小麦叶片色素含量的高光谱监测

连续两年采用不同小麦品种在不同施氮水平下进行大田试验，建立了小麦叶片色素含量的光谱定量监测模型.结果表明，叶片色素含量随着施氮水平的增加而提高，品种间存在差异，叶绿素(Chl) a+b相对含量随生育时期的变化较Chl b和类胡萝卜素(Car)更为明显.群体叶片色素含量的敏感波段主要存在于可见光区，其中，红边区域表现显著.红边位置参数REP_LE和REP_IG与叶绿素关系较为密切，REP_LE的表现较好.以REP_LE为变量对Chl a、Chl b和Chl a+b进行方程拟合，决定系数R²分别为0.835、0.841和0.840；对Car含量进行方程拟合，其R²显著下降，且光谱参数间差异较小.经独立数据的检验表明，红边位置的估算结果较好，以REP_IG为变量对Chl b进行预测，模型测试的R²和RE分别为0.632和18.2%；以REP_LE为变量对Chl a、Chl a+b和Car含量进行预测，R²分别为0.805、0.744和0.588，RE分别为9.0%、9.7%和14.6%.表明红边位置与叶片色素含量关系密切且表现稳定，利用REP_LE可以对小麦叶片Chl a和Chl a+b含量进行可靠的监测.     

改变凋落物输入对杉木人工林土壤呼吸的短期影响

 从2007年1月至12月, 在长沙天际岭国家森林公园, 通过改变杉木林凋落物输入, 研究杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林群落去除凋落物、加倍凋落物土壤呼吸速率及5 cm土壤温、湿度的季节变化。结果表明: 去除和加倍凋落物对土壤温度和湿度产生的差异不显著(p﹥0.05), 对土壤呼吸全年产生的差异接近显著(Marginal significant)(p＝0.058)。按植物生长期分别分析, 去除和加倍凋落物对土壤呼吸产生的差异, 在生长旺盛期差异显著(p＝0.003), 在生长非旺盛期差异性不显著(p＝0.098)。去除凋落物年均土壤呼吸速率为159.2 mg CO₂·m^–2·h^–1, 比对照处理土壤呼吸速率(180.9 mg CO₂·m^–2·h^–1)低15.0%, 加倍凋落物的土壤呼吸为216.8 mg CO₂·m^–2·h^–1, 比对照处理高17.0%。去除和加倍凋落物土壤呼吸季节动态趋势与5 cm深度土壤温度相似, 它们之间呈显著指数相关, 模拟方程分别为: y=27.33e ^{0.087 2t} (R²＝0.853, p﹤0.001), y=37.25e ^{0.088 8t} (R²＝0.896, p﹤0.001)。去除和加倍凋落物的Q₁₀值分别为2.39和2.43, 均比对照2.26大。去除和加倍凋落物土壤呼吸与土壤湿度之间关系不显著(p﹥0.05)。这一结果使我们能够在较短时间内观察到改变凋落物输入对土壤呼吸的影响, 证明凋落物是影响土壤CO₂通量的重要因子之一。     

FACE水稻茎蘖动态模型

借助农田开放式空气CO₂浓度增高（FACE）技术平台,以武香粳14为供试水稻品种,设置不同施N量处理,研究大气CO₂浓度为570 μmol·mol^-1（比对照高200 μmol·mol^-1）的FACE处理对水稻茎蘖动态的影响,并建立了相应的模拟模型：T_t=A₁(1+e^a1-b1t₎-A₂(1+e^a2-b2t)+C×[B₁(1+e^a3-b3t)-B₂(1+e^a4-b4t)]+D.模型以时间为驱动因子,描述了水稻茎蘖数随移栽天数的动态变化过程,对常规及CO₂浓度增加条件下水稻茎蘖的变化均有很好的拟合性.通过不同年份试验数据对模型的检验,预测根均方差（RMSE）最大为44.27个·m^-2,最小为13.96个·m^-2,且相关系数均达到了极显著水平.表明模型的预测程度较高,具有很好的适用性.     

施氮水平对水稻生育后期地上部氨挥发的影响

采用温室盆栽模拟试验，研究了不同施氮水平下水稻开花后地上部氨挥发及其影响因素.结果表明：不同品种水稻开花后地上部日氨挥发量和开花至成熟期的氨挥发总量均随施氮量的增加而增加，且不同施氮水平间存在一定差异.花期和成熟期水稻地上部氨挥发量（y）与功能叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性（x₁）呈显著负相关，而与功能叶片质外体NH₄⁺浓度（x₂）呈显著正相关:y=-0.37846x₁+0.41821x₂+0.04925（R²=0.9471，n=16）.水稻氮素收获指数（x₁）和氮肥生理利用率（x₂）均与地上部氨挥发总量（y）呈显著负相关：y=-0.02117x₁+0.75186(R²=0.8426，n=8）和y=-1.10386x²+35.52676（R²=0.8489，n=8），说明高氮水平下水稻氮肥利用率的下降与水稻地上部氨挥发量的增加有关.     

噬菌体434单链阻遏蛋白高亲和力DNA配体的筛选和设计

单链阻遏蛋白R R_TRES是噬菌体434阻遏蛋白的衍生物,含有两个DBD(DNA结合结构域),一个是野生型噬菌体434的DBD-R,另一个是突变型DBD-R_TRES,二者用重组接头以头接尾的方式连接起来.R_TRES的α-3-螺旋中-1,1,2,5位DNA结合氨基酸分别为T,R,E,S. 利用核心序列是CATACAAGAAAGNNNNNNTTTATG的随机DNA库, 体外循环筛选R_TRES的DNA结合位点,将筛选到的群体克隆、测序.单链阻遏蛋白RR_TRES的亲和力测定表明,最适操纵区序列含有TTAC或TTCC(上述画线部分)时,K_d值在10^-12~10^-11mol/L的范围.天然噬菌体434阻遏蛋白与其操纵区的亲和力的K_d值在10^-9 mol/L数量级,与之相比,所筛选操纵区的亲和力明显提高.同时发现,亲和力大小还受到最适结合位点两侧碱基的影响,特别是5′位碱基的影响.根据R_TRES的识别特性,设计了共有序列为GTAAGAAARNTTACN或GGAAGAAARNTTCCN (R为A或G)的单链阻遏蛋白R_TRES R_TRE的操纵区序列.结果表明,它们之间有特异性结合,且亲和力也很高.此方法可望用于其他DNA结合蛋白新的结合特异性的筛选.     

不同生态稻区覆膜旱作稻氮营养生理及抗逆生理特性探讨

不同生态稻区生态环境和栽培管理方式不同,覆膜旱作稻氮营养生理和抗逆生理与常规水作稻有些异同,尤其是体内NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N含量及分布差异很大.杭嘉湖平原区覆膜旱作稻生长前期受干热天气影响,其分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期体内NO₃^--N含量较水作稻有不同程度的降低,而NH₄⁺-N含量则极显著提高;金衢盆地覆膜旱作稻孕穗期体内NO₃^--N含量比常规水作稻高,根部NH₄⁺-N含量则显著降低,茎基部和叶片NH₄⁺-N含量有一定增加.正常气候条件下两生态稻区覆膜旱作稻孕穗期叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性较水作稻均有不同程度的提高;丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖及脯氨酸(Pro)含量与水作稻相差不大,表明不同生态稻区的覆膜旱作稻可以通过不同的栽培管理模式,促进生长发育,达到高产目的.     

湿地生态系统土壤温度对气温的响应特征及对CO2排放的影响

通过2年的野外定位观测,研究了沼泽湿地土壤温度对气温变化的响应特征,以及土壤温度对沼泽湿地植物 土壤系统CO₂排放的影响,并对CO₂排放的季节性变化进行模拟计算.结果表明,随融冻作用开始,沼泽湿地土壤温度对气温变化的响应强度不断增大,根层土壤温度与气温间呈显著指数关系（R²=0.94,P<0.01）,但不同深度土壤温度对气温变化的响应强度存在一定的差异,表现为随土壤深度的增加,二者之间的相关系数变小,土壤温度对气温的响应强度减弱.沼泽湿地植物 土壤系统CO₂排放与根层土壤温度有关,二者呈显著指数相关关系（R²=0.84,P<0.01）,利用模型模拟计算出沼泽湿地2003年生长季植物 土壤系统CO₂排放通量平均值为664.5±213.9 mg·m^-2·h^-1,野外定位观测值为634.0±227.7 mg·m^-2·h^-1,二者之间差值不大,表明利用此方法可以对沼泽湿地生长季CO₂排放进行估算.     

施氮量对小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性、一氧化氮含量和气体交换的影响

研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦分蘖到抽穗期叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量、气体交换参数和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:叶片光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、瞬时水分利用效率（IWUE）和产量均随施氮量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在180 kg·hm^-2氮处理时达到最高.随施氮量的增加,叶片NR活性提高; 在分蘖期和拔节期,叶片NR活性与NO含量呈显著线性相关（R²≥0.68,n=15）,NO含量和气孔导度（G_s）呈显著正二次相关（R²≥0.43,n=15）;低氮处理下,NR活性较低使叶片NO含量维持在较低水平,促进气孔开放,高氮处理下,NR活性较高使叶片NO含量增加,诱导气孔关闭;在抽穗期叶片NR活性和NO含量无显著相关关系,虽然NO含量和G_s也呈显著正二次相关（R²≥0.36,n=15）,但不能通过施氮提高NR活性来影响叶片NO含量,进而调节叶片气孔行为.合理施氮使小麦叶片NO含量维持在较低水平,可提高叶片G_s、T_r和IWUE,增强作物抗旱能力,促进光合作用,提高小麦产量.     

利用隆线趋光行为评价铬的生物毒性

报道了以隆线单克隆Dc42为生物监测器,利用其趋光行为变化评价铬生物毒性的方法.结果表明,隆线趋光行为抑制率能较好地反映水中铬的污染程度.在重铬酸钾标准毒物溶液中,趋光指数与Cr⁶⁺的浓度呈极显著负相关(R²=0.8089,P<0.001),Cr⁶⁺浓度的检测下限为0.056 mg·L^-1,远低于LC₅₀和EC₅₀,平均精度达到5.46%,说明趋光指数法用于监测化学物质生物毒性灵敏度高、精确可靠.     

热带季节雨林优势树种叶片和冠层尺度二氧化碳交换特征

采用叶室法和涡度相关法分析了西双版纳热带季节雨林优势树种绒毛番龙眼和大叶白颜树冠层及其叶片在不同季节的CO₂交换量,并拟合得到主要特征值.结果表明：以叶室法测得的两树种冠层最大净光合速率(P_{max A})为雨季>雨季末>雾凉季>干热季，叶片暗呼吸速率(R_d)为雨季>雨季末>干热季>雾凉季；以涡度相关法得到的两树种冠层最大净光合速率(P_{max B})为雨季>雨季末>雾凉季>干热季，而冠层呼吸速率(R_e)则是雨季>干热季>雾凉季>雨季末.两种方法得到的不同季节植物冠层最大净光合速率相差0.9～2.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.     

三种淡水鱼类在中国南北两个地区的肠道菌群差异比较

山东省德州市禹城市和湖南省长沙市望城区分别属于我国北方和南方地区,环境和气候差异明显。本试验以禹城市和望城区两地的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)为研究对象,对肠道中的菌群进行16s rRNA V4高变区扩增,基于IonS5 TM XL测序平台进行测序,并对相关数据进行分析。结果表明,在门水平上鲫鱼、鲤鱼、草鱼的肠道优势菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、硬壁菌门(Firmicutes),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),各组中这四种菌门所占比之和均在80%以上;基于Bray-Curtis距离值的秩次进行组间差异显著性检验,山东草鱼组和湖南草鱼组比较中组间差异大于组内差异(R=0.307,P<0.05),且线性判别分析显示湖南草鱼组的特征性菌群为弧菌属,而山东草鱼组的为梭菌纲,推测特征性菌群差异与环境的影响有关;有害菌种的统计分析表明,湖南鲫鱼组和鲤鱼组的嗜水气单胞菌属相对丰度明显高于对应的山东鲫鱼组和鲤鱼组,山东草鱼组和鲤鱼组的弧菌属相对丰度高于对应的湖南草鱼组和鲤鱼组,可能受外界环境的影响,不同地区抵御外来有害细菌的能力也不一样。本研究对两地的淡水鱼类肠道微生物群落结构进行了比较和分析,为进一步的鱼类发育研究奠定基础。     

Use of cellulose-based stationary phases for chiral separation in open tubular column chromatography

Application of cellulose-based chiral stationary phases was extended to open tubular columns. These chiral materials were mixed with achiral matrix stationary phases. Compromises were found among the polarity and the ratio of achiral matrix polymers against the content of the chiral cellulose derivative in order to optimize the resolution of the investigated racemates. In GC, the high efficiency feature of open tubular columns allows fast analysis, however, compounds which express strong H-bond interaction with cellulose derivatives elute with a bad peak shape. The application of these stationary phases for open tubular SFC was more successful, because the solvation power of the mobile phase can compensate the strong interaction between the solute and the cellulose derivative. Immobilization of the stationary phases were achieved for SFC purposes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Comparison between cellulose and amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phases for enantiomeric separation of 17 amidotetralins

Direct enantiomeric separations of 17 chiral amidotetralins by means of high performance liquid chromatography were performed on stationary phases composed of tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) derivatives of cellulose and amylose, coated on silica gel. The enantiomers of 15 out of 17 amidotetralins were resolved with a resolution of more than 1.5 by at least one of the chiral stationary phases. The stationary phases showed complementary results with regard to the separation of the amidotetralins, that is, pairs that did not separate on the cellulose-type column were well separated on the amylose-type column, and vice versa. There was no significant correlation between the chromatographic properties of the chiral stationary phases. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Optical resolution of β-lactams by chiral HPLC on tris(phenylcarbamate)s of cellulose and amylose

Separation and optical resolution of 6 diastereomers and 25 racemates of β-lactams were examined by HPLC on chiral stationary phases composed of six cellulose and one amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) derivatives. Most β-lactams were optically resolved at least by one of the derivatives. The absolute configuration of β-lactams was estimated by CD spectroscopy.     

Chromatographic properties of composite chiral stationary phases based on cellulose derivatives

Chiral stationary phases (CSPs) prepared by mixing together two different cellulose derivatives, before or after being coated on macroporous silica gel, were developed in order to determine the mutual influence of two different polymers on global chiral recognition capacity. The chromatographic properties of these CSPs were evaluated using a wide range of racemic test solutes. The mixing method does not significantly affect the enantioselectivities. The composite CSPs obtained by cocoating of two different cellulose derivatives on silica generally exhibit chiral recognition capacities intermediate between those of the two individual phases, and thus broadening the application range of a single column. These results indicate that the simultaneous coating of two different cellulose derivatives does not significantly alter the optical resolution power of each chiral material and are discussed in relationship with the supramolecular structure of the polymeric stationary phases. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Chiral recognition of binaphthyl derivatives: a chiral recognition model on the basis of chromatography, spectroscopy, and molecular mechanistic calculations for the enantioseparation of 1,1'-binaphthyl derivatives on cholic acid-bonded stationary phases.

In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of chiral discrimination of cholic acid-based stationary phases, the enantiomeric recognition ability of six chiral stationary phases (CSPs), prepared from differently substituted cholic acid derivatives, was evaluated in normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a series of 1,1'-binaphthyl compounds. The influence of structural variations of analytes on retention and enantioselectivity was investigated. Particularly high values of enantioselectivity were observed for the binaphthol enantiomers on a CSP prepared from the allyl 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-3 alpha-phenylcarbamoyloxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oate. The complexes of this chiral selector with both enantiomers of binaphthol were studied as models for the interactions responsible for the enantioseparation with the cholic acid-based stationary phases. The 1:1 stoichiometry of the complex in solution was determined by UV titration. The chiral selector dissolved in chloroform exhibited a chiral discrimination for the binaphthol in (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Some aromatic proton and carbon resonances of binaphthol were clearly separated into a pair of peaks due to enantiomers in the presence of the chiral selector. Moreover, on the basis of molecular mechanics calculation, a chiral discrimination model was proposed which nicely explains the relevant chromatographic behavior of the 1,1'-binaphthyl derivatives.     

Enantioseparation and molecular modeling study of chiral amines as three naphthaldimine derivatives using amylose or cellulose trisphenylcarbamate chiral stationary phases

This study describes the enantioseparation of three chiral amines as naphthaldimine derivatives, using normal phase HPLC with amylose and cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Three chiral amines were derivatized using three structurally similar naphthaldehyde derivatizing agents, and the enantioselectivity of the CSPs toward the derivatives was examined. The degree of enantioseparation and resolution was affected by the amylose or cellulose-derived CSPs and aromatic moieties as well as a kind of chiral amine. Especially, efficient enantiomer separation was observed for 2-hydroxynapthaldimine derivatives on cellulose-derived CSPs. Molecular docking studies of three naphthaldimine derivatives of leucinol on cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) were performed to estimate the binding energies and conformations of the CSP–analyte complexes. The obtained binding energies were in good agreement with the experimentally determined enantioseparation and elution order.     

Application of the anatomical method to estimate the maximum adult stature and the age‐at‐death stature

This study focuses on the age adjustment of statures estimated with the anatomical method. The research material includes 127 individuals from the Terry Collection. The cadaveric stature (CSTA)–skeletal height (SKH) ratios indicate that stature loss with age commences before SKH reduction. Testing three equations to estimate CSTA at the age at death and CSTA corrected to maximum stature from SKH indicates that the age correction of stature should reflect the pattern of age‐related stature loss to minimize estimation error. An equation that includes a continuous and linear age correction through the entire adult age range [Eq. (1)] results in curvilinear stature estimation error. This curvilinear stature estimation error can be largely avoided by applying a second linear equation [Eq. (2)] to only individuals older than 40 years. Our third equation [Eq. (3)], based on younger individuals who have not lost stature, can be used to estimate maximum stature. This equation can also be applied to individuals of unknown or highly uncertain age, because it provides reasonably accurate estimates until about 60/70 years at least for males. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:96–106, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.