井冈山杜鹃叶片抗氧化系统对高温胁迫的响应

以井冈山杜鹃(Rhododendron jinggangshanicum Tam)4年生实生苗为材料,通过人工气候箱盆栽实验,研究了不同高温处理下其叶片形态及生理生化指标的变化,以阐明高温胁迫下井冈山杜鹃抗氧化系统的防御机理.结果显示:(1)30℃和38℃处理6 d后,叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别比对照极显著(P<0.01)升高44.44%和127.16%、33.12%和129.35%、106.52%和188.64%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增幅较小,分别比对照增加3.77%和5.11%.(2)随着胁迫温度的升高,可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸(Pro)含量均明显上升,而抗坏血酸(AsA)含量却显著降低;除30℃处理与对照之间的可溶性蛋白质含量差异显著(P<0.05)外,其它处理间差异均达到极显著(P<0.01).(3)随着胁迫温度的升高,叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量大量积累,各处理间差异达到极显著或显著;而形态上则表现为受害加重,植株出现轻度萎蔫、老叶褐化脱落、新叶坏死等现象.研究表明,井冈山杜鹃受到高温胁迫的氧化伤害可能与AsA含量显著下降和H2O2、MDA含量大幅增加有关,其植物体能诱导增加抗氧化保护酶活性及Pro含量以提高其抗氧化能力,从而减轻高温引发的活性氧毒害.     

两种常绿杜鹃亚属幼苗耐热性的主成分及隶属函数分析

以常绿杜鹃亚属(Rhododendron subgenus Hymenanthes)的井冈山杜鹃(R.jinggangshanicum Tam)、猴头杜鹃(R.simiarum Hance)4年生实生苗为材料,在人工气候箱中模拟高温试验,测定不同温度下叶片的丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶...     

抗坏血酸对高温胁迫下猕猴桃苗抗热性相关生理指标的影响

以美味猕猴桃组培苗品种秦美为试材,研究抗坏血酸（AsA）对高温胁迫下猕猴桃苗抗热性相关生理指标影响的结果表明,抗坏血酸可抑制高温胁迫下猕猴叶细胞膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的增大,但增强超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性。     

5种杜鹃幼苗对高温胁迫的生理生化响应及耐热性综合评价

以杜鹃花属(Rhododendron L.)5个亚属5种杜鹃的4年生实生苗为材料,对模拟高温(30℃和38℃)条件下叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性进行了测定分析,对各指标进行了相关性和主成分分析;在此基础上,采用隶属函数法对5种杜鹃的耐热性进行了综合评价,并通过建立最优回归方程对综合评价结果进行检验.测定结果表明:与对照( 22℃)相比,5种杜鹃幼苗的MDA、H2O2和Pro含量以及CAT和APX活性均随胁迫温度的升高而增加;SOD活性则表现为在30℃条件下小幅增加、38℃条件下下降的趋势.CAT活性与H2O2和Pro含量及APX活性均呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01),APX活性与Pro含量和SOD活性分别呈显著的正相关和负相关关系(P＜0.05).通过主成分分析可将测定的6个单项指标转换成3个相互独立的综合指标,累计贡献率达87.52％.根据综合评价值(D),可将5种杜鹃的耐热性分为4个等级:白花杜鹃[R.mucronatum (Blume)G.Don]的耐热性最强,毛棉杜鹃(R.moulmainense Hook.f.)和羊踯躅[R.molle (Blume)G.Don]耐热性较强,红滩杜鹃(R.chihsinanum Chun et Fang)耐热性较弱,红棕杜鹃(R.rubiginosum Franch.)的耐热性最弱.利用所建立的最优同归方程对供试种类进行耐热性预测,预测值与D值的次序完全一致,表明综合评价法可用于杜鹃苗期耐热性的评价.     

外源抗坏血酸对臭氧胁迫下水稻叶片膜保护系统的影响

在田间原位条件下,运用OTCs（open top chamber）装置研究了外源抗坏血酸（exogenous ascorbate acid,ExAsA）对臭氧（O3）胁迫下水稻（Oryza Sativa L.）叶片膜保护系统的影响.研究发现,O3胁迫下的水稻叶片经过ExAsA处理后叶绿素a含量显著升高,而叶绿素b含量变化不明显;相对于对照,经ExAsA处理后的水稻叶片过氧化氢（H2O2）和丙二醛（MDA）含量及相对电导率（REC）均降低,超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性明显提高,抗氧化剂类胡萝卜素（Carotene）含量升高.这表明,ExAsA改善了O3胁迫下水稻叶片的抗氧化系统功能,减少了叶片中活性氧（activity oxygen species,AOS）的积累,抑制了脂质过氧化（lipid peroxidation,LP）,延迟了O3对水稻叶片的老化作用,提高了水稻叶片对O3危害的抗性.     

低温胁迫对巨尾桉幼苗膜脂过氧化及保护酶的影响

以木本植物巨尾桉幼苗为材料 ,研究低温胁迫对巨尾桉膜脂过氧化及保护酶的影响 ,测定了幼苗叶片的O 2(超氧阴离子 )产生速率、H2 O2 、(过氧化氢 )、MDA(丙二醛 )含量、相对电导率和SOD(超氧化物歧化酶 )、POD(过氧化物酶 )、CAT(过氧化氢酶 )、APX(抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 )活性。结果表明 :低温胁迫使叶片O 2 产生速率、H2 O2 、MDA含量和相对电导率增加 ,但抗寒锻炼植株的增幅远小于对照 ;抗寒锻炼植株的SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均低于对照。     

褪黑素对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗坏血酸代谢系统的影响

以‘津春4号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,采用叶面喷施的方法,研究了外源褪黑素对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片抗坏血酸代谢系统的影响.结果表明:高温胁迫后,黄瓜幼苗叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加;还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量持续下降,脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量逐渐升高,AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG大幅下降;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APx)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性明显升高,并在12 h达到最大.外施褪黑素能有效抑制高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片H2O2和MDA的积累,提高抗氧化物质AsA和GSH含量及抗坏血酸代谢相关酶APx、MDHAR、DHAR和GR活性,从而增强对H2O2的清除能力,抑制活性氧的产生,维持细胞膜的稳定性,减轻高温对植株造成的伤害,提高黄瓜幼苗抵御高温胁迫的能力.     

NaCl胁迫对螺旋藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

在0.1％～5.0％NaCl浓度范围的培养基中培养极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima),发现NaCl浓度高于2.0％时螺旋藻生长受到明显抑制。培养7天后测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASA-POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明：在盐胁迫下,SOD酶活性升高;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性在低盐胁迫下活性升高,高盐胁迫下抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性迅速降低,过氧化物酶则完全失活;MDA含量先随盐胁迫程度增加而降低,后随盐胁迫的进一步增强恢复至对照水平。     

不同耐铝型杉木幼苗叶片抗氧化系统对铝胁迫的响应特征

为探讨铝胁迫对杉木抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的影响,明确AsA-GSH循环在杉木耐铝性中的作用,以耐铝(YX26)和铝敏感型(YX5)杉木家系为材料,分析了铝胁迫对不同耐铝型杉木叶片氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性和AsA-GSH循环系统的影响。结果表明:(1)铝胁迫显著增加杉木叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,而且YX5叶片中MDA含量增幅显著大于YX26。(2)铝胁迫不同程度增加了2个杉木家系叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性以及抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,而且除AsA含量外,铝胁迫下YX26中上述酶活性和非酶性抗氧化剂含量的增幅均大于YX5。(3)铝胁迫下YX5叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性受到显著抑制,而YX26中这两个酶的活性却有所增加,且YX26中的DHAR活性显著高于对照。(4)铝胁迫抑制了2个杉木家系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,但YX26中SOD活性的降幅小于YX5。研究认为,铝胁迫下通过维持AsA-GSH循环酶活性和非酶性抗氧化系统的高效运转,增强自身活性氧清除能力是耐铝型杉木家系具有较强铝耐能力的生理基础。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（Nitricoxide,NO）对50mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响。结果表明：10～4001μmol·L^-1 NO供体硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside,SNP）能显著缓解NaCl胁迫对黄瓜植株造成的伤害,100μmol·L^-1 SNP缓解效果最好,可提高幼苗的生长量,增强幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性,提高了叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸（Pro）含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（n）及气孔导度（Gs）;降低了叶片丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H2O2）的含量、超氧阴离子（O2^-）的产生速率、质膜透性和胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）。     

Effects of exogenous spermidine on antioxidant system of tomato seedlings exposed to high temperature stress

The effects of foliar spraying with spermidine (Spd) on antioxidant system in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were investigated under high temperature stress. The high temperature stress significantly inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll (Chl) content. Application of exogenous 1 mM Spd alleviated the inhibition of growth induced by the high temperature stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content and superoxide anion (O₂) generation rate were significantly increased by the high temperature stress, but Spd significantly reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA content under the stress. The high temperature stress significantly decreased glutathione (GSH) content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), but increased contents of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), ascorbic acid (AsA), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in tomato leaves. However, Spd significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, levels of antioxidants and endogenous polyamines in tomato leaves under the high temperature stress. In addition, to varying degrees, Spd regulated expression of MnSOD, POD, APX2, APX6, GR, MDHAR, DHAR1, and DHAR2 genes in tomato leaves exposed to the high temperature stress. These results suggest that Spd could change endogenous polyamine levels and alleviate the damage by oxidative stress enhancing the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant system and the related gene expression.     

高温对温室草莓光合生理特性的影响及胁迫等级构建

以草莓品种“红颜”为材料,采用人工控制试验对草莓苗进行动态高温(32 ℃/22 ℃,35 ℃/25 ℃,38 ℃/28 ℃和41 ℃/31 ℃;日最高温/日最低温)胁迫(2、5、8和11 d)处理,以28 ℃/18 ℃为对照(CK),测定各处理下草莓叶片的光合生理参数。通过主成分分析提取关键参数,并以此计算高温胁迫指数(Z),划分高温胁迫等级。结果表明:1)随着温度的升高,胁迫时间的延长,叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(P_max),表观量子效率(AQE)和最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)呈下降趋势,而光补偿点(LSP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)呈上升趋势。2)高温阻碍PSⅡ中心类囊体能量的传递(ΔW_OK＞0),加速PSⅠ末端电子受体库的还原速率,在胁迫第11天时,除32 ℃外,其他高温处理下的放氧复合物(OEC)均失活。3)各高温处理下活性氧物质(H₂O₂含量和O₂^-·产生速率)和丙二醛含量(MDA)随胁迫天数增加呈上升趋势。4)各高温处理下保护酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量随着胁迫天数的增加呈现先上升后下降趋势。通过主成分分析提取Chl a、P_max、F_v/F_m和MDA作为关键指标,并计算Z值,将高温胁迫划分为正常(1≥Z>0)、轻度(2≥Z>1)、中度(3≥Z>2)、重度(4≥Z>3)和特重(Z>4)5个等级。研究结果可为温室草莓高温灾害防御及小气候环境优化调控提供依据。     

外源脯氨酸对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片AsA-GSH循环和光合荧光特性的影响

以抗热性较弱的黄瓜品种‘新泰密刺'为试材,在人工气候箱内采用营养液栽培法,研究了外源脯氨酸(Pro)预处理对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环和光合荧光特性的影响.结果显示:(1)与清水处理相比,高温胁迫4 h和8 h时,Pro预处理黄瓜幼苗叶片单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性、GSH(还原型谷胱甘肽)/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)比值及GSH含量显著升高;(2)在高温胁迫8 h时,Pro预处理幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)及PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)均显著升高,而蒸腾速率(T_r)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)降低.研究表明,外源Pro预处理可显著提高高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环清除H_2O_2能力和叶片光合能力,有效缓解高温胁迫对黄瓜叶片抗氧化系统和光合系统的伤害,从而增强植株的耐热性.     

外源褪黑素对高温胁迫下菊花光合和生理特性的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马'为试材,研究外源褪黑素(MT)对菊花抗高温胁迫的影响。将供试菊花叶面喷施200 μmol·L^-1的MT后,进行40 ℃(昼)/35 ℃(夜)高温胁迫,观察菊花叶片叶绿体和内囊体超微结构,测定光合和生理指标。结果表明:与常温对照(CK)相比,高温胁迫下菊花叶片叶绿体和类囊体受损,叶绿素含量和最大荧光(F_m)显著降低,OJIP曲线发生变化,K点和J点荧光升高,净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(g_s)均显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均显著增加;相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性显著增加。外源喷施MT可维持高温胁迫下植株叶绿体和类囊体结构的完整性,明显降低OJIP曲线中K点和J点上升的幅度,F_m、P_n、g_s、T_r和光合色素含量显著提高,C_i显著下降,缓解了高温胁迫对菊花光合和荧光作用的抑制。同时,外源喷施MT处理显著降低了高温胁迫下菊花REC、MDA和ROS含量,增强了菊花叶片中渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性。可见,外源MT可通过保护菊花叶片叶绿体结构的完整性,增强光合作用,抑制高温胁迫下菊花植株体内ROS的过度产生,提高抗氧化酶系统的活性,降低膜质过氧化水平和保护脂膜的完整性,从而提高菊花植株抗高温胁迫能力。     

黄瓜幼苗光合作用对高温胁迫的响应与适应

以‘津优35号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,研究高温(HT: 42 ℃/32 ℃)和亚高温(SHT: 35 ℃/25 ℃)胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及生长量的影响.结果表明: 高温、亚高温明显抑制幼苗生长.随着胁迫时间的延长,黄瓜幼苗叶片的光合速率(P_n)逐渐降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)趋于升高,气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、光呼吸速率(P_r)和暗呼吸速率(D_r)先上升后下降,高温、亚高温引起P_n降低的主要原因是非气孔限制.高温、亚高温可使黄瓜幼苗叶片的暗下光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光下实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)和电子传递效率(ETR)显著降低,初始荧光(F_o)和非化学猝灭系数(NPQ)逐渐升高.随着胁迫时间的延长,HT处理的RuBP羧化酶(RuBPCase)和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活性及其mRNA表达量逐渐降低,而SHT处理的胁迫初期变化不大,3 d后趋于降低;HT和SHT处理的景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)和果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA)活性与mRNA表达均呈先升高后降低趋势.可见,适宜光强下短时亚高温处理黄瓜幼苗不会产生明显光抑制,高温胁迫会对其PSⅡ反应中心造成严重损伤;光合酶受高温胁迫诱导,但其诱导效应与温度升高幅度和高温持续时间有关.     

The rate of horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance plasmids is increased in food preservation-stressed bacteria

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that sublethal food preservation stresses (high/low temperature, osmotic and pH stress) can alter the rate of horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance (ABR) plasmids between Escherichia coli strains and between E. coli and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. METHODS AND RESULTS: Escherichia coli donor cultures, carrying F1 plasmid R386 and Inc I1 plasmid TP307 and E. coli and Salm. Typhimurium recipient cultures were prestressed under a range of sublethal environmental conditions (high/low temperature, osmotic and pH stress). The prestressed donor and recipient cultures were then mated and the transmission rate calculated. The study found that the horizontal transmission rate of plasmids R386 and TP307 was significantly increased (P < 0.05) when prestressed donor and recipient cells are mated under conditions of environmental stress. CONCLUSION: The results from this study indicate that, the sublethal stresses that food pathogens encounter in modern food preservation systems increase the inter- and intra-specific horizontal transmission of selected ABR plasmids. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Increased use of bacteriostatic (sublethal), rather than bacteriocidal (lethal) food preservation systems, may be contributing to the dissemination of ABR among important food borne pathogens.     

脱落酸对水稻抽穗开花期高温胁迫的诱抗效应

为探究脱落酸(ABA)对水稻(Oryza sativa)抽穗开花期高温胁迫的诱抗效应, 以江西省主推水稻品种黄华占为材料, 于孕穗期用蒸馏水、ABA溶液(10、50和100 µmol∙L^-1)、氟啶酮(FLU)和原花青素(PC) 6种溶液进行叶面喷施, 然后移入对照(CK)和高温胁迫(HS)环境处理8天, 考查籽粒活性氧(ROS)积累、抗氧化防御能力、产量构成及相关基因的表达。结果表明, 高温胁迫下, 水稻的穗长、穗重、结实率、千粒重和产量与超氧阴离子和过氧化氢含量呈显著负相关。高温胁迫下, 喷施ABA显著上调了ABA应答和抗氧化防御基因的表达, 籽粒中活性氧含量下降了8.24%-31.35%; 喷施ABA显著增加了水稻的穗长、穗重、结实率和千粒重, 显著上调了产量形成基因的表达, 增产12.73%-20.77%。高温胁迫下, 喷施FLU可抑制ABA的生物合成, 导致ROS过量积累和水稻减产; 喷施抗氧化剂PC则抑制ROS过量积累, 使产量增加。以上结果表明, 高温胁迫下, 孕穗期喷施ABA不仅能够激发ABA信号通路, 而且上调抗氧化防御能力和产量形成基因的表达, 进而提高水稻在抽穗开花期的耐热性, 达到增产目的。     

高温干旱复合胁迫对构树幼苗抗氧化酶活性和活性氧代谢的影响

近年来,全球气温不断升高,亚热带部分地区夏季高温和临时性干旱现象日益显著,高温与干旱严重威胁着植物的生存与生长。采用盆栽和人工气候室方式模拟不同的温度和土壤水分梯度,研究了高温与干旱复合胁迫对构树幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、活性氧代谢和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:(1)高温或干旱单一胁迫下,构树幼苗SOD、POD、CAT活性增加,复合胁迫下,SOD和POD酶活性高于单一胁迫,且随着复合胁迫时间延长而升高。SOD活性受温度和土壤水分双因素影响极其显著,复合胁迫对SOD活性有一定程度的叠加效应;(2)复合胁迫下,活性氧代谢物与MDA含量均显著高于单一胁迫,表明复合胁迫加剧对植物的伤害。通过改变抗氧化酶活性以减轻膜脂过氧化的伤害作用是有限的。     

Effect of acclimation on heat-escape temperatures of two aphid species: Implications for estimating behavioral response of insects to climate warming

An aphid usually stays at one feeding site for a long time to achieve its development and reproduction, while high temperatures can make it decide to escape from heat stress. Climate warming increases daily high-temperature both in degree and time. However, it remains unknown whether such heat-escape behavior will be influenced by those daily temperature changes. In this study, a wheat-leaf temperature gradient was created based on field microhabitat temperatures. We defined a parameter, heat-escape temperature (HET) to describe the critical temperature at which an aphid turns back when it walks along the gradient from mild temperature to high temperatures. HET indicates behavioral responses of the aphids to heat stress. Two aphid species, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi, main economic pests in temperate areas were selected as test insects. Detailed studies were conducted on the temperature gradient to reveal effects of acclimation temperature, time, and condition (temperature×time) on HET of both species. Results showed that HET decreased non-linearly (S. avenae: 41.4-38.6°C, R. padi: 41.3-39.4°C), when acclimation temperature increased from 25 to 36°C. For both species, HET declined linearly (S. avenae: 40.1-38.0°C, R. padi: 41.3-38.5°C) as acclimation time increased from 0.5 to 6h at 35°C, whereas HET descended non-linearly with reduction of acclimation time at 10°C. HET for both species acclimated under constantly warm conditions (future daily temperature) were significantly lower than those acclimated under gradually warm conditions (current daily temperature). These results suggest that aphids' heat-escape behavior is significantly influenced by brief thermal history, implying that aphids make decision to avoid heat stress based on the combination of temperature and exposure time and escape before they were hurt by high temperatures under the conditions of climate warming. Avoiding high temperatures may cost a lot of time and resources of aphids and thus potentially reduced growth, development, and reproduction. Changes in insect behaviors caused by ongoing climate warming and their ecological consequences should be more concerned.     

Polyamine catabolism influences antioxidative defense mechanism in shoots and roots of five wheat genotypes under high temperature stress

Effect of high temperature stress on polyamine catabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in relation to glutathione, ascorbate and proline accumulation was studied in five wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (differently susceptible to temperature stress). High temperature significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in shoots of all genotypes. Higher activities of GPX in C 306, C 273 and APX in PBW 550, PBW 343 and PBW 534 demonstrate their important role in scavenging H₂O₂. Conversely, high temperature stress led to a significant decline in SOD, CAT, APX and GPX activities of roots with a subsequent increase in diamine oxidase (DAO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) activities especially in PBW 550 and PBW 343. The concentration of ascorbic acid declined with the imposition of heat stress, however, polyamines responded to high temperature stress by increasing spermidine and spermine levels and decreasing putrescine levels. After exposure to high temperature, proline accumulation was significantly decreased in roots and increased in shoots though maximum concentration was achieved in C 306 genotype. Apparently, the wheat seedlings respond to high temperature mediated increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by altering antioxidative defense mechanism and polyamine catabolism though differentially in five wheat genotypes. Among five genotypes studied, C 306 and C 273 seem to be better protected against temperature stress. The results suggested that shoots were more resistant against the destructive effects of ROS as is indicated by low levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances under high temperature stress.