中国灰鹤的分布与数量现状

分析文献结合笔者的研究得知,除广东、广西、福建、海南、香港、澳门和台湾外,中国其余省区均有灰鹤分布,但目前分布的区域正在缩小;采用模糊数学思维对灰鹤进行种群数量测算,在20世纪与21世纪之交,我国灰鹤数量可能超出21632-22401只。     

基于卫星跟踪个体的越冬灰鹤栖息地选择

开展物种栖息地选择研究,对保护濒危动物和其生境具有重要意义。于2014年冬季,在贵州威宁草海保护区利用卫星跟踪技术和随机森林模型对7只越冬灰鹤(Grus grus)进行了日间栖息地选择研究。结果表明:灰鹤对栖息地(距夜栖地、林地、草地、沼泽、水域和耕地的距离)、人为干扰(距居民点、主干道、村道)、海拔等环境因子存在明显的选择性(P0.05),而对坡度未表现出选择性(P0.05);随机森林模型表明,距主干道距离、距夜栖地距离、距居民点距离和距草地距离对灰鹤的栖息地选择过程影响最大;综合来看,灰鹤在日间喜好在靠近水源(858.86±29.39 m)和夜栖地(1914.70±59.14 m)、并远离居民点(312.87±10.28 m)的区域活动;在距主干道距离和距村道距离两个因子上,灰鹤活动点均显著小于随机点,这可能表明灰鹤在利用耕地作为主要觅食地时,被迫适应道路交通带来的较大干扰;城镇的快速扩张以及道路修建是草海及周边区域威胁灰鹤生存的主要因素。     

鄱阳湖区灰鹤越冬种群数量与分布动态及其影响因素

1998—2011年,采用地面同步调查法开展了鄱阳湖越冬灰鹤种群监测,并整合1984—2011年鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区历年的越冬灰鹤最大种群数量,分析了鄱阳湖灰鹤越冬种群动态以及影响其数量变化与空间分布的环境因素。结果表明,近13年来鄱阳湖区越冬灰鹤种群平均数量为(2 335±651)只,种群数量呈增长趋势,2011年冬季记录到最大种群数量7 640只。灰鹤越冬种群数量与10月平均最低气温以及10月平均气温存在显著正相关,与10月平均最大风速存在显著负相关,与各月的平均水位没有显著的相关性。每年冬季灰鹤在鄱阳湖呈聚集型分布。大湖池、大莲子湖、三湖、汉池湖、企湖、珠湖、南湖(共青)、大汊湖等8个湖泊是灰鹤的重点活动区,(74.9±5.6)%的越冬灰鹤分布在保护区之外。灰鹤的空间分布与滩地面积存在显著的正相关,与农田面积、人口密度、村庄数量、8月份初级生产力、11月份初级生产力等环境因子存在显著负相关。滩地面积是影响灰鹤空间分布的重要因子,对灰鹤利用频次空间变化的解释率为15.0%,与11月份初级生产力共同解释了灰鹤年平均群体数量空间变化的24.6%。如竞争、小生境结构、干扰等局地尺度的环境要素对灰鹤空间分布的影响研究将有助于更全面地认识鄱阳湖越冬灰鹤种群动态的影响机制。     

黑龙江林甸首次发现灰鹤(Grus grus lifordi Sharpe)繁殖

1986年5年11日在黑龙江省林甸县国营苇场的葫芦形(北纬47°08′东径24°05′)首次发现灰鹤(Grus grus lilfordi Sharpe)的繁殖巢和卵。这样使灰鹤在我国境内的繁殖分布从北纬51°左右。向南扩展到北纬47°左右。 繁殖分布 灰鹤普通亚种繁殖在我国的新疆天山及东北西北部呼伦湖(郑作新,1976);苏联和西伯利     

宁夏中卫黄河沿岸迁徙灰鹤停歇模式

中途停歇地是候鸟重要的能量补给地及休息站,对其顺利完成迁徙有着重要作用。为了解灰鹤(Grus grus)迁徙途中的停歇模式,于2013年和2015年冬季,采用卫星跟踪技术在贵州草海保护区成功跟踪了4只灰鹤。结果显示,其中3只灰鹤在宁夏中卫市境内的黄河和清水河流域湿地停歇,表明该地区为灰鹤迁徙时的重要停歇地。春季迁徙时,灰鹤在2月初至3月初到达中卫,平均停留(24.5?6.7)d(15~30 d,n=4),2月底至3月底迁离;秋季迁徙时,10月末至11月初到达,平均停留(32.0?4.2)d(29~35 d,n=2),至11月底迁离。停留期间主要的活动范围为中宁县境内的长山头水库、黄河河心岛及同心县境内的清水河周边区域。2017年3月18日,采用夜栖地直接计数法进行实地调查,共发现灰鹤636只,其日间活动范围和卫星跟踪结果类似。此次发现的灰鹤停歇地均未纳入自然保护体系,建议当地林业部门在灰鹤迁徙期间加强管理,可适当投食,以减少灰鹤误食耕地中经农药包衣处理的玉米(Zea mays)种子造成的死亡。     

北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区越冬灰鹤觅食栖息地选择研究

2006年12月～2007年2月,采用秩变换分析法对北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区越冬灰鹤群的觅食栖息地选择规律进行了研究.在保护区18种土地利用类型中,灰鹤的觅食柄息地主要为玉米地、沼泽草甸、水库冰面和草场等4种.越冬灰鹤对玉米地的选择性最高,草场的选择性最低,说明北京地区越冬灰鹤对人类活动的依赖性很大.同时发现,烧荒、翻地等耕作方式会大大降低食物的可获得性,影响灰鹤的觅食效率.     

灰鹤在迁徙途中撞击高压线 伤亡分析与视觉盲区初探

广布于欧亚大陆的灰鹤(Grusgrus)又叫普通鹤、欧亚鹤。采用直接计数法,观测灰鹤的迁徙活动。依据2019至2021年在乌鲁木齐郊区连续3年搜集灰鹤迁徙期遭遇高压线(220kV)挂碰遇难的数据,简单介绍伤亡案例的特点。可能是因为灰鹤前端有一个视觉盲区,致49只灰鹤碰撞了高压线,统计到伤亡率达5.4%。伤亡者多是1龄以上4龄以内的亚成鸟(占94%),成鸟占6%,尚未见1龄内幼鸟。现场解剖,伤亡者的断翅率最高,达到53%;腿被撞折的比率也很高,达51%;腹部或背部擦伤占24%;头或颈部碰伤约为14%。因为碰挂后落地(≥30 m架空线),造成二次受伤,结果有41%的灰鹤身体是多处受伤(复合伤)。最后,对视野盲区进行了初步分析,探讨伤亡的原因,并介绍和推荐几种行之有效的解决办法。     

贵州草海的越冬鹤类

贵州威宁草海自然保护区是一个天然淡水湖泊,为我国鹤类的重要越冬地。在这里越冬的鹤类有黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)和灰鹤(Grus grus lilfordi)三种。现将有关研究及其数量消长规律概述如下。1灰鹤的研究在草海所见的三种鹤中,以灰鹤的发现最早(彭燕章等,1963)。王有辉(1986)和吴至康、王有辉(1986)对灰鹤的栖息条件、迁徙时间、生活习性、数量分布、食性、天敌、寄生羽虱,分别作了报道。嗣后,李若贤和李凤山1987年冬与1988年春,对草海灰鹤的越冬行为进行了研究。认为灰鹤在白天活动的时间分配比例是取食占49.7%,…     

云南省拉市海越冬灰鹤的生境利用研究

2006年2～3月,在云南省丽江拉市海自然保护区对越冬灰鹤 Grus grus生境的利用情况进行了调查.初步了解了越冬灰鹤的生境选择,同时应用模糊综合评价法对鸟类生境进行评价.结果 发现灰鹤对该区域各类型生境均有利用,但对不同特征的生境具有不同的选择性.通过对越冬灰鹤的生境进行因子分析,结果表明:影响越冬灰鹤生境选择的因子依次是食物(贡献率为39.211%),隐蔽性(20.426%),干扰(18.358%),水源(16.967%).因此与之相应的小麦地和豌豆地非常适合灰鹤的越冬需求,评价结果也显示这两类生境状况为"优",而相对差的为杂草地和草滩两类生境.     

盐城灰鹤(Grus grus)越冬种群动态及行为观察

为解盐城灰鹤(Grus grus)的越冬种群动态及行为特征,在盐城保护区设置两条样线,自2008年12月始,连续5个冬季每月一次作种群监测,并观察灰鹤家族群的越冬行为。结果显示,近5年来,盐城越冬灰鹤种群(303~707只)较为稳定,沿海开发对其种群似乎并无负面影响,这可能与灰鹤的食性及生境偏好有关。年龄对灰鹤越冬行为影响显著,幼鹤相较成鹤将花费更多的时间用于采食,而用于警戒的时间较少,这与幼鹤所处的生长及学习阶段有关。家族群大小对灰鹤的采食、警戒及群体警戒效率等均无显著影响,说明对于灰鹤而言,两只幼鹤并未显著增加其在警戒行为上的投入。     

四川辖曼自然保护区的鸟类资源调查

四川辖曼自然保护区是保护以黑颈鹤为主的珍禽和湿地生态系统的保护区,是黑颈鹤最集中的繁殖地。通过我们的调查和结合历史文献该区岛类区有81种。属国家及国际间保护的鸟类有49种,占60.5%,其中国家Ⅰ组保护岛类有7种,Ⅱ级有15种域鸟类较为丰富且数量较大。从区系上看,古北界成分占绝对优势的65种占80.2％,东洋界4种占4.9％,广布种11种占13.6%。该区鸟类区系是由更新世北方区动物九发展而来,从晚更新世经草原或森林－－草原鸟类发展到至今的高原湿地鸟类。     

Migratory birds of central Washington as reservoirs of Campylobacter jejuni

Migratory ducks, Canada geese, and sandhill crane from the Pacific North American Flyway have been screened for Campylobacter spp. Samples (298) from these birds were examined and the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in the samples were as follows: sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida), 81%; ducks (Aythya collaris, Anas carolinensis, Aythya americana, and Anas platyrhynchos), 73%; and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), 5%. All isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. To our knowledge this is the first report of the isolation of C. jejuni from sandhill crane. The high frequency of isolation in both the sandhill crane and migratory ducks indicated that these bird populations may play a significant role in the dissemination of the bacterium. Because of their migratory habits, these birds may be particularly important in spreading C. jejuni to remote areas.     

A pressure-operated drop net for capturing Greater Sage-Grouse

ABSTRACT.   A pressure-operated drop net was developed to capture endangered Greater Sage-Grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ) in Alberta, Canada. A drop net was developed because other capture methods, such as night lighting and walk-in traps, have largely been unsuccessful in Alberta, and rocket netting was too dangerous to be used with an endangered population. Nets (one black and one gray) were used to capture 13 birds (12 males and 1 female) in six attempts. Nets dropped quickly (about 1 s) and quietly and captured all birds under the net. More birds ( N = 12) were captured using a gray net than a black net, probably because it was less conspicuous. The presence of a drop net on the lek did not alter the behavior of the birds at the lek or influence lek attendance. The cost of a net, including all supplies, tools, and equipment needed, was $790 US ($900 CAN). This pressure-operated drop net system should prove effective for capturing other lekking species and other ground-dwelling birds that will respond to baiting.     

Crane reproductive physiology and conservation

Some unique features of crane reproduction, management, and conservation are described. Because cranes are sexually monomorphic, sexing is difficult and must be accomplished using behavior, laparoscopy, cloacal examination, genetic techniques, or fecal steroid analysis. Although husbandry techniques for cranes are similar to those used with other nondomestic birds, a number of basic characteristics, such as extreme aggressiveness, imprinting by the crane chick on man, a delayed molt in the immature crane, delayed sexual maturity, and infertility, pose special problems for the propagator. Artificial insemination is a practical solution to crane infertility. Vigorous captive management and propagation efforts must become increasingly important if several endangered crane species are to survive the continuing decline in wild populations. The ultimate goal is the restoration of suitable habitat and sustainable native populations.     

Decision analysis for conservation breeding: Maximizing production for reintroduction of whooping cranes

Captive breeding is key to management of severely endangered species, but maximizing captive production can be challenging because of poor knowledge of species breeding biology and the complexity of evaluating different management options. In the face of uncertainty and complexity, decision-analytic approaches can be used to identify optimal management options for maximizing captive production. Building decision-analytic models requires iterations of model conception, data analysis, model building and evaluation, identification of remaining uncertainty, further research and monitoring to reduce uncertainty, and integration of new data into the model. We initiated such a process to maximize captive production of the whooping crane (Grus americana), the world's most endangered crane, which is managed through captive breeding and reintroduction. We collected 15 years of captive breeding data from 3 institutions and used Bayesian analysis and model selection to identify predictors of whooping crane hatching success. The strongest predictor, and that with clear management relevance, was incubation environment. The incubation period of whooping crane eggs is split across two environments: crane nests and artificial incubators. Although artificial incubators are useful for allowing breeding pairs to produce multiple clutches, our results indicate that crane incubation is most effective at promoting hatching success. Hatching probability increased the longer an egg spent in a crane nest, from 40% hatching probability for eggs receiving 1 day of crane incubation to 95% for those receiving 30 days (time incubated in each environment varied independently of total incubation period). Because birds will lay fewer eggs when they are incubating longer, a tradeoff exists between the number of clutches produced and egg hatching probability. We developed a decision-analytic model that estimated 16 to be the optimal number of days of crane incubation needed to maximize the number of offspring produced. These results show that using decision-analytic tools to account for uncertainty in captive breeding can improve the rate at which such programs contribute to wildlife reintroductions. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

内蒙古胡列也吐的鹤类及保护

胡列也吐位于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟陈巴尔虎旗境内 ,地理位置在东经 4 9°4 8′,北纬 1 1 8°2 7′ ,总面积为 4 0km2 。 1 998年笔者对本区的鹤类资源进行了为期一年的调查。本区共有 5种鹤栖息 ,本次共记录到 4种鹤计 78只。其中白头鹤 52只 ,丹顶鹤 1 1只 ,白枕鹤 4只 ,蓑羽鹤 1 1只。灰鹤在本区有分布 ,但本次调查未见。此外还记录到我国最大的白头鹤夏季集群。     

Genetic passportization and identification of Siberian cranes (Grus leucogeranus Pallas) in captivity

The genetic diversity of the founders of an artificial population of the Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus Pallas (rare species of cranes) was characterized using 10 microsatellite loci. It was established that the allelic diversity (on average, 5.9 alleles per locus) and genic (H _O = 0.739) diversity of the Siberian crane is rather high and comparable with the estimations for natural populations of different crane species. Genetic passportization of the birds (119 individuals) from the register of the Siberian crane International Studbook was carried out at the initial stage. The efficiency of genetic passportization for individual identification, identification of the origin, paternity analysis, and exclusion of inbreeding was demonstrated in Siberian cranes under natural mating and artificial insemination. Cases of natural reproduction in pairs of Siberian cranes imprinted to the human and continuous storage of spermatozoa in the female reproductive ducts were registered.     

天津地区水鸟区系组成及多样性分析

1997年10月－2000年12月间,作者对天津地区的20处湿地的水鸟进行了调查,共记录到水鸟107种,分属7目14科39属。其中候鸟103种,占总数的96.2%。Xing形目和雁形目无论在种类上还是在数量上都占绝对优势,分别占水鸟群落种类组成的41.1%和31.1%。记录到包括东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana)、黑鹳（Ciconia nigra)、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis)、白鹤（Grus leucogeranus)、大鸨（Otis tarda)及遗鸥（Larus relictus)在内的国家Ⅰ级保护物种6种。记录到国家Ⅱ级保护物种8种,分别为白枕鹤（Grus vipio)、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo)、灰鹤（Grus grus)、海鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax pelagicus)、大天鹅（Cygnus cygnus)、小天鹅（C.columbianus)、疣鼻天鹅（C.olor)、白额雁（Anser albifrons)。对包括北大港水库、团泊洼水库、七里海水库及尔王庄水库在内的4个重点调查区域进行水鸟多样性分析表明,北大港水库的物种多样性及科、属多样性均较高,且有众多的珍稀物种,是一个重要的水鸟停歇地,应加强对该区域的保护。此外,本文提出在分析生物群落多样性时,应将分类因素与物种的数量因素综合起来考虑,因而同时使用G－F指数与Shannon-Wiener指数,可更为全面地评价某一地区的群落多样性。     

黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等珍稀涉禽航空调查报告

利用Y-11型单翼轻型飞机,航高100米,航速140公里/小时,采用且测全区调查方法,对黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等涉禽进行了航空调查,续航里程2184公里,调查面积共计为209,000公顷。结果发现调查区内有丹顶鹤(Orus japoncnsis)173只,白枕鹤(Grus vipio)19只,白鹤(Grus leucogeraous)24只,白鹳(Ciconia ciconia)19只等。     

Using data from online social networks in conservation science: which species engage people the most on Twitter?

Knowledge about the level of public attention toward different species is crucial to successful conservation. The evolution of online social networks offers new possibilities for collecting data about public interest. Building on an analysis of text messages on Twitter, this study aimed to quantify the level of public attention toward different mammal and bird species listed (at the full species or subspecies/population level) under the United States’ Endangered Species Act (ESA). Once a month during 1 year, I searched recently posted messages (‘tweets’) for the common names of every listed species. The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) was by far the most tweeted species. The other most tweeted mammals were the American bison (Bison bison), brown bear (U. arctos), cougar (Puma concolor), killer whale (Orcinus orca), black bear (U. americanus) and West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), respectively. The three most frequently tweeted birds were the sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), whooping crane (G. americana) and spotted owl (Strix occidentalis). Some species, such as the manatee, right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), and gray wolf (Canis lupus) ranked higher when restricting the search to conservation contexts. The results suggest that Twitter users interact about a biased sample of ESA-listed species: mammals were better represented than birds among the most tweeted species and larger-sized species received more tweets. The findings can be used for prioritizing conservation education and marketing campaigns aiming to raise the profile of lesser-known listed species. Data from online social networks open the door for a range of novel applications in conservation science.