人类免疫缺陷病毒1型与细胞间的相互作用

自从发现人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)是引起获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)的病原体后,人们对HIV-1与人体相互作用的过程进行了深入研究.通过研究发现了HIV-1与机体相互作用的多种机制,例如HIV-1主要侵犯人体以CD4 T细胞为主的表达其结合表位(如CCR5和CXCR4)的免疫活性细胞[1].目前研究者在正常机体内发现多种物质与HIV-1致病有关.例如APOBEC蛋白(人体内主要为APOBEC3G),当HIV-1侵入机体后,该蛋白表达减少,这一过程在HIV-1的致病过程中发挥重要作用.通过对这些蛋白或分子的研究,进一步揭示了HIV-1的致病机制,为治疗HIV感染/AIDS提供了新思路.同时不同的HIV-1感染细胞模型的构建为AIDS的研究提供了多种工具.     

核酶与AIDS治疗

 艾滋病(AIDS)是由人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染并破坏人体免疫功能所导致的一种综合症. 作为具有核酸内切酶活性的RNA小分子,核酶能特异性结合及切割HIV病毒靶分子,并促进靶分子mRNA的裂解,且能相继与多个靶分子RNA作用,同时又不影响宿主细胞RNA. 利用核酶治疗艾滋病不仅没有化疗药物常见的副作用,而且由于核酶本身具有RNA剪切酶活性,可同时剪切HIV mRNA和HIV生命过程中重要的调节蛋白mRNA.因此,较其它基因疗法如RNAi、DNA decoy等,更能有效地抑制HIV复制,并且对由HIV变异而导致的耐药病毒株同样有效,同时对病毒突变的诱导作用也较其它抗病毒药物低.因此,在抗AIDS基因治疗研究中具有潜在的应用价值. 本文在对核酶的结构、催化作用机制及其对HIV-1的作用机制进行概述的基础上,重点讨论了近年来核酶作用于HIV的研究进展以及对AIDS治疗的应用前景.     

HIV-1感染对细胞内宿主因子TSG101及与Alix表达的影响

探讨HIV-1感染宿主细胞后对其宿主蛋白肿瘤易感基因101蛋白(Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101,TSG101)及ALG-2相互作用蛋白X(ALG-2-interacting protein X,Alix)表达的影响。以HIV-1感染性克隆病毒pNL4-3感染TZM-bl PM1、Jurkat细胞株和人外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs),感染24h后收获细胞提取总RNA,逆转录PCR检测在RNA水平各因子的表达差异;感染48h后收获细胞提取总蛋白,Western-blot检测各因子在蛋白水平的表达差异。结果显示:HIV-1感染对原代PBMC与细胞系表达Alix与TSG101影响显著不同,细胞系主要表现为下调,而原代PBMC主要表现为TSG101上调;细胞系中的下调又细分为Jurkat细胞的Alix与TSG101的双下调、TZM-bl细胞的Alix单下调以及PM1细胞无影响三种情况。HIV-1感染对细胞宿主分子TSG101及Alix在RNA和蛋白水平的表达均有影响,这种影响因细胞的不同而有差异。HIV-1感染调节Alix与TSG101的机制生物学意义尚有待于进一步阐明。     

HIV感染导致MT4细胞蛋白表达差异的初步研究

为了比较MT4细胞株感染HIV-1的ⅢB株前后的蛋白质表达差异,我们分别提取MT4细胞及感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的MT4细胞的总蛋白质,通过双向电泳分离,使用Image Master 2D Elite 3.10图像分析软件分析获得的凝胶图谱,寻找差异点,使用质谱仪鉴定获得的差异点蛋白质.结果表明感染HIV和未感染HIV的MT4细胞有40个蛋白质点差异,HIV感染后减少的蛋白质点有12个,增多的有28个,通过质谱分析,29个蛋白质得到鉴定.其中HIV感染后下调的蛋白质有能量代谢相关蛋白、肌动蛋白相关蛋白及假想蛋白等;上调的蛋白有肌动蛋白、酶类蛋白、免疫蛋白及假想蛋白等.通过研究我们可以看出宿主细胞感染HIV病毒后有多个蛋白发生变化,可能和HIV与宿主细胞的相互作用有关.为了研究HIV感染的机制必须去除高丰度蛋白,针对特定功能的蛋白质进行具体研究.     

HIV-1感染诱导丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶Citron kinase上调机制研究

HIV-1感染可以改变宿主细胞的表达谱,上调和病毒转录复制翻译包装所需的宿主蛋白,使宿主变成更加适应病毒复制繁殖的环境。研究表明丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶Citron kinase(citK)可以促进HIV-1病毒的包装释放,所以我们在本文中进一步探讨了HIV-1感染对Citron kinase在自然生理状态下的表达是否有调节作用。我们用含有荧光素酶报告基因的HIV-1假病毒感染外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)和HEK293T细胞系,检测Citron kinase表达的上调情况。此外,将Citron kinase的上游启动子克隆入含荧光素酶报告基因的载体上,检测HIV假病毒感染对Citron kinase启动子的影响。结果显示:HIV-1可以显著提高PBMC细胞中Citron kinase的表达量,而Citron kinase为HIV-1复制包装所需。在原代CD4+T细胞中过表达Citron kinase,HIV-1的复制可以提高2倍以上。沉默Citron kinase的表达,HIV-1病毒产生量显著降低。在HEK293T细胞系中,HIV-1假病毒感染可以使Citron kinase的mRNA的水平提高2.5倍,蛋白表达量提高2.7倍。我们通过将Citron kinase的启动子克隆到含有荧光素酶报告系统的载体上,感染HIV-1假病毒,发现荧光素酶的活性增加。这提示着HIV-1感染通过转录水平上调Citron kinase的表达,从而为病毒创造复制繁殖更有利的宿主环境。     

CD4-CCR5工程类重组二价抗体的慢病毒包装及制备

人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染与白细胞分化抗原分子CD4和趋化因子受体分子CCR5有着紧密的联系。为了研制可与HIV病毒特异性结合,并能有效预防和治疗HIV感染的抗HIV基因工程二价类重组药物,将人抗体重链恒定区IgG与CD4相连接,CCR5与人抗体轻链恒定区连接,分别构建慢病毒质粒,共转染并筛选,得到高效稳定表达的细胞株。重组抗体经分子生物学及细胞免疫学检测,证实具有抗HIV病毒感染的功能,有一定的经济价值。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒入侵的新受体-- CD8分子

已知人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染通过包膜糖蛋白gp120与CD4分子结合,以及在细胞因子CDCR4和CCR5受体协同作用下完成吸附和穿入.本文报道从2例艾滋病病人体内分离到HIV-1变异株:AD3.v22和AD3.v6,可通过CD8受体侵犯CD8+细胞.     

被膜蛋白糖基化在HIV感染中的作用

在HIV感染过程中,病毒被膜蛋白糖基化起着重要作用。它使病毒粒子具有高度糖基化的表面,帮助HIV逃避人体免疫细胞识别和攻击。在病毒入侵时,被膜糖蛋白与宿主细胞表面的受体结合,并进行一系列构象变化,使病毒粒子顺利地与宿主细胞膜融合。介绍近年来对被膜蛋白糖基化过程与HIV成熟、感染和逃避免疫应答等方面分子水平作用机理的深入了解,这些作用机理将会有助于艾滋病疫苗的研制和以“糖链为靶”药物的开发。     

核酶在HIV—1基因治疗中的研究进展

HIV-1是一种特殊的逆转录病毒,其基因可转导入宿主细胞的基因内进行复制,核酶是一类具有催化活性的小分子RNA,能特异性与靶RNA分子结合后进行切割而抑制HIV-1,甚至一些RNA中间产物亦被核酶破坏。多项研究巳证实核酶可抑制细胞内HIV-1复制。与HIV-1的传统疗法相比,核酸基因治疗法干扰了病毒的装载和免疫系统的重建,能高效抑制病毒增殖,有助于患者免疫系统重建。     

HIV-1限制因子及其基因多态性

HIV-1是造成世界艾滋病大流行的主要病毒,其在细胞中的复制过程大体分为:吸附,膜融合,脱衣壳,逆转录,入核,整合,转录翻译,病毒包装及出膜。针对这些过程,宿主细胞进化出各种细胞限制因子来限制HIV-1感染细胞。本文简要介绍TRIM5α、APOBEC3G和束缚蛋白(tetherin)等3个细胞限制因子及其基因多态性。     

HIV-1 replication in dendritic cells occurs through a tetraspanin-containing compartment enriched in AP-3

Dendritic cells (DC) are crucial components of the early events of HIV infection. Dendritic cells capture and internalize HIV at mucosal surfaces and efficiently transfer the virus to CD4+ T cells in trans through infectious synapses (trans-infection pathway). Alternatively, HIV-1 replicates in DC (R5-HIV-1) (cis-infection pathway). Here, we analyzed HIV trafficking in DC during the trans-infection pathway as well as the cis-infection pathway. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that after capture by DC, R5-HIV-1 and HIV-1 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus protein G colocalized in a viral compartment enriched in tetraspanins including CD81, CD82 and CD9, although at different levels, indicating a role of the viral envelope in targeting to the tetraspanin-rich compartment. Replication of R5-HIV-1 in DC (cis-infection pathway) also led to the accumulation, in an envelope-independent manner, of mature viral particles in a tetraspanin-rich compartment. A fraction of the HIV-1-containing compartments appeared directly accessible from the cell surface. In sharp contrast with the trans-infection pathway, the delta-subunit of the adaptor protein 3 (AP-3) complex was enriched on the HIV-1-containing compartment during R5-HIV-1 replication in DC (cis-infection pathway). Downregulation of AP-3 delta-adaptin reduced significantly viral particle release from HIV-1-infected DC. Together, these studies demonstrate a role for AP-3 in HIV replication in a tetraspanin-rich compartment in DC and contribute to the elucidation of the trafficking pathways required for DC-T cell transfer of HIV-1 infection, a critical step during the early events of HIV infection.     

Expression and characterization of a single-chain polypeptide analogue of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-CD4 receptor complex

The infection of CD4(+) host cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is initiated by a temporal progression of interactions between specific cell surface receptors and the viral envelope protein, gp120. These interactions produce a number of intermediate structures with distinct conformational, functional, and antigenic features that may provide important targets for therapeutic and vaccination strategies against HIV infection. One such intermediate, the gp120-CD4 complex, arises from the interaction of gp120 with the CD4 receptor and enables interactions with specific coreceptors needed for viral entry. gp120-CD4 complexes are thus promising targets for anti-HIV vaccines and therapies. The development of such strategies would be greatly facilitated by a means to produce the gp120-CD4 complexes in a wide variety of contexts. Accordingly, we have developed single-chain polypeptide analogues that accurately replicate structural, functional, and antigenic features of the gp120-CD4 complex. One analogue (FLSC) consists of full-length HIV-1BaL gp120 and the D1D2 domains of CD4 joined by a 20-amino-acid linker. The second analogue (TcSC) contains a truncated form of the gp120 lacking portions of the C1, C5, V1, and V2 domains. Both molecules exhibited increased exposure of epitopes in the gp120 coreceptor-binding site but did not present epitopes of either gp120 or CD4 responsible for complex formation. Further, the FLSC and TcSC analogues bound specifically to CCR5 (R5) and blocked R5 virus infection. Thus, these single-chain chimeric molecules represent the first generation of soluble recombinant proteins that mimic the gp120-CD4 complex intermediate that arises during HIV replication.     

Lipopolysaccharide inhibits HIV-1 infection of monocyte- derived macrophages through direct and sustained down-regulation of CC chemokine receptor 5

It is now well established that HIV-1 requires interactions with both CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the host cell surface for efficient infection. The expression of the CCR5 chemokine receptor in human macrophages facilitates HIV-1 entry into these cells, which are considered important in HIV pathogenesis not only as viral reservoirs but also as modulators of altered inflammatory function in HIV disease and AIDS. LPS, a principal constituent of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls, is a potent stimulator of macrophages and has been shown to inhibit HIV infection in this population. We now present evidence that one mechanism by which LPS mediates its inhibitory effect on HIV-1 infection is through a direct and unusually sustained down-regulation of cell-surface CCR5 expression. This LPS-mediated down-regulation of CCR5 expression was independent of de novo protein synthesis and differed from the rapid turnover of these chemokine receptors observed in response to two natural ligands, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha and -1beta. LPS did not act by down-regulating CCR5 mRNA (mRNA levels actually increased slightly after LPS treatment) or by enhancing the degradation of internalized receptor. Rather, the observed failure of LPS-treated macrophages to rapidly restore CCR5 expression at the cell-surface appeared to result from altered recycling of chemokine receptors. Taken together, our results suggest a novel pathway of CCR5 recycling in LPS-stimulated human macrophages that might be targeted to control HIV-1 infection.     

Interferon-Inducible Mechanism of Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Dissemination Is Dependent on Siglec-1/CD169

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) interactions with myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) can result in virus dissemination to CD4⁺ T cells via a trans infection pathway dependent on virion incorporation of the host cell derived glycosphingolipid (GSL), GM3. The mechanism of DC-mediated trans infection is extremely efficacious and can result in infection of multiple CD4⁺ T cells as these cells make exploratory contacts on the DC surface. While it has long been appreciated that activation of DCs with ligands that induce type I IFN signaling pathway dramatically enhances DC-mediated T cell trans infection, the mechanism by which this occurs has remained unclear until now. Here, we demonstrate that the type I IFN-inducible Siglec-1, CD169, is the DC receptor that captures HIV in a GM3-dependent manner. Selective downregulation of CD169 expression, neutralizing CD169 function, or depletion of GSLs from virions, abrogated DC-mediated HIV-1 capture and trans infection, while exogenous expression of CD169 in receptor-naïve cells rescued GSL-dependent capture and trans infection. HIV-1 particles co-localized with CD169 on DC surface immediately following capture and subsequently within non-lysosomal compartments that redistributed to the DC – T cell infectious synapses upon initiation of T cell contact. Together, these findings describe a novel mechanism of pathogen parasitization of host encoded cellular recognition machinery (GM3 – CD169 interaction) for DC-dependent HIV dissemination.     

G protein-dependent CCR5 signaling is not required for efficient infection of primary T lymphocytes and macrophages by R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates

The requirement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced CCR5 activation for infection by R5 HIV type 1 (HIV-1) strains remains controversial. Ectopic CCR5 expression in CD4(+)-transformed cells or pharmacological inhibition of G(alpha)i proteins coupled to CCR5 left unsolved whether CCR5-dependent cell activation is necessary for the HIV life cycle. In this study, we investigated the role played by HIV-induced CCR5-dependent cell signaling during infection of primary CD4-expressing leukocytes. Using lentiviral vectors, we restored CCR5 expression in T lymphocytes and macrophages from individuals carrying the homozygous 32-bp deletion of the CCR5 gene (ccr5 Delta32/Delta32). Expression of wild-type (wt) CCR5 in ccr5 Delta32/Delta32 cells permitted infection by R5 HIV isolates. We assessed the capacity of a CCR5 derivative carrying a mutated DRY motif (CCR5-R126N) in the second intracellular loop to work as an HIV-1 coreceptor. The R126N mutation is known to disable G protein coupling and agonist-induced signal transduction through CCR5 and other G protein-coupled receptors. Despite its inability to promote either intracellular calcium mobilization or cell chemotaxis, the inactive CCR5-R126N mutant provided full coreceptor function to several R5 HIV-1 isolates in primary cells as efficiently as wt CCR5. We conclude that in a primary, CCR5-reconstituted CD4(+) cell environment, G protein signaling is dispensable for R5 HIV-1 isolates to actively infect primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes or macrophages.     

Dendritic Cell–T-Cell Interactions Support Coreceptor-Independent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission in the Human Genital Tract

Worldwide, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted predominantly by heterosexual contact. Here, we investigate for the first time, by examining mononuclear cells obtained from cervicovaginal tissue, the mechanisms whereby HIV type 1 (HIV-1) directly targets cells from the human genital tract. In contrast to earlier findings in mucosal models such as human skin, we demonstrate that the majority of T cells and macrophages but none or few dendritic cells (DC) express the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 in normal human cervicovaginal mucosa, whereas all three cell types express the coreceptor CXCR4. To understand the role of coreceptor expression on infectivity, mucosal mononuclear cells were infected with various HIV-1 isolates, using either CCR5 or CXCR4. Unstimulated T cells become rapidly, albeit nonproductively, infected with R5- and X4-tropic variants. However, DC and T cells form stable conjugates which permit productive infection by viruses of both coreceptor specificities. These results indicate that HIV-1 can exploit T-cell-DC synergism in the human genital tract to overcome potential coreceptor restrictions on DC and postentry blocks of viral replication in unactivated T cells. Thus, mononuclear cells infiltrating the genital mucosa are permissive for transmission of both R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 variants, and selection of virus variants does not occur by differential expression of HIV-1 coreceptors on genital mononuclear cells.     

化学趋化因子受体在HIV感染中的作用及其在AIDS治疗中的应用价值

化学趋化因子受体作为协同受体,为人免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ－１）进入细胞所必需。其中ＣＸＣＲ４被亲Ｔ细胞的病毒株利用,而ＣＣＲ５被亲巨噬细胞的病毒株利用,它们是大多数病毒株利用的协同受体。协同受体和ＣＤ４一起形成复合受体,ｇｐ１２０与之结合后发生构象改变,使ｇｐ４１暴露出来,引起膜的融合。ＨＩＶ协同受体发现为治疗艾滋病开辟了新的途径。利用趋化因子拮抗剂、单克隆抗体和天然配体封闭趋化因子受体可阻止ＨＩＶ