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1.
干旱胁迫是影响农作物产量最重要的环境因素之一。硫化氢(H_2S)作为第三种气体信号分子在植物体内具有多样且积极的生理功能。目前已了解,H_2S在响应植物干旱胁迫应答以及增强植物光合作用的过程中发挥重要作用,但关于内源性H_2S对干旱胁迫下植物光合作用的调节机制未见报道。该研究以拟南芥哥伦比亚野生型(wild type Col-0,WT)、H_2S产生酶编码基因DES缺失突变体des以及H_2S产生酶编码基因DES过表达突变体OE-DES为实验材料,研究内源性H_2S对干旱胁迫下拟南芥光合作用的调节机制。研究结果显示,植株在正常生长条件下,内源性H_2S促使叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量显著升高;植株遭受干旱胁迫时,内源性H_2S可以显著上调Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶(Rubisco activase,RCA)的表达水平,保护叶绿体结构的完整性,促使叶片净光合速率显著上升,维持叶片相应的蒸腾速率,并且引起叶片气孔关闭和胞间CO_2浓度显著升高。  相似文献   

2.
硫化氢(H_2S)是继一氧化碳(CO)和一氧化氮(NO)后植物体内发现的第三种气体信号分子,参与种子萌发、植物生长发育及耐逆性的获得等生理过程。干旱是限制作物产量的最主要的环境胁迫因子。近年来,H_2S也已被证实参与植物耐旱性的形成。结合最新的研究进展,在讨论H_2S信号与其它信号分子如活性氧(ROS)、NO、CO、脱落酸(ABA)、乙烯(ETH)、micro RNAs等交互作用的基础上,从气孔运动、渗透调节物质、抗氧化系统、甲基乙二醛脱毒系统、热激蛋白等方面,综述了H_2S诱导植物耐旱性形成的可能机理,并提出了未来的研究方向。进一步拓展了H_2S信号的生理功能和植物耐旱性形成的机理,对深入研究H_2S与植物耐逆性包括耐旱性的关系,具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

3.
气体信号分子是由生物体内生成的、具有生物学效应的气态分子。目前已经发现一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化碳(CO)和硫化氢(H_2S) 3种气体信号分子。气体信号分子具有抗炎、抗氧化、抑制细胞凋亡、舒张血管、保护心脏等作用。线粒体在维持心肌细胞正常能量代谢中发挥重要作用,其功能紊乱会导致多种心血管系统疾病的发生。气体信号分子通过对线粒体的呼吸作用、线粒体的融合与分裂、线粒体自噬,以及活性氧生成等方面进行调控,介导线粒体功能,使心肌细胞维持正常生理功能。本文就3种气体信号分子对心血管系统线粒体的作用予以综述。  相似文献   

4.
H_2S是近年来确认的植物气态信号分子,内源H_2S介导了乙烯和ABA等激素诱导气孔关闭的过程,参与植物对盐、干旱及重金属胁迫等多种非生物逆境的应答过程。H_2S与Ca~(2+)、H_2O_2和NO等信号分子相互作用调节气孔运动;外源H_2S通过调节抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达,促进脯氨酸等渗透调节物质积累,提高植物的抗逆性。就近年来有关植物体内H_2S的来源,其在气孔运动调控和胁迫应答中的作用及机制进行阐述。  相似文献   

5.
硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H_2S)作为继一氧化碳、一氧化氮后的第三种新型气体信号分子,得到了研究者们的广泛关注。H_2S在生物机体内发挥了重要的神经生物学作用。本综述主要总结H_2S的神经保护作用和神经调质功能及其机制,并介绍近几年人们对H_2S在神经系统疾病中的作用的研究进展。  相似文献   

6.
该研究以铝(Al)敏感型黑大豆(SB)根为实验材料,通过一系列生理生化和组织化学实验手段,探讨了水杨酸(SA)通过调控内源H_2S信号缓解铝胁迫的作用方式。结果表明:(1)AlCl_3处理黑大豆SB根系Al积累增加,AlCl_3与SA共处理能明显抑制Al在SB根系的累积,加入H_2S清除剂(HT)或H_2S合成抑制剂(PAG)后SB根系Al累积量增加。(2)SA使Al胁迫下黑大豆(SB)根内源H_2S水平增加1.5倍,并显著缓解Al胁迫导致的根生长抑制、活性氧(ROS)累积、氧化损伤和细胞死亡,共处理HT或PAG均能够显著降低内源H_2S水平,并可逆转上述所有SA对Al胁迫的缓解效应。(3)SA降低了Al胁迫下黑大豆(SB)根尖抗氧化酶CAT、SOD和APX活性,抑制SB根系细胞ROS的产生,用HT或PAG抑制H_2S信号可增强抗氧化酶活性。(4)在Al胁迫条件下,SA可进一步上调一系列耐Al基因的表达,包括外部解毒机制中的耐铝转录因子GmART1、柠檬酸合成酶基因GmCS、柠檬酸转运蛋白基因GmMATE,内部解毒机制中的苹果酸转运蛋白基因GmAlCT以及Al3+相关转运蛋白基因GmAlS1和GmNIP1;2,通过HT或PAG降低内源H_2S水平可逆转SA对上述基因表达的调控。(5)SA可提高Al胁迫下黑大豆(SB)根柠檬酸的分泌量,此效应亦可被HT或PAG抑制。研究发现,H_2S可作为SA的下游信号参与调控黑大豆(SB)响应Al胁迫的过程,为揭示植物Al耐受信号调控网络途径提供部分新的理论基础。  相似文献   

7.
群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)是细菌间通过化学信号分子进行信息传递的一种形式。信号分子可以分为4大类:寡肽(oligopeptides)、酰基高丝氨酸内酯(acyl-homoserine lactone,AHL)、自体诱导物2(autoinduction-2,AI-2)和扩散信号因子(diffusible signal factor,DSF),其中AI-2和其生物合成关键酶LuxS组成的QS系统(AI-2/LuxS系统)介导革兰氏阳性(G+)和阴性(G-)细菌的种内和种间信息交流。乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)是一种存在于人体内的益生菌,具有抑制病原微生物、维持肠道微生态平衡和增强机体免疫力等生理功能。综述了AI-2/LuxS QS系统介导Lactobacillus耐酸、抑制病原微生物、对肠表皮细胞的黏附和形成生物膜以及在动物消化道中的存活性等益生特性方面的分子机制。  相似文献   

8.
以高山冰缘植物高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)试管苗为实验材料,研究了0. 3 mol·L~(-1)甘露醇模拟干旱胁迫响应过程中硫化氢(H_2S)调节高山离子芥的膜系统损伤程度、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系的作用,以及磷脂酶D(PLD)、活性氧(ROS)与H_2S信号分子在高山离子芥中响应干旱胁迫中的作用和可能存在的信号关系。结果显示:干旱胁迫下,外施H_2S供体NaHS显著降低高山离子芥电解质渗漏率及MDA含量、抑制ROS产生,提高渗透调节物质和抗氧化水平,从而增强高山离子芥的抗旱能力;干旱可诱导PLD活性、H_2S含量、ROS发生显著变化;当分别外施PLD下游产物PA与ROS供体H_2O_2均可促进干旱胁迫下H_2S的释放,当同时外施PA和ROS抑制剂DPI时对干旱胁迫下H_2S含量没有显著影响,当同时外施PLD抑制剂正丁醇与ROS抑制剂DPI则显著抑制干旱胁迫下H_2S含量的产生,表明干旱胁迫下,高山离子芥中ROS位于PLD的下游、H_2S的上游发挥作用。  相似文献   

9.
由灰霉菌侵染导致的农作物灰霉病是农业重大病害之一,采用环境友好型杀菌剂防治灰霉病受到越来越多的关注。天然化合物麝香草酚对灰霉菌具有较强的抑菌活性,本文采用生理生化方法探讨了麝香草酚通过调控灰霉菌多胺氧化酶(PAO)产生过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的抑菌机理。结果表明:1)麝香草酚抑制灰霉菌生长,并伴随着菌丝体中H_2O_2和丙二醛(MDA)的积累及PAO活性的升高。2)在麝香草酚处理的菌丝中加入特异性抑制剂MDL(N,N’-丁烷二烯基丁二胺)抑制PAO活性,导致H_2O_2和MDA显著下降,菌丝生长得到部分恢复。表明麝香草酚可能触发灰霉菌中依赖于PAO的H_2O_2累积,进而产生氧化损伤效应,导致部分菌丝生长受阻。3)从灰霉菌中克隆了一个编码PAO的基因BcPAO,序列比对和进化分析显示,BcPAO蛋白具有典型的PAO家族保守结构域特征。4)低浓度麝香草酚处理对BcPAO转录水平无显著影响,而高浓度麝香草酚处理则显著上调BcPAO的转录水平,说明麝香草酚对灰霉菌PAO活性的刺激作用可能源于对BcPAO的调控。研究表明,麝香草酚对灰霉菌的抑菌效应之一可能表现为:菌丝PAO活性上升导致H_2O_2大量产生,引发菌丝氧化损伤,生长受阻。本研究发现的麝香草酚抑菌模式可为环境友好型杀菌剂的应用提供理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
利用酵母菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌三种可食性微生物复配发酵制备微生物除臭剂,研究微生物复配比、发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量四个因素对H_2S去除率的影响。以单因素实验为基础,利用Box-Behnken响应面法优化最佳发酵条件,进一步研究硫元素转化及含量动态变化。结果表明酵母菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌质量比为1∶2∶2时,各因素对H_2S去除率的影响由高到低依次为发酵温度发酵时间接种量,最优发酵条件为发酵时间48. 5 h、发酵温度30℃、接种量12. 75%,H_2S的去除率可达到71. 84%;实验组与对照组的硫元素转化及含量动态变化相比,实验组的SO_4~(2-)含量显著较高(P0. 05),H_2S释放量显著较低(P0. 05)说明该微生物除臭剂可以调节硫元素转化,有效抑制H_2S产生。  相似文献   

11.
12.
In order to study the behavior and resistance of bacteria under extreme conditions, physiological changes associated with oxidative stress were monitored using flow cytometry. The study was conducted to assess the maintenance of membrane integrity and potential as well as the esterase activity, the intracellular pH and the production of superoxide anions in four bacterial strains (Ralstonia metallidurans, Escherichia coli, Shewanella oneidensis and Deinococcus radiodurans). The strains were chosen for their potential use in bioremediation. Suspensions of R. metallidurans, E. coli, S. oneidensis and D. radiodurans were submitted to 1 h of oxidative stress (H2O2 at various concentrations from 0 to 880 mM). Cell membrane permeability (propidium iodide) and potential (rhodamine-123,3,3’-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide), intracellular esterase activity (fluorescein diacetate), intracellular-reactive oxygen species concentration (hydroethidine) and intracellular pH (carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester 5-(6)) were monitored to evaluate the physiological state and the overall fitness of individual bacterial cells under oxidative stress. The four bacterial strains exhibited varying sensitivities towards H2O2. However, for all the bacterial strains, some physiological damage could already be observed from 13.25 mM H2O2 onwards, in particular with regard to their membrane permeability. Depending on the bacterial strains, moderate to high physiological damage could be observed between 13.25 mM and 220 mM H2O2. The membrane potential, esterase activity, intracellular pH and production of superoxide anion production were in all four strains considerably modified at high H2O2 concentrations. In conclusion, we show that a range of significant physiological alterations occur when bacteria are challenged with H2O2 and fluorescent staining methods coupled with flow cytometry are used for monitoring the changes induced not only by oxidative stress, but also by other stresses like temperature, radiation, pressure, pH, etc. The text was submitted by the authors in English.  相似文献   

13.
Shewanella oneidensis is a model species for aquatic ecosystems and plays an important role in bioremediation, biofuel cell manufacturing and biogeochemical cycling. S. oneidensis MR-1 is able to generate hydrogen sulfide from various sulfur species; however, its catalytic kinetics have not been determined. In this study, five in-frame deletion mutants of S. oneidensis were constructed and their H2S-producing activities were analyzed. SirA and PsrA were the two major contributors to H2S generation under anoxic cultivation, and the optimum SO32− concentration for sulfite respiration was approximately 0.8 mM, while the optimum S2O32− concentration for thiosulfate respiration was approximately 0.4 mM. Sulfite and thiosulfate were observed to interfere with each other during respiration, and a high concentration of sulfite or thiosulfate chelated extracellular free-iron but did not repress the expression of sirA or psrA. Nitrite and nitrate were two preferred electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration; however, under energy-insufficient conditions, S. oneidensis could utilize multiple electron acceptors simultaneously. Elucidiating the stoichiometry of H2S production in S. oneidensis would be helpful for the application of this species in bioremediation and biofuel cell manufacturing, and would help to characterize the ecophysiology of sulfur cycling.  相似文献   

14.
Reduction of inorganic sulfur compounds by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was examined. When transferred from a normoxic to an anoxic environment, F. oxysporum reduced elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This reaction accompanied fungal growth and oxidation of the carbon source (ethanol) to acetate. Over 2-fold more of H2S than of acetate was produced, which is the theoretical correlation for the oxidation of ethanol to acetate. NADH-dependent sulfur reductase (SR) activity was detected in cell-free extracts of the H2S-producing fungus, and was found to be up-regulated under the anaerobic conditions. On the other hands both O2 consumption by the cells and cytochrome c oxidase activity by the crude mitochondrial fractions decreased. These results indicate that H2S production involving SR was due to a novel dissimilation mechanism of F. oxysporum, and that the fungus adapts to anaerobic conditions by replacing the energy-producing mechanism of O2 respiration with sulfur reduction.  相似文献   

15.
Addition of a moderate (1.4 mM) concentration of H2O2 to protozoon Acanthamoeba castellanii cell cultures at different growth phases caused a different response to oxidative stress. H2O2 treatment of exponentially growing cells significantly delayed their growth; however, in mitochondria isolated from these cells, no damage to their bioenergetic function was observed. In contrast, addition of H2O2 to A. castellanii cells approaching the stationary phase did not influence their growth and viability while seriously affecting mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Although mitochondrial integrity was maintained, oxidative damage was revealed in the reduction of cytochrome pathway activity, uncoupling protein activity, and the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation as well as the membrane potential and the endogenous ubiquinone reduction level of the resting state. An increase in the alternative oxidase protein level and activity as well as an increase in the membranous ubiquinone content were observed in mitochondria isolated from late H2O2-treated cells. For the first time, the regulation of ubiquinone content in the inner mitochondrial membrane is shown to play a role in the response to oxidative stress. A physiological role for the higher activity of the alternative oxidase in response to oxidative stress in unicellular organisms, such as amoeba A. castellanii, is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Some gastrointestinal bacteria synthesize hydrogen (H2) by fermentation. Despite the presence of bactericidal factors in human saliva, a large number of bacteria also live in the oral cavity. It has never been shown that oral bacteria also produce H2 or what role H2 might play in the oral cavity. It was found that a significant amount of H2 is synthesized in the oral cavity of healthy human subjects, and that its generation is enhanced by the presence of glucose but inhibited by either teeth brushing or sterilization with povidone iodine. These observations suggest the presence of H2-generating bacteria in the oral cavity. The screening of commensal bacteria in the oral cavity revealed that a variety of anaerobic bacteria generate H2. Among them, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) generated significantly large amounts of H2 in the presence of glucose. Biochemical analysis revealed that various proteins in K. pneumoniae are carbonylated under standard culture conditions, and that oxidative stress induced by the presence of Fe++ and H2O2 increases the number of carbonylated proteins, particularly when their hydrogenase activity is inhibited by KCN. Inhibition of H2 generation markedly suppresses the growth of K. pneumoniae. These observations suggest that H2 generation and/or the reduction of oxidative stress is important for the survival and growth of K. pneumoniae in the oral cavity.  相似文献   

17.
Selenium (Se) has been becoming an emerging pollutant causing severe phytotoxicity, which the biochemical mechanism is rarely known. Although hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been suggested as an important exogenous regulator modulating plant physiological adaptions in response to heavy metal stress, whether and how the endogenous H2S regulates Se-induce phytotoxicity remains unclear. In this work, a self-developed specific fluorescent probe (WSP-1) was applied to track endogenous H2S in situ in the roots of Brassica rapa under Se(IV) stress. Se(IV)-induced root growth stunt was closely correlated with the inhibition of endogenous H2S generation in root tips. Se(IV) stress dampened the expression of most LCD and DCD homologues in the roots of B. rapa. By using various specific fluorescent probes for bio-imaging root tips in situ, we found that the increase in endogenous H2S by the application of H2S donor NaHS could significantly alleviate Se(IV)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-accumulation, oxidative impairment, and cell death in root tips, which further resulted in the recovery of root growth under Se(IV) stress. However, dampening the endogenous H2S could block the alleviated effect of NaHS on Se(IV)-induced phytotoxicity. Finally, the increase in endogenous H2S resulted in the enhancement of glutathione (GSH) in Se(IV)-treated roots, which may share the similar molecular mechanism for the dominant role of H2S in removing ROS by activating GSH biosynthesis in mammals. Altogether, these data provide the first direct evidences confirming the pivotal role of endogenous H2S in modulating Se(IV)-induced phytotoxicity in roots.  相似文献   

18.
In the presence of active hydrogenophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria, the homoacetogenic bacterium Sporomusa acidovorans did not produce acetate during methanol degradation. H2S and presumably CO2 were the only end products. Since the sulfate-reducer did not degrade methnol or acetate, the sulfidogenesis from methanol was related to a complete interspecific hydrogen transfer between both species.In coculture with hydrogenophilic methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanospirillum hungatei), the interspecific hydrogen transfer with S. acidovorans was incomplete. Beside CH4 and presumably CO2, acetate was produced. The results suggested that H2-production and H2-consumption were involved during anaerobic methanol degradation by S. acidovorans and the hydrogenophilic anaerobes play an important role during methanol degradation by homoacetogenic bacteria in anoxic environments.  相似文献   

19.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has been identified as the third gaseous signaling molecule after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the cardiovascular system. Endogenous H2S is produced mainly by three endogenous enzymes: cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Numerous studies have shown that H2S has a significant protective role in myocardial ischemia. The mechanisms by which H2S affords cardioprotection include the antifibrotic and antiapoptotic effects, regulation of ion channels, protection of mitochondria, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response, regulation of microRNA expression, and promotion of angiogenesis. Amplification of NO- and CO-mediated signaling through crosstalk between H2S, NO, and CO may also contribute to the cardioprotective effect. Exogenous H2S donors are expected to become effective drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review article focuses on the protective mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of H2S in myocardial ischemia.  相似文献   

20.
Hideo Kimura 《Amino acids》2011,41(1):113-121
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a well-known toxic gas, has been recognized as a signal molecule as well as a cytoprotectant. It is produced by three enzymes, cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase along with cysteine aminotransferase. In addition to an immediate release of H2S from producing enzymes, it can be stored as bound sulfane sulfur, which may release H2S in response to physiological stimuli. As a signal molecule, it modulates neuronal transmission, relaxes smooth muscle, regulates release of insulin and is involved in inflammation. Because of its reputation as a toxic gas, the function as a cytoprotectant has been overlooked: the nervous system and cardiovascular system are protected from oxidative stress. In this review, enzymatic production, release mechanism and functions of H2S are focused on.  相似文献   

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