优良面包酵母菌株的杂交育种

本文对实验室保存的面包酵母进行筛选, 以不加糖面团发酵力最高的菌株BY-14和高糖面团发酵力最高的菌株BY-6作为两杂交亲本。二倍体菌株经过单倍体制备、分离和筛选后, 利用群体杂交方法, 获得了一株兼备两亲本优良性能的面包酵母菌株, 其不加糖面团发酵力达到菌株BY-14水平, 且高糖面团发酵力比菌株BY-6提高了25％。     

mal62 基因高表达对工业面包酵母发酵力的影响

【目的】构建高麦芽糖利用能力的面包酵母菌株,以期提高面包酵母在不加糖面团中的发酵力,增加经济效益的同时减少成本消耗。【方法】克隆工业面包酵母BY-14的麦芽糖酶基因mal62,以PGK1强启动子和终止子为调控元件,以酵母-大肠穿梭型质粒Yep-C为载体,构建重组表达质粒Yep-CPM,并转化酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)BY-14,经筛选鉴定获得酵母转化子BYCPM。进行转化子的酶活力、mal62基因表达水平及发酵力测定,检测目的基因的功能性表达。【结果】工业酵母转化子BYCPM的最大麦芽糖酶活力比对照菌提高15%-52%,发酵力提高40%,比发酵力提高5.6%。【结论】转化子BYCPM具有更高的麦芽糖酶活力和更强的抗葡萄糖阻遏能力。并且在不加糖面团中,转化子具有更高的发酵力,可以在更短的时间内获得更大的产气量且消耗更少的碳源。     

高发酵活力面包酵母的高产率流加培养策略研究

首先优化了面包酵母生产过程中分批培养阶段的操作条件,然后在连续培养实验的基础上．确定了面包酵母流加培养的最佳参数,并得出了发酵活力与比生长速率之间的关联式。根据这一关联式和指数流加培养模式,提出了两阶段控制比生长速度的流加培养策略。研究结果表明：采用初糖浓度为15～30g／L、残糖控制浓度为3～6g／L以及分阶段控制搅拌转速以提供不同的传氧速率;应用提出的流加培养策略进行面包酵母培养．在产率达到0．432g/g的同时发酵活力达到1180ml,可实现面包酵母培养过程高产率和高发酵活力的统一。     

内蒙古西部地区本土葡萄酒酿酒酵母发酵特性研究

对内蒙古西部地区分离得到的6株酿酒酵母进行了发酵特性的比较。首先对酵母进行了耐酒精、耐SO2、耐低温、耐低p H、耐高糖和耐高盐的测试,随后进一步通过葡萄汁的发酵实验,分析比较了菌株的发酵力、酒精度、残糖量、总酸和挥发酸含量等理化指标,最终筛选出两株发酵性能优良的菌株,有望应用于内蒙古西部地区特色葡萄酒的生产。     

面包酵母细胞出芽率与产品质量关系研究

速用压榨酵母(Compressed yeast,CY)和活性干酵母(Active dry yeast,ADY)是用于面点制作的主要两类酵母产品。发酵力则是其共同质量指标。目前,国产压榨酵母的发酵力波动很大,活性干酵母不仅发酵力低,而且保质期短。面包酵母的发酵力定义为由一定数量的酵母样品,面粉和水制成的面团在恒温下产生CO_2的能力。本文采用Burrows法测量面包酵母发酵力,面团由0.15克干酵母,20克面粉和15mol脱离子水混合而成,并以该面团在30℃、180min内产生的CO₂总量作为发酵力的表征,文献^[2]表明,面包酵母的发酵力与终细胞群体中的带芽细胞分率(Fraction of budding cells,FBC)有密切的关系,传统的概念是,为提高酵母产品质量,FBC越低愈好。经研究发现,压榨酵母的耐贮存力及活性干酵发酵力与FBC成反比,但对速用压榨酵母而言,其发酵力FBC的正相关关系甚为明显,这与传统有着根本的差异。     

一株中型假丝酵母发酵木糖产乙醇的特性研究

本研究对自然界中筛选得到的1株可以发酵木糖产乙醇的中型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)的特性进行了研究.该菌株在28℃、120 r/min、72 h条件下,发酵3%木糖的乙醇产率最高,达到理论值的43.70%,发酵7%木糖得到的乙醇产量最高,为6.480 g/L.发酵时间延长到156 h,可以利用8%木糖产乙醇21.225 g/L,产率为理论值的72.87%.该菌株还可以在同样条件下,发酵13%葡萄糖得到乙醇50.965 g/L,达到理论值的76.90%.以3% 2% 3%分批补加糖,比一次性发酵8%木糖的乙醇产量提高9.91%.在葡萄糖和木糖的混合培养基中,优先利用葡萄糖,同时还表现出葡萄糖对木糖发酵的促进作用,当2%的木糖与6%葡萄糖混合时,乙醇产量比两者单独发酵的加和提高了25%.     

食品上的应用

951875通过孢子无性繁殖系间的杂交提高酿酒酵母耐冻性和发酵活性[英]/Nakag8wa,S.…,APPl.EnVi—roH..Micfobi01.一1994,60(10).一3499～3502["译自DBA,1994,13(24),94—14228] 从耐冻酿酒酵母TYR得到2333个孢子无性繁殖系。为了改善这种亲株在不加糖面团中的发酵能力,筛选了555个高麦芽糖发酵的孢子无性繁殖系。     

黑曲霉新菌株HA608的诱变及选育

经诱变选育，筛选获得一株适宜于黄姜和橡子水解糖液发酵的新菌株ＨＡ６０８，糖液不需经任何处理，摇瓶发酵１１０ｈ，转化率１１０％左右。     

贺兰山东麓优良本土酿酒酵母筛选及发酵特性分析

【背景】商业酵母的使用造成葡萄酒同质化问题严重,发掘优良本土酿酒酵母具有十分重要的意义。【目的】从168株宁夏本土酿酒酵母菌株中筛选出性能优良、具有出色葡萄酒发酵能力的菌株。【方法】基于杜氏管发酵试验和乙醇、高糖等耐受性试验分析产H2S能力及生长曲线测定的方法,筛选出发酵力好、耐受性强、低产H2S的本土酿酒酵母进行赤霞珠葡萄酒发酵试验,测定葡萄酒样基础理化指标、酚类物质和挥发性成分,探究筛选出的酿酒酵母发酵特性。【结果】初步筛选出发酵快速,能适应13%乙醇、350 g/L葡萄糖、250 mg/L SO2、pH 1.0的生存环境且低产H2S的4株本土酿酒酵母YC-E8、QTX-D17、QTX-D7、YQY-E18。菌株YC-E8产甘油能力强,所发酵酒样香气与商业酵母XR、F33最为接近,适用于赤霞珠葡萄酒的发酵。菌株QTX-D17发酵酒样中酒精、单宁、总酚和花色苷含量最高,表现出本土酿酒酵母优良的发酵特性。菌株QTX-D7所发酵酒样香气中乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、1-壬醇等物质含量较高,赋予了葡萄酒香蕉味、苹果味、菠萝味、椰子味等愉悦花果香。【结论】最终筛选出3株优良本土酿酒酵母QTX-D17...     

细胞循环—代谢模型在面包酵母耐贮存力控制中的应用

基于作者早期提出的面包酵母细胞循环-代谢模型设计了3次最优控制实验,目的是使发酵终了时的带芽细胞分率FBC趋于极小值,以期提高酵母的耐贮存力。实验成功地得以实施,不仅FBC的终值接近理论上的极小值,而且样品的耐贮存力得到了明显提高。另一方面,发酵力分析结果也表明,面包酵母的质量控制将随产品种类的不同而异。如对速用型鲜酵母的生产,FBC的控制就不宜以极小化为目标。     

Construction from a single parent of baker's yeast strains with high freeze tolerance and fermentative activity in both lean and sweet doughs.

From a freeze-tolerant baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 2,333 spore clones were obtained. To improve the leavening ability in lean dough of the parent strain, we selected 555 of the high-maltose-fermentative spore clones by using a method in which a soft agar solution containing maltose and bromocresol purple was overlaid on yeast colonies. By measuring the gassing power in the dough, we selected 66 spore clones with a good leavening ability in lean dough and a total of 694 hybrids were constructed by crossing them. Among these hybrids, we obtained 50 novel freeze-tolerant strains with good leavening ability in all lean, regular, and sweet doughs comparable to that of commercial baker's yeast. Hybrids with improved leavening ability or freeze tolerance compared with the parent yeast and commercial baker's yeasts were also obtained. These results suggest that hybridization between spore clones derived from a single parent strain is effective for improving the properties of baker's yeasts.     

Superior molasses assimilation, stress tolerance, and trehalose accumulation of baker's yeast isolated from dried sweet potatoes (hoshi-imo)

Yeast strains were isolated from dried sweet potatoes (hoshi-imo), a traditional preserved food in Japan. Dough fermentation ability, freeze tolerance, and growth rates in molasses, which are important characteristics of commercial baker's yeast, were compared between these yeast strains and a commercial yeast derivative that had typical characteristics of commercial strains. Classification tests including pulse-field gel electrophoresis and fermentation/assimilation ability of sugars showed that almost the stains isolated belonged to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One strain, ONY1, accumulated intracellular trehalose at a higher level than commercial strain T128. Correlated with intracellular trehalose contents, the fermentation ability of high-sugar dough containing ONY1 was higher. ONY1 also showed higher freeze tolerance in both low-sugar and high-sugar doughs. The growth rate of ONY1 was significantly higher under batch and fed-batch cultivation conditions using either molasses or synthetic medium than that of strain T128. These results suggest that ONY1 has potential commercial use as baker's yeast for frozen dough and high-sugar dough.     

Osmotolerance and leavening ability in sweet and frozen sweet dough. Comparative analysis between Torulaspora delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast strains

The response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and freeze-tolerant Torulaspora delbrueckii strains to osmotic stress and their CO₂ production capacity in sweet and frozen-sweet dough has been examined. T. delbrueckii strains, IGC5321 and IGC5323 showed higher leavening ability than Saccharomyces, specially after exposure to hyperosmotic stress of bread dough containing 20% sucrose and 2% salt added. In addition, Torulaspora and especially T. delbrueckii IGC5321 exhibited no loss of CO₂ production capacity during freeze-thaw stress. Overall, these results appeared to indicate that Torulaspora cells are more tolerant than Saccharomyces to osmotic stress of bread dough. This trait correlated with a low invertase activity, a slow rate of trehalose mobilisation and the ability to respond rapidly to osmotic stress. Growth behaviour on high osmotic synthetic media was also examined. Cells of the IGC5321 strain showed intrinsic osmotolerance and ion toxicity resistance. However,T. delbrueckii IGC5323 exhibited a clear phenotype of osmosensitivity. Hence, this characteristic may not be essential or the only determinant for leavening ability in salted high-sugar dough. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

pSH-CUP重组质粒的构建及面包酵母酸性海藻糖 酶基因的敲除

设计含有与面包酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY-6)编码酸性海藻糖酶ATH基因内部部分序列同源的长引物,以质粒pUG6为模板进行PCR构建带有Cre/loxP系统的敲除单元,转化面包酵母获得G418阳性克隆.将铜抗性基因(cuP1-MT1)导入Cre重组酶表达质粒pSH47,得到重组质粒pSH-CUZ,并转化阳性克隆,以铜抗性筛选面包酵母转化子.半乳糖诱导表达Cre酶切除Kanr基因.重组质粒pSH-CUP的构建,不仅解决了酵母转化子筛选标记问题和非酵母基因的引入,而且使LoxP-kanMX-loxP基因敲除体系在进行真核生物基因敲除时更加方便可行.     

Generation of a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that exhibits strong maltose utilization and hyperosmotic resistance using nonrecombinant techniques

A yeast strain capable of leavening both unsugared and sweet bread dough efficiently would reduce the necessity of carrying out the expensive procedure of producing multiple baker's yeast strains. But issues involving the use of genetically modified foods have rendered the use of recombinant techniques for developing yeast strains controversial. Therefore, we used strong selection and screening systems in conjunction with traditional mass mating techniques to develop a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that efficiently leavens both types of dough.     

Generation of a Novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain That Exhibits Strong Maltose Utilization and Hyperosmotic Resistance Using Nonrecombinant Techniques

A yeast strain capable of leavening both unsugared and sweet bread dough efficiently would reduce the necessity of carrying out the expensive procedure of producing multiple baker's yeast strains. But issues involving the use of genetically modified foods have rendered the use of recombinant techniques for developing yeast strains controversial. Therefore, we used strong selection and screening systems in conjunction with traditional mass mating techniques to develop a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that efficiently leavens both types of dough.     

N tau methyl histidine excretion and [U-14C]amino acid oxidation in fully chickens from two lines selected for high and low body fat contents

Protein turnover and amino acid oxidation were examined in two lines of domestic broiler chicken selected for high (fat) and low (lean) plasma very low density lipoprotein levels. Protein turnover was assessed by comparing N tau methyl histidine excretion in two lines. No differences between the fat and lean birds were found. Oxidation of [U-14C]amino acids in vivo was measured in birds of both lines which had been fed ad lib. The lean birds oxidized significantly less of the administered [U-14C]amino acids to 14CO2 than their fat counterparts during the first 90 min following administration. Lean birds also excreted significantly less 14C than fat birds from [U-14C]amino acids.     

Proteolysis by sourdough lactic acid bacteria: effects on wheat flour protein fractions and gliadin peptides involved in human cereal intolerance

Sourdough lactic acid bacteria were preliminarily screened for proteolytic activity by using a digest of albumin and globulin polypeptides as a substrate. Based on their hydrolysis profile patterns, Lactobacillus alimentarius 15M, Lactobacillus brevis 14G, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis 7A, and Lactobacillus hilgardii 51B were selected and used in sourdough fermentation. A fractionated method of protein extraction and subsequent two-dimensional electrophoresis were used to estimate proteolysis in sourdoughs. Compared to a chemically acidified (pH 4.4) dough, 37 to 42 polypeptides, distributed over a wide range of pIs and molecular masses, were hydrolyzed by L. alimentarius 15M, L. brevis 14G, and L. sanfranciscensis 7A. Albumin, globulin, and gliadin fractions were hydrolyzed, while glutenins were not degraded. The concentrations of free amino acids, especially proline and glutamic and aspartic acids, also increased in sourdoughs. Compared to the chemically acidified dough, proteolysis by lactobacilli positively influenced the softening of the dough during fermentation, as determined by rheological analyses. Enzyme preparations of the selected lactobacilli which contained proteinase or peptidase enzymes showed hydrolysis of the 31-43 fragment of A-gliadin, a toxic peptide for celiac patients. A toxic peptic-tryptic (PT) digest of gliadins was used for in vitro agglutination tests on K 562 (S) subclone cells of human myelagenous leukemia origin. The lowest concentration of PT digest that agglutinated 100% of the total cells was 0.218 g/liter. Hydrolysis of the PT digest by proteolytic enzymes of L. alimentarius 15M and L. brevis 14G completely prevented agglutination of the K 562 (S) cells by the PT digest at a concentration of 0.875 g/liter. Considerable inhibitory effects by other strains and at higher concentrations of the PT digest were also found. The mixture of peptides produced by enzyme preparations of selected lactobacilli showed a decreased agglutination of K 562 (S) cells with respect to the whole 31-43 fragment of A-gliadin.