发酵罐中利用黑曲霉菌丝球处理豆制品废水的研究

利用黑曲霉菌丝球处理豆制品废水的优点是黑曲霉安全性好、茵丝球易收获、利于降低成本且可以减少传统处理方式所产生的污泥量.在前期研究的基础之上,在搅拌式发酵罐中考察了黑曲霉菌丝球降低豆制品废水化学需氧量(COD)的条件.研究结果表明,当豆制品废水初始COD在2×103 mg/L,黑曲霉孢子浓度为1.44×103/L时,黑曲霉的茵丝能够在搅拌式发酵罐中形成形态均一的菌丝球,同时可将废水的COD降至842 mg/L,COD去除率达55.7％.该研究结果为在搅拌式发酵罐中利用黑曲霉菌丝球处理豆制品废水提供了参考依据.     

单宁酶基因在黑曲霉ST31中的克隆与表达

利用PCR扩增得到米曲霉(Aspergillusoryzae)单宁酶(tannase)基因的编码序列,经DNA测序证实单宁酶基因已成功克隆,然后将其连接到黑曲霉的表达载体ANED2-SP2上构建单宁酶基因表达载体。将构建好的单宁酶基因表达载体通过原生质转化法导入黑曲霉菌株ST31中进行表达研究。结果表明重组菌株的单宁酶活力最高为104.02U/ml发酵液,比原始出发菌株米曲霉提高2~3倍。研究构建了黑曲霉的高效转化体系,提高了黑曲霉表达系统的应用水平,为其它新酶的研究提供有价值的参考。     

黑曲霉对黄曲霉生长、产毒及黄曲霉毒素B1的影响

目的研究黑曲霉对黄曲霉生长、产毒的抑制作用及对AFB1的降解作用。方法将黑曲霉分别与黄曲霉、AFB1共同培养,定期测定培养液pH、菌丝体干重、黄曲霉孢子数、AFB1含量。结果黑曲霉与黄曲霉混合培养时,黄曲霉孢子数、AFB1含量均比单独培养的低,2组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),抑制率达到68.06%~91.52%;加入黑曲霉后,AFB1含量降低,实验组与对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),降解率为46.19%。结论黑曲霉既能抑制黄曲霉生长、产毒,又能降解AFB1。     

一株内生真菌黑曲霉的活性检测及鉴定

从飞龙斩血内分离到一株产广谱、高活性抑菌物质的内生真菌F-001,经测定对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌共26种病原微生物有不同程度的抑制作用。对其进行了系统鉴定和生物学研究,形态特征表明,该菌株与曲霉属Paecilomyces Bainier中的黑曲霉Paecilomyceslilacinus的特征基本一致,ITS序列分析显示本菌株与多个黑曲霉菌株同源性都在99%,因此将菌株F-001命名为黑曲霉Paecilomyces lilacinusF-001。该研究首次从核桃树皮内分离得到黑曲霉并进行了该菌株的抑菌活性检测。     

黑曲霉及其与普洱茶品质关系研究进展

近年来,黑曲霉菌的研究受到了国内外大量学者的重视,并取得了一系列新进展,这些进展主要集中在:黑曲霉的分离鉴定方法;黑曲霉发酵生产多酚氧化酶、果胶酶和纤维素酶等酶类的机理;黑曲霉对普洱茶色泽、滋味和香气的影响等方面。文章集中对近年来黑曲霉及其与普洱茶品质形成相关的研究进展作简要综述,以期为黑曲霉在普洱茶中研究利用提供一定的参考。     

根癌农杆菌介导的黑曲霉遗传转化体系的建立及优化

基于根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法的独特优点,研究黑曲霉转化过程中各主要影响因素,建立高效的黑曲霉遗传转化方法.构建双元载体pBI-hph,通过电转导入农杆菌LBA4404中,以黑曲霉TCCC41056为受体菌株,利用潮霉素B基因作为筛选标记,对影响转化效率的孢子悬液的新鲜程度及浓度、农杆菌菌液浓度、共培养时间、共培养温度这五个条件进行分析,建立根癌农杆菌介导的黑曲霉遗传转化体系.实验结果表明,上述条件对黑曲霉的转化效率有较大的影响,通过优化,黑曲霉转化效率可达83个转化子/10 7分生孢子;整合到黑曲霉基因组的外源基因可以稳定遗传,在转接10代后遗传性能仍保持稳定,并在众多转化子中筛选得到了糖化酶活力提高18％的黑曲霉突变株.根癌农杆菌介导的黑曲霉转化体系的建立,为进一步研究黑曲霉的功能基因以及开发黑曲霉表达系统提供了有力的手段.     

黑曲霉组学研究进展

黑曲霉作为重要的工业发酵菌株,被广泛用于多种有机酸和工业用酶的生产。随着组学技术的日益发展和成熟,黑曲霉的基因组、转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组等组学数据不断增长,宣告着黑曲霉生物过程研究大数据时代的到来。从单一组学的数据分析、多组学的比较到以基因组代谢网络模型为中心的多组学整合研究,人们对黑曲霉高效生产机制的理解不断深入和系统,这为通过遗传改造和过程调控对菌株的生产性能进行理性的全局优化提供了可能。本文回顾和总结了近年来黑曲霉的组学研究进展,并提出黑曲霉组学研究未来的发展方向。     

高温高压条件下黑曲霉孢子的失活参数计算

高温高压灭菌是黑曲霉孢子灭活的主要方式。通过研究黑曲霉孢子在高温高压过程中的死亡率,计算黑曲霉孢子的比热死速率常数和活化能。结果表明,黑曲霉孢子在97、115、121 ℃时的比热死速率常数分别为0.028 39、0.041 59、0.065 92/min,热死的活化能为38 324.479 4 J/mol。为利用高温高压灭活大量曲霉孢子提供了理论基础。     

黑曲霉-矿物聚集体的形成及其分泌的多糖特性

【目的】为深入理解黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)对含钾矿粉的风化作用,研究在旋转发酵方式下形成的黑曲霉-矿物聚集体及其多糖,并分析它们在含钾矿粉风化过程中的作用。【方法】采用不同组合培养基,研究黑曲霉-矿物聚集体的形成和形貌;联合紫外-可见分光光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、气相色谱(GC)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)等分析手段研究黑曲霉-矿物聚集体形成前后微环境中多糖的变化以及这种改变对风化产生的意义。【结果】黑曲霉菌丝与矿粉在多糖等代谢产物帮助下,通过相互缠绕、吸附、粘合等作用形成黑曲霉-矿物聚集体,聚集体形成前后多糖浓度和多糖结构均发生显著改变。【结论】含钾矿粉诱导黑曲霉多糖结构发生明显变化并且浓度增大,这种改变可促进多糖对矿物颗粒的吸附,有助于螯合金属离子和吸附水分子,从而为真菌有效利用矿物营养提供有利的微环境。     

响应面法优化黑曲霉固定化条件及其对土壤中溴氰菊酯的降解特性研究

【目的】通过研究吸附包埋法固定黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)的最佳制备工艺,初步探讨固定化黑曲霉对溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin, DM)及其中间产物3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-phenoxybenzoic acid,3-PBA)的降解机制,并将其应用于农业种植中以评价固定化黑曲霉的实际应用效果。【方法】以生物炭、海藻酸钠为固定化载体,通过单因素和响应面试验对固定化黑曲霉(immobilized Aspergillusniger)的制备工艺进行优化。同时,利用高效液相色谱法分析DM和3-PBA的含量变化。【结果】海藻酸钠浓度、生物炭浓度和菌液接种量为DM去除率的显著影响因子,当三者分别为25.27、1.28和125.28 g/L时,是黑曲霉固定化的最佳制备条件;在施加固定化黑曲霉后,土壤中DM半衰期由7.6d缩短至5.2d,黑曲霉对3-PBA也具有降解作用,在21h达到最低浓度1.45mg/kg;修复后的土壤可显著提高番茄种子发芽率,株高、根长等6个生长指标较DM单独处理组也有不同程度的恢复;在经固定化黑曲霉修复28 d后,污染土壤根系酶活和微生物数量均得到不同程度改善。【...     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的黑曲霉基因组编辑技术

黑曲霉Aspergillus niger是有机酸与酶制剂的重要工业生产菌株,以极端环境耐受性、高生产经济性、强发酵鲁棒性与高食品安全性等优势成为不可多得的细胞工厂。合成生物学与系统生物学的快速发展,不仅拉开了全面揭示黑曲霉细胞工厂高效运转机制的序幕,而且为高效黑曲霉细胞工厂的创建优化提供了新技术体系。作为新一代的基因组编辑技术,基于CRISPR/Cas系统的基因组编辑技术为黑曲霉基因组定向改造与基因表达调控带来了革命性突破。本文重点综述该技术在黑曲霉中的最新进展及其在黑曲霉基因编辑与表达调控中的应用,并对其未来发展方向进行展望。     

Lactose and D-galactose catabolism in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans

The disaccharide lactose is a byproduct of cheese production accumulating to amounts of 800,000 tons per year worldwide, of which 15% is used as a carbon source for various microbial fermentations. Nevertheless, little is known about the regulation of its metabolism in filamentous fungi. Lactose is metabolized slowly, and some important fungi such as A. niger cannot use it at all. A more detailed knowledge on the rate-limiting steps would be helpful to improve its industrial application. We have chosen A. nidulans as an object for investigating how lactose and galactose metabolism are regulated because it has long become a model system for biochemical and genetic research on fungi, and mutants in the lactose-metabolizing pathway of A. nidulans are available. In this paper, we will review the contributions of our research group achieved on this field.     

Fumonisin and ochratoxin production in industrial Aspergillus niger strains

Aspergillus niger is perhaps the most important fungus used in biotechnology, and is also one of the most commonly encountered fungi contaminating foods and feedstuffs, and occurring in soil and indoor environments. Many of its industrial applications have been given GRAS status (generally regarded as safe). However, A. niger has the potential to produce two groups of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins: fumonisins and ochratoxins. In this study all available industrial and many non-industrial strains of A. niger (180 strains) as well as 228 strains from 17 related black Aspergillus species were examined for mycotoxin production. None of the related 17 species of black Aspergilli produced fumonisins. Fumonisins (B(2), B(4), and B(6)) were detected in 81% of A. niger, and ochratoxin A in 17%, while 10% of the strains produced both mycotoxins. Among the industrial strains the same ratios were 83%, 33% and 26% respectively. Some of the most frequently used strains in industry NRRL 337, 3112 and 3122 produced both toxins and several strains used for citric acid production were among the best producers of fumonisins in pure agar culture. Most strains used for other biotechnological processes also produced fumonisins. Strains optimized through random mutagenesis usually maintained their mycotoxin production capability. Toxigenic strains were also able to produce the toxins on media suggested for citric acid production with most of the toxins found in the biomass, thereby questioning the use of the remaining biomass as animal feed. In conclusion it is recommended to use strains of A. niger with inactive or inactivated gene clusters for fumonisins and ochratoxins, or to choose isolates for biotechnological uses in related non-toxigenic species such as A. tubingensis, A. brasiliensis, A vadensis or A. acidus, which neither produce fumonisins nor ochratoxins.     

Transposons in biotechnologically relevant strains of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum

In the past 15 years, many class I and class II transposons were identified in filamentous fungi. However, little is known about the influence of transposons during industrial strain development. The availability of the complete genome sequences of the industrially relevant fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum has enabled an analysis of transposons present in these two fungi. Here, a compilation of the transposon-like sequences identified is provided. We investigated a yet undescribed A. niger retrotransposon, ANiTa1, as well as two P. chrysogenum transposons (PeTra1 and PeTra2), which are the first P. chrysogenum transposons ever described, in more detail. Analysis of the genomic distribution of selected transposable elements in five strains of A. niger and seven strains of P. chrysogenum revealed the transposon distribution to be virtually identical. However, one element, Vader-previously published-from A. niger, showed strain-specific differences in transposon distribution, suggesting transposition activity during classical strain improvement programs.     

Functional characterization of Rho GTPases in Aspergillus niger uncovers conserved and diverged roles of Rho proteins within filamentous fungi

Rho GTPases are signalling molecules regulating morphology and multiple cellular functions including metabolism and vesicular trafficking. To understand the connection between polarized growth and secretion in the industrial model organism Aspergillus niger, we investigated the function of all Rho family members in this organism. We identified six Rho GTPases in its genome and used loss-of-function studies to dissect their functions. While RhoA is crucial for polarity establishment and viability, RhoB and RhoD ensure cell wall integrity and septum formation respectively. RhoC seems to be dispensable for A. niger. RacA governs polarity maintenance via controlling actin but not microtubule dynamics, which is consistent with its localization at the hyphal apex. Both deletion and dominant activation of RacA (Rac(G18V)) provoke an actin localization defect and thereby loss of polarized tip extension. Simultaneous deletion of RacA and CftA (Cdc42) is lethal; however, conditional overexpression of RacA in this strain can substitute for CftA, indicating that both proteins concertedly control actin dynamics. We finally identified NoxR as a RacA-specific effector, which however, is not important for apical dominance as reported for A. nidulans but for asexual development. Overall, the data show that individual Rho GTPases contribute differently to growth and morphogenesis within filamentous fungi.     

制霉菌素抗性筛选高活性苎麻脱胶菌诱变菌株

利用制霉菌素抗性筛选高渗透性突变株,提高黑曲霉菌对苎麻纤维的脱胶能力,使微生物脱胶能用于工业生产实践之中.分别用紫外线、硫酸二乙酯、亚硝酸作为诱变剂对黑曲霉3.0.2菌株进行诱变处理.以制霉菌素抗性为遗传标记,从突变菌株中定向筛选得到一株高活性苎麻脱胶菌黑曲霉3.0.2-26.在以未经刮制的苎麻韧皮为主要碳源,0.7%(NH_4)_2SO_4为氮源,添加00.5%KCl;00.5%MgSO_4;0.1%K_2HPO_4; 0.1%酵母膏;Tween80 0.1%的培养液中,接入黑曲霉3.0.2-26,置30℃下,150 r/min处理30 h左右,脱胶苎麻纤维的残胶率平均为14.43%.     

Recombinant bacterial hemoglobin alters metabolism of Aspergillus niger

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is used extensively for the production of enzymes and organic acids. A major problem in industrial fermentations with this fungus is to ensure sufficient supply of oxygen required for respiratory metabolism of the fungus. In case of oxygen limitation, the fungus will produce various by-products like organic acids and polyols. In order to circumvent this problem we here study the effects of the expression of a bacterial hemoglobin protein on the metabolism of A. niger. We integrated the vgb gene from Vitreoscilla sp. into the genome at the pyrA locus behind the strong gpdA promoter from Aspergillus nidulans. Analysis of secreted metabolites, oxygen uptake, CO(2) evolution and biomass formation points towards a relief of stress in the mutant expressing VHB when it is exposed to oxygen limitation. Our findings therefore point to an interesting strategy to attenuate unwanted side effects resulting from oxygen limitation during industrial fermentations with A. niger.