact with the Huntingtin protein and play a pivotal role in the selective vulnerability of striatum in Huntington's disease (HD). Not surprisingly, Rhes can interact with multiple proteins to affect striatal physiology at multiple levels. Functional studies have indicated that Rhes plays a role in signaling by striatal G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), although the details of the mechanism remain to be determined. Rhes has been shown to bind to both α- and β-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and to affect signaling by both Gi/o- and Gs/olf-coupled receptors. In this context, Rhes can be classified as a member of the family of accessory proteins to GPCR signaling. With documented effects in dopamine- and opioid-mediated behaviors, an interaction with thyroid hormone systems and a role in HD pathology, Rhes is emerging as an important protein in striatal physiology and pathology.     

降低差异显示-PCR假阳性和提高重复性的几种策略

简要介绍了几种提高mRNA差异显示重复性和降低假阳性的策略. mRNA差异显示技术从建立时起就引起了科学家的广泛兴趣, 是克隆不同生理或病理过程中差异表达基因的一种高灵敏度、简单、有效的方法.但mRNA差异显示因其假阳性率高和重复性低,限制了其在生命科学中的应用.     

Time dependent influence of etonogestrel on the caspase-3 immunoreactivity and apoptotic indexes of rat uterus and ovaries

Apoptosis is necessary for the balance between cell proliferation and loss. Thirty-six Wistar-Albino rats were subjected to investigate apoptotic effect of widely used implantable progestins on ovarian and uterine tissues. Rats were divided into 6 groups. In the first five groups, we applied etonogestrel (IMP) subcutaneous implants (n = 30). The rats in groups were sacrificed sequentially every 10 days after application. The rats in the last group (n = 6) were accepted as controls. Apoptotic index (AI) values and Caspase-3 immunoreactivities of ovaries and uterus were recorded. In IMP groups, AI and Hscore values in stroma and glandular epithelium of uterus, granulosa and teca-lutein cells of the ovary increased with the longer progesterone exposure. Increase in AI and Hscore values were more prominent after 30 days of exposure for teca-lutein cells of ovary. Progestins increased apoptosis in ovaries and uterus by the longer exposure. Apoptosis increased in ovaries by chronic progesterone exposure. The apoptotic effect of progestin on endometrium is clear but long-term systemic application may lead to alterations in ovarian physiology. We evaluated time dependent apoptotic effect of etonogestrel on reproductive physiology and discussed progestins effect from another point of view in this study.     

植物细胞凋亡的检测方法

细胞凋亡是一种在动、植物中普遍存在的现象,在动、植物的发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。从形态学、生化及分子生物学、免疫学、生理学等方面介绍了几种检测细胞凋亡的方法,以及各种方法在检测不同植物凋亡时的应用,并对植物细胞凋亡检测技术的前景进行了展望。     

Mechanisms of communication between mitochondria and lysosomes

Mitochondria and lysosomes have long been studied in the context of their classic functions: energy factory and recycle bin, respectively. In the last twenty years, it became evident that these organelles are much more than simple industrial units, and are indeed in charge of many of cellular processes. Both mitochondria and lysosomes are now recognized as far-reaching signaling platforms, regulating many key aspects of cell and tissue physiology. It has furthermore become clear that mitochondria and lysosomes impact each other. The mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between these organelles are only now starting to be addressed. In this review, we briefly summarize how mitochondria, lysosomes and the lysosome-related process of autophagy affect each other in physiology and pathology.     

类固醇和脑功能的研究进展

在性腺、肾上腺及胎盘组织中合成的类固醇激素对于人体的生长发育及各种生理代谢功能具有非常重要的作用,其中对脑功能的调节越来越受到人们的关注,尤其近年来发现脑组织自身能从头合成几乎全部的类固醇激素,意味着脑源性的和外周源性的类固醇激素相互协调,相互为用,共同调控着脑的生理和病理变化,如在学习和记忆、突触的传递功能、神经保护、神经退行性病变（尤其Alzheimer’s病）、情绪、应激以及月经相关疾病中起着非常重要的作用。本文就这些方面做一综述。     

猪——研究人类营养代谢和医药的新宠

建立与人类生理特征较近的动物模型,是开展人类营养和生物医学等各种研究的基础。猪作为实验动物在解剖及生理结构等特点与人类极为相似,具有众多的优势,因而受到越来越多的关注,已应用于营养、生理、病理等多种研究领域。本文介绍了猪作为实验动物模型的生理学特性、国内外研究进展及其趋势,以促进其在营养代谢和医药等方面的进一步研究应用。