本期重点推介

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是世界性分布的重要农业害虫,转Bt基因棉的推广种植对其防治带来巨大的成效。由于Bt毒素及许多生物农药的主要作用靶标位于棉铃虫中肠,构建棉铃虫中肠cDNA文库并对其EST序列进行功能注释,对解析Bt毒素和相关农药的作用机理及     

棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉花的行为反应

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是转Bt基因棉花(Bt棉)最重要的靶标害虫之一。害虫对Bt棉的抗性问题是Bt棉产业持续健康发展的最主要威胁。规避行为可以减少害虫与Bt棉的接触而降低生理抗性选择压力。在本研究中,通过比较棉铃虫对Bt棉与常规棉的行为反应评估了棉铃虫对Bt棉的行为规避能力。产卵选择结果显示,棉铃虫成虫在Bt棉上的落卵量显著低于常规棉。幼虫实验结果显示,棉铃虫初孵幼虫在Bt棉植株上的居留时间显著短于在常规棉上的居留时间。无选择条件下,1龄幼虫在对Bt棉叶的取食空洞数以及总取食量均显著低于常规棉叶。综合以上的结果,认为棉铃虫对Bt棉具有一定的行为规避能力,这可能是延缓棉铃虫对Bt棉产生抗性的因素之一。本研究能够帮助有效地预测靶标害虫对Bt作物的抗性风险。     

转基因棉花主要靶标害虫的抗性发展及抗性治理策略研究

转基因棉花的大面积种植有效的控制了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、红铃虫Pectinophora gossypiella 等靶标害虫的危害,然而抗性监测结果显示,转Bt基因棉田的棉铃虫耐受性正逐年提高,抗性问题已成为影响持续利用转Bt基因棉花的主要因素,发展新的转基因棉花势在必行.新的基因或蛋白的选择应以对靶标害虫高效、不易产生抗性,且与现在广泛应用的基因或蛋白无交互抗性为原则.本文综述了转Bt基因棉花的主要靶标害虫对Bt抗性的研究进展,及其与新抗虫转基因棉花的关系,并讨论了抗性治理策略的发展历程.     

湖北棉区转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的控制作用

2000-2001年通过田间系统调查,表明转Bt基因棉（品种为GK19）在湖北江汉平原棉区对棉铃虫抗性稳定。试验设3个处理：转Bt基因棉化防田（使用化学农药控制害虫）、转Bt基因棉自控田（依靠天敌控制害虫）及常规棉对照田（利用综合防治措施控制害虫）。从棉铃虫的第2代到第5代整个发生期内,即使在不进行化学防治的情况下,棉铃虫在Bt棉田的发生量也保持在极低的水平(最高百株虫量为12头)。室内饲养结果表明,转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的生长发育（幼虫体重、蛹重）有较为明显的影响,使6龄幼虫体重减少25.6%,蛹重减少18.2%。棉铃虫幼虫取食转Bt基因棉组织后,发育迟缓,相对于常规棉喂养的整个发育历期延长17 d,使棉铃虫在田间的危害减少至少一个世代。另外,接虫试验表明,棉铃虫幼虫在常规棉上的取食时间是转Bt基因棉株上的6.1倍,极大地减轻了棉铃虫的危害程度。     

转基因棉花Bt毒蛋白的表达及其生态学效应

苏云金杆菌毒蛋白 (Bacillusthuringiensisgtoxicprotein)基因导入棉花植株后获得的转Bt棉可以特异性地毒杀棉铃虫及鳞翅目的一些其它害虫 ,有效地保护棉花植株不受此类棉花害虫的危害。Bt毒蛋白在棉花植株中的表达受一些内外界因素的影响而呈明显的时空变化。转Bt棉除了严重影响靶标害虫自身外 ,还能对其它一些非靶标昆虫和环境产生影响。另外 ,该文还对害虫对Bt棉的抗性以及防止害虫产生抗性的治理对策进行了综述     

盐碱旱地转Bt基因抗虫棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群消长动态

【目的】近年来,我国长江流域和黄河流域棉花面积锐减,种植区域向滨海盐碱地或干旱地转移。研究盐碱旱地转基因棉田与非转基因棉田昆虫群落差异,可为盐碱旱地对转基因棉田生物影响和盐碱旱地转基因棉田害虫防治提供理论指导。【方法】在山东东营和河北枣强盐碱干旱地转Bt基因棉田分别设置常规施药田和非施药田,进行了系统的田间昆虫种群消长动态的调查和统计分析。【结果】中轻度盐碱旱地种植转基因棉花对靶标害虫棉铃虫具有较好的控制作用;与非转基因棉花相比,对其他非靶标害虫棉蚜、烟粉虱和盲蝽及自然天敌龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛种群数量无显著影响,草蛉种群数量在转基因棉田低于非转基因棉田;喷施化学农药对棉铃虫幼虫和棉蚜的防治作用较好,对烟粉虱和盲蝽的防治效果年度间和试验点间有差异,对龟纹瓢虫的杀伤力较大,对草间小黑蛛和草蛉未见明显影响。【结论】盐碱旱地对棉田不同的害虫和天敌影响不同,且转基因棉田与非转基因棉田昆虫群落结构与对照棉田无显著差异。     

本期重点推介

绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是可危害多种作物的农业害虫,在Bt棉广泛种植后,在我国北方棉区该虫呈现替代棉铃虫由次要害虫上升为主要害虫的趋势。研究和认识绿盲蝽对Bt棉的分子适应机制对其综合防治有重要意义。     

转Bt基因棉对非靶标害虫及害虫天敌种群动态的影响

2000～2001年,在湖北棉区系统研究了转Bt基因棉对棉田非靶标害虫及天敌种群动态的影响。试验设三个处理：转Bt化防田（使用化学农药控制害虫）、转Bt自控田（仅依靠田间自然天敌控制害虫）及常规对照棉田（利用综合防治措施控制害虫）。结果表明,在转Bt基因棉田中,除棉蓟马外,其它主要非靶标害虫（主要是刺吸性害虫）的种群发生数量呈明显的上升趋势。2000年棉蚜发生的总计值,化防田和自控田分别比常规对照田增加37.9%和71.4%,2001年则分别增加92.5%和134.9%;2000年朱砂叶螨发生的总计值,化防田和自控田分别比常规对照田增加181.1%和298.3%,2001年则分别增加69.9%和105.0%;转Bt基因棉对于斜纹夜蛾与烟粉虱这两种近几年来对棉花危害有加重趋势的害虫,在大田中没有表现出抗性。天敌的发生种类和数量也都远远高于常规对照棉田,几种主要天敌种群发生的总计值及高峰值都明显高于常规对照棉田。2000年蜘蛛类发生的总计值,化防田和自控田分别比常规对照田增加66.3%和112.1%,2001年则分别增加95.1%和111.7%;2000年龟纹瓢虫发生的总计值,化防田和自控田分别比常规对照田增加140.8%和135.4%,2001年则分别增加67.2%和109.5%;2000年在两块转Bt基因棉田中种群数量较大的大眼蝉长蝽在常规对照棉田的调查过程中没有发现,2001年在对照田中也仅记录到1头。试验表明,充分利用Bt棉田中天敌种类较丰富、种群数量较大的优势而加强生物防治,是湖北棉区转Bt基因棉田综防体系中的一个关键措施。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉田棉铃虫消长规律及危害特点

通过对转 Bt基因抗虫棉田棉铃虫的系统调查研究表明 :(1)转 Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫蛾、卵无抗性表现 ,田间落卵量与常规棉田无明显差异 ,相反 ,二代棉铃虫百株累计卵量倒比常规棉处理区增加了 2 16～ 2 74粒 ,增长幅度为 30 %～ 38% ;(2 )转 Bt基因抗虫棉对二代棉铃虫幼虫的抗性及控制作用较强 ,基本不用进行药剂防治 ,但对三代棉虫幼虫的抗性控制效果明显下降 ,田间 3龄以上幼虫平均达2 0～ 4 0头 /百株 ,多者达 6 0头以上 ,仍需进行必要的药剂防治 ;(3)棉铃虫在转 Bt基因抗虫棉株上的危害特点与常规棉株有明显的差异 ,表现在幼虫和危害症状均较隐蔽 ,不易被发现。     

转基因抗虫棉花和玉米与节肢动物相关的生态安全性研究进展

转基因抗虫棉花和玉米自1996年商业化种植以来,已取得显著的经济、生态和社会效益。与其相关的生态安全性,特别是其对非靶标生物的影响及靶标害虫的抗性监测和治理已成为人们普遍关注的话题。本文在大量室内和田间评价工作的基础上,系统综述了国内外研究在该领域内取得的进展。结果表明： 由于Bt棉田和玉米田杀虫剂用量的减少,某些对Bt杀虫蛋白不敏感的非靶标植食害虫种群有上升的趋势; 现阶段生产上推广种植的Bt棉花和玉米花粉对家蚕、柞蚕和蜜蜂等经济昆虫以及帝王斑蝶是安全的。杀虫剂用量的减少,降低了对天敌的杀伤力,Bt田中捕食性天敌的种类和数量均显著高于常规施药田; 但Bt田内靶标害虫数量的减少和质量的降低,在一定程度上影响了寄生性天敌的种类和数量。Bt棉花和玉米的大面积种植对农田生态系统节肢动物群落结构无明显不利影响。靶标害虫田间抗性监测结果表明,无论在以大农场单一种植经营为主的发达国家如美国或澳大利亚,还是在以小农经营为主的多种寄主作物小规模交叉混合种植模式的发展中国家如中国或印度,田间并未出现10年前人们所关注和预测的靶标害虫种群抗性上升问题。究其原因,可能与发达国家严格执行了预防性的抗性治理对策及发展中国家独特的作物种植模式有关。尽管目前在田间尚未发现害虫对Bt作物产生抗性,但应用更多年份之后,害虫对Bt作物的抗性就很可能不是“是否”发生问题,而是“何时”发生的问题。因此,今后的研究重点应放在Bt棉花和玉米长期、大面积种植后,其对非靶标生物及靶标害虫抗性发展影响的长期生态效应上。     

The relative injuriousness of insect pests of cotton in the Namoi Valley,New South Wales

The sequence and relative injuriousness of insect pests was studied for three successive years in unsprayed cotton of the Namoi Valley. Heliothis punctigera Wallengren, the native budworm, and to a lesser extent H. armigera (Hübner), the cotton bollworm, prevented the setting of full crops by destroying buds and bolls. After setting, high proportions of bolls were injured by Earias huegeli Rogenhofer, the rough bollworm. Incidental damage was caused to seedlings by Thrips imaginis Bagnall, the plague thrips, and lo leaves by Anomis flava Fabricius, the cotton looper, and by Austracris guttulosa (Walker), the spur-throated locust. In commercial crops, pest control must rely on the use of broad-spectrum insecticides: H. armigera is currently resistant to several of these, and has become the principal species in the local population of cotton pests. A number of enviromental features impede the natural control of pests in the southerly areas where cotton is now produced. In comparison to the older dryland cropping practised in central Queensland, a higher yield is necessary to cover the production costs of irrigated cotton; a shorter growing season prevents the plants from compensating effectively for insect damage and the natural enemies of cotton pests are less abundant and less active.     

Evaluation of the natural refuge function for Helicoverpa arnigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) within Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton growing areas in north China

The density of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) populations on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) transgenic cotton, corn, peanut, and soybean; differences in its development on Bt cotton and common (nontransgenic) cotton; and the potential for mating among populations from Bt cotton fields and other crop fields were investigated in the suburbs of Xinxiang City (Henan Province) and Langfang City (Hebei Province) in the southern and northern parts of north China, respectively. Although development of H. armigera on Bt cotton was much slower than on common cotton, there was a still high probability of mating between populations from Bt cotton and other sources due to the scattered emergence pattern of H. armigera adults, and overlap of the second and third generations. In a cotton and corn growing region, early and late planted corn provided suitable refugia for the third and fourth generations of H. armigera, but not for the second generation. In a cotton and soybean/ peanut mix system, noncotton crops provided a natural refugia from the second- to fourth-generation H. armigera, but function of the refuge would closely depend on the proportion of Bt cotton. Consequently, it may be necessary to compensate the original mixed cropping patterns in different areas for delaying resistance development of H. armigera to Bt cotton.     

棉区豆田主要害虫及其捕食性天敌生态位的研究

1997年调查了鲁西南棉区豆田不同时期内,大豆植株上、中、下3部位上主要害虫及其捕食性天敌的数量。文中分析了物种生态位宽度和各物种间的重叠度指数,探讨了主要害虫间的竞争关系以及棉铃虫与捕食性天敌间的关系。     

转基因抗虫棉种植面积变化对花生田棉铃虫种群影响

【目的】棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是花生田主要害虫之一。转基因抗虫棉全面推广后,棉铃虫种群(包括棉田、花生田、玉米田)得到有效控制。近年,随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积逐年下降,花生田棉铃虫种群呈现逐年上升趋势。【方法】本文通过调查山东省花生主产区(非棉区)龙口、招远、莱阳、文登四个县级市花生田棉铃虫成虫、卵量、幼虫量等的发生情况,分析了棉铃虫发生面积及种群数量15年(2000—2014年)的变化规律,并重点分析了主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明:花生棉铃虫发生面积受棉花种植面积影响较大,二者呈显著负相关性;花生田棉铃虫累计诱蛾量总体呈下降趋势,但与棉花种植面积相关性不显著;棉铃虫卵量、虫量与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关性。【结论】所以,转基因抗虫棉种植面积减少是导致花生田棉铃虫种群数量上升的主要因素。另外,近年玉米田棉铃虫发生面积也呈逐年上升趋势,与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关。所以,随转基因抗虫棉种植面积的下降,若不采取有效措施,棉铃虫种群可能会出现大发生趋势。     

江苏棉区种植转基因抗虫棉GK22对棉田害虫、杂草种群的影响

2001年在江苏选择南京、盐城两地,试验观察转Bt基因抗虫棉GK22的种植,对棉田害虫及杂草种群变动的影响,结果是：咀嚼式口器害虫的棉铃虫（Helicover pa armigera),红铃虫（Pectinophora goosypiella),玉米螟（Ostrinia nubilalis),金刚钻（Earias cupreoviridis),棉不造桥虫（Anomis flava),棉大卷叶虫（Adoxophyes orana)等虫口数量,蕾铃被害均表现出较好的控制效果,处理区咀嚼式口器害虫的幼虫总 量,比对照区分别减少92．51％,78．4％,其中：棉铃虫幼虫数量分别减少88．3％,72．9％,蕾铃被害虫减少87．5％,90．7％,74．11％,55．85％,红铃虫虫花减少74．4％,51．64％,铃内活虫减少90％,100％,玉米螟虫口减少72．7％,100％,金钢钻,造桥虫,卷叶虫虫口减少93％以上,对刺吸式口器盲蝽象（Adelphocoris suturalis),棉蚜（Aphis gossyppii),棉红叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabariuns)等害虫,试验区和对照区种群消长动态趋势基本一致,差异不显,两试对杂草种类及数量调查,抗虫棉区和对照区差异亦不明显。     

Field evaluation of a slow release pheromone formulation to control the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan

Trials to control the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) by the technique of mating disruption were carried out in the Pakistan Province of Punjab during the 1996 cotton season. A slow release PVC resin formulation, Selibate(R) HA, containing a 97:3 mixture of the major (9Z-hexadecenal) and minor (11Z-hexadecenal) components of the female sex pheromone of H. armigera was applied at a rate of 40 g active ingredient ha-1 during August 1996. The formulation was applied around the terminal portion of the cotton plant by hand using local labour at a rate of c. 250 pieces per hectare. The efficacy of the formulation was compared to conventional insecticide regimes to control H. armigera on four farmer practice fields situated at least 1 km to the north, south, east and west of the pheromone treated area. A high degree of trap catch shutdown (indicating mating suppression) was observed throughout the pheromone treated area during the whole of the season compared to non-pheromone treated farmer practice fields. Night observations confirmed that mating disruption occurred in the pheromone treated area as a smaller percentage of mated females were collected from this area compared to farmer practice fields. A majority of mated females collected from the pheromone treated area mated only once, whereas females in farmer practice fields had undergone multiple matings. A greater percentage of tethered female H. armigera moths retrieved from farmer practice fields had successfully mated compared to tethered females retrieved from the pheromone treated area. Release rate data of H. armigera pheromone from the formulation show that c. 70% was released during the two month trial period. However, the highly dispersive pre-oviposition flight behaviour of females meant that the area treated was not sufficient to eliminate the problem of gravid females migrating in from surrounding areas, and ovipositing therein. The implications of using the technique of mating disruption to control large strong flying insects like H. armigera are discussed.     

Vip3Aa tolerance response of Helicoverpa armigera populations from a Cry1Ac cotton planting region

Transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac toxin, holds great promise in controlling target insect pests. Evolution of resistance by target pests is the primary threat to the continued efficacy of Bt cotton. To thwart pest resistance evolution, a transgenic cotton culitvar that produces two different Bt toxins, cry1Ac and vip3A genes, was proposed as a successor of cry1Ac cotton. This article reports on levels of Vip3Aa tolerance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations from the Cry1Ac cotton planting region in China based on bioassays of the F1 generation of isofemale lines. In total, 80 isofemale families of H. armigera from Xiajin county of Shandong Province (an intensive Bt cotton planting area) and 93 families from Anci county of Hebei Province (a multiple-crop system including corn [Zea mays L.] , soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and Bt cotton) were screened with a discriminating concentration of both Cry1Ac- and Vip3A-containing diets in 2009. From data on the relative average development rates and percentage of larval weight inhibition of F1 full-sib families tested simultaneously on Cry1Ac and Vip3Aa, results indicate that responses to Cry1Ac and Vip3Aa were not genetically correlated in field population ofH. armigera. This indicates that the threat of cross-resistance between Cry1Ac and Vip3A is low in field populations of H. armigera. Thus, the introduction of Vip3Aa/Cry1Ac-producing lines could delay resistance evolution in H. armigera in Bt cotton planting area of China.     

An appetite for pests: Synanthropic insectivorous bats exploit cotton pest irruptions and consume various deleterious arthropods

Conservation biological control (CBC) seeks to minimize the deleterious effects of agricultural pests by enhancing the efficiency of natural enemies. Despite the documented potential of insectivorous bats to consume pests, many synanthropic bat species are still underappreciated as beneficial species. We investigated the diet of Kuhl's pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), a common synanthropic insectivorous bat that forages in urban and agricultural areas, to determine whether it may function as a natural enemy in CBC. Faecal samples of P. kuhlii were collected throughout the cotton‐growing season from five roost sites near cotton fields located in a Mediterranean agroecosystem, Israel, and analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. Additionally, data on estimated abundance of major cotton pests were collected. We found that the diet of P. kuhlii significantly varied according to sites and dates and comprised 27 species of agricultural pests that were found in 77.2% of the samples, including pests of key economic concern. The dominant prey was the widespread cotton pest, the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, found in 31% of the samples and in all the roosts. Pink bollworm abundance was positively correlated with its occurrence in the bat diet. Furthermore, the bats’ dietary breadth narrowed, while temporal dietary overlap increased, in relation to increasing frequencies of pink bollworms in the diet. This suggests that P. kuhlii exploits pink bollworm irruptions by opportunistic feeding. We suggest that synanthropic bats provide important pest suppression services, may function as CBC agents of cotton pests and potentially contribute to suppress additional deleterious arthropods found in their diet in high frequencies.     

转历基因棉花对刺吸式口器害虫种群的影响

综述了转Bt基因棉花对棉田刺吸式口器害虫的影响,并从棉田生态、棉花生理和昆虫生理等方面分析了转Bt基因棉田刺吸式口器害虫种群上升的原因。