河北省耕地生态经济系统能值指标空间分布差异及其动因

采用能值理论与地理学研究中的空间自相关分析(ESDA)技术相结合,估算2009年河北省138个县的耕地生态经济系统各项能值指数,在此基础上,重点分析省域范围内耕地生态系统能值指标的空间格局分布规律、特征,从地形地貌、土壤类型、降雨量、耕地集约利用、农业基础设施等方面探讨了空间分布差异原因。结果表明:河北省耕地生态经济系统能值单项指标与综合指标在省域范围呈空间聚集分布,能值综合指标的Moran's I指数较大,聚集特征显著,其大小顺序为EIR> EYR> ELR >ESI,单项指标Moran's I的排列顺序依次为,EMY> EMF> EMR >EMN> EMRI;河北省耕地生态经济系统能值单项指标与综合指标局部空间聚集格局显著,不同能值指标其局部空间分布格局存在差异,主要聚集区为"石家庄-保定-唐山"和"张家口"地区,宏观视角上,能值指标的空间格局分布差异,主要受到地形地貌、土壤类型、年平均降雨量,农业基础设施以及耕地集约利用水平的影响。     

甘肃省生态经济系统的能值分析

能值理论是研究生态经济系统结构和功能的新理论,它以太阳能值为统一尺度,解决了不同类型能量之间无法进行核算的问题,为我们提供了一种新的能量分析理论方法。应用能值理论,对甘肃省生态经济系统进行了能值分析,并对甘肃省总的能值用量、能值货币比率、能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度等一系列能值指标进行了定量研究,为甘肃可持续发展提供科学依据与建议。     

基于能值分析的黑龙江垦区农业生态经济系统可持续性

运用能值理论与分析方法,采用净能值产出率、环境负荷率、能值密度、人均能值用量、能值产投比及可持续性指数、系统稳定性指数及优势度指数等重要能值指标,对黑龙江垦区2002—2011年间农业生态经济系统的能值结构作了分析。结果表明:黑龙江垦区各项指标都维持在较高水平,工业辅助能投入大幅增加,农业生态系统的产能不断提高,垦区的经济发展水平和职工生活水平得到显著改善,但由此也产生了农业生态系统可持续性下降、种植结构不合理和能源利用效率低等问题,需要在今后的发展中亟待解决。     

四川省汶川县生态经济系统能值分析

基于能值理论和分析方法,应用统计和实地调查数据,对四川省汶川县1982-2002年的生态经济系统进行了分析.结果表明:汶川县的经济水平较低,规模较小;主要能值投入为可再生资源;能值产出中不可再生资源能值占大部分,主要来自矿产资源和水泥生产;研究区输出大量能值,项目包括矿产资源和木材资源,大量的能值输出,特别是木材能值输出已使得研究区脆弱的生态环境出现生态问题;汶川县的人均能值消费水平较低,生活水平不高;研究区应注意经济与生态的协调发展.     

辽宁省朝阳市农业生态经济系统能值分析

应用能值分析的方法,研究了以辽宁省朝阳市为代表的辽西半干旱区农业生态经济系统的能值投入及产出结构,并通过计算、对比能值评价指标,分析了朝阳市农业生态经济系统的发展现状。结果表明,对自然资源的过度利用造成了当地生态环境条件的恶化,由此产生不可更新自然资源的流失以及产出能值的损失;对可更新有机能的不充分利用也是造成当地资源浪费和环境破坏的重要原因。     

天祝县生态经济系统的能值分析

能值理论为生态经济系统结构和功能的研究提供了一种新的理论和分析方法。本文对甘肃省天祝县生态经济系统进行了能值分析,通过计算天祝县总的能值用量、能值货币比率、能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度等指标,定量描述了天祝县生态经济格局和发展状况的总体特征,并与其他国家和地区进行了比较。结果表明:天祝县2008年总的能值用量为2.38×1021sej,人均能值用量只有1.03×1015sej,远远低于其他国家或地区;能值自给率达88.87%,而能值货币比率为3.41×1013sej.$-1,二者均高于国内沿海经济发达的省份。说明天祝县的经济发展是建立在本地资源过度依赖和高强度的利用基础之上,生态经济系统是一封闭的、不具活力的、不可持续的系统。据此提出了一系列促进区域可持续发展措施和建议。     

农业生态经济系统的能值分析

农业生态经济系统的能值分析蓝盛芳,陈飞鹏,刘新茂（华南农业大学生物系,广州５１０６４２）本文探讨能值（Ｅｍｅｒｇｙ）分析理论和方法在农业生态经济系统研究中的应用,同以往的农业能量分析加以比较,说明其特点和重大进步意义。能值是美国著名生态学家Ｈ．Ｔ．Ｏ...     

黄土丘陵区小流域系统生态经济要素分析

以隆德县李太平小流域为例,对比分析了退化小流域系统恢复重建过程中系统的生态经济要素变化,揭示系统演变趋势.应用能值方法分析了投入产出的动态变化,评价治理的生态经济效果.结果显示：农、林、牧业用地比例由1990年的6.2：2.0：1.0变为2003年的1.9：1.4：1.0,土地利用及种植结构趋于合理,农业产值所占比重由79.6%下降为54.8%,林业、牧业、副业产值比例分别由9.6%、9.6%、1.1%上升为22.7%、15.1%、7.4%,收入多样性指数也呈增加趋势,显示了流域收入构成的多元化,有利于生态经济系统的稳定.同时,恩格尔系数减小,表明人民生活水平日益提高.基于能值的流域生态经济系统投入产出效率动态研究结果表明在调整后的土地利用格局及种植结构下,净能值产出率由1990年的2.5增长到2003年的3.41,资源利用效率逐年提高,环境负荷率在1990、1995和2003年分别为2.55、2.44和2.11,呈减小趋势,能值持续性指数从1990年的0.98增加到2003年的1.62,经济与生态环境的协调性不断提高.研究结果表明该治理模式是成功的.     

基于能值分析的中国海洋生态经济可持续发展评价

海洋生态经济可持续发展的研究既是生态经济研究的重要领域,也是海洋经济研究的重点领域。运用能值分析构建中国海洋生态经济系统能值分析模型和指标体系,以中国沿海地区及其附近海域为研究区域,利用2013年的数据对中国海洋生态经济系统的可持续发展水平进行能值测度。研究表明:(1)2013年,中国沿海各省的海洋生态经济总能值为1.70×10~(24)sej,可更新资源能值占主体地位。(2)受沿海各省海洋经济发展水平不同和区域海洋资源储量影响,中国沿海地区海洋生态经济能值密度分布差异较大,能值货币比率以上海为界,南高北低,高中低3种能值产出率结构并存且以中能值产出率结构为主。(3)中国海洋生态经济系统的生态承载力以高承载力和较高承载力为主,但局部地区海洋生态承载力偏低影响区域海洋生态系统平衡。中国海洋生态经济系统环境负载率较大,环境负载率高的地区与我国海洋经济发达地区高度耦合。(4)从可持续发展指数来看,中国海洋生态经济发展的整体可持续性较好,局部地区环境负载率过大和生态承载力偏低严重制约着区域海洋生态经济的可持续发展。     

江西省主要作物(稻、棉、油)生态经济系统综合分析评价

基于成本收益分析和能值分析理论,构建经济效益指标和生态经济效益指标,对江西省水稻(早稻和晚稻)、棉花、油菜种植系统的经济效益、生态经济综合效益进行分析和评价。经济效益方面,分析比较了单位面积作物成本构成,构建了净利润(Rev)和净利润率(Prof)两个经济效益指标;生态经济方面,分析比较了单位面积能值投入产出构成,构建了能值投入率、能值产出率、环境负载率、宏观经济能值等四个能值评价指标。计算结果表明江西省水稻、棉花和油菜等作物的生产成本占主导地位,价格因素是影响种植成本最重要的因素。水稻主要是以生产物资费用为主,而棉花和油菜以人工费用为主。从产值和收益来看,Rev大小为棉花>晚稻>早稻>油菜,Prof大小为晚稻>棉花>早稻>油菜。水稻、棉花和油菜种植系统对自然更新资源的依靠程度较低,系统的维系主要依赖于外部购买能值的投入,其构成与生产成本构成是一致的。水稻、棉花和油菜等作物的种植系统能值投入率比较高,大小为棉花>早稻>晚稻>油菜,能值产出率:油菜>棉花>晚稻>早稻,造成生态环境压力为晚稻>早稻>油菜>棉花,宏观经济能值大小为油菜>棉花>晚稻>早稻。结果表明,江西省水稻、棉花、油菜种植系统是高度开放的系统,主要依赖购买能值,但是系统产出率不高,其环境压力也不大。研究结果可为深入认识江西水稻、棉花和油菜等主要作物种植系统提供一个新的视角,并为种植业可持续发展提供一定的参考价值。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.