麦穗鱼线粒体基因组序列测定及分析

利用麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva和相关鱼类的部分线粒体基因序列,设计出2对长批引物和30对短批引物,采用基于长PCR的2次PCR扩增法测定并注释麦穗鱼线粒体基因组全序列。结果表明,麦穗鱼线粒体基因组长16600bp,A+T含量为58.9%,37个基因位置及组成与其它硬骨鱼一致,均由13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA、2个rRNA基因和1个控制区(D-loop)组成。其中L链仅含8个tRNA(Pro、T yr、Ser、Ala、Asn、Cys、Glu、Gln)及ND6基因,其余基因皆由H链编码。基因排列紧密,间隔序列共计13处64bp,长度从1～32bp不等;基因重叠区7处23bp,重叠碱基数在1～7bp之间。13个蛋白编码基因中,除COI起始密码子为GTG外,其余均以ATG为起始密码子;有8个基因(ND1、ND2、COI、ATP6、ATP8、ND4L、ND5、ND6)3’端有完全的TAA或TAG终止密码子,其它5个基因终止密码子为不完整的TA(ND3和ND4)或T(COⅡ,COⅢ,Cyt b)。除tRNASer(AGY)外,其余21个tRNA基因的二级结构均为典型的三叶草结构。预测的lrRNA二级结构共有6个结构域,53个茎环结构,srRNA二级结构包含43个茎环结构。控制区(D-loop)存在3个结构区:终止序列区(TAS)、中央保守区(CSB-F、CSB-D)和保守序列区(CSB-1、CSB-2、CSB-3),其中TAS与DNA复制终止相关,出现茎环结构。     

太湖新银鱼m tDNA COII和Cytb基因的克隆与序列分析

设计了5对特异性引物,扩增、拼接并测定出太湖新银鱼线粒体tRNAAsp-COII-tRNALys和tRNAGlu-Cytb-tRNAThr两段基因序列片段。基因定位和序列分析发现,太湖新银鱼线粒体COII基因全序列长度为691 bp,序列AT含量为52.80%,编码230个氨基酸;线粒体Cytb基因序列全长为1141 bp,AT含量为48.90%,它编码380个氨基酸。分别位于线粒体COII和Cytb基因两翼的4个tRNA基因(tRNAAsp、tRNALys、tRNAGlu和tRNAThr)同时被测定出来。将太湖新银鱼与有明银鱼、小齿日本银鱼的同源序列进行比对分析,并基于线粒体COII Cytb基因合并数据的核苷酸和氨基酸两种序列形式,以黑斑蛙为外群,对10种鱼类进行分子系统树的构建,结果一致表明:小齿日本银鱼与有明银鱼的亲缘关系近于太湖新银鱼;鲱科与鲑科的亲缘关系近于银鱼科鱼类;此外在本研究硬骨鱼类的4个科中,白鲟科作为原始而古老的类群,是在系统进化的过程中首先分化出来的一支。     

Yeast cytochrome b2 gene: isolation with antibody probes

An efficient technique was used to clone the gene for yeast cytochrome b2, (a nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein) using the expression vector, lambda gt11 (lac 5 nin 5 c1857 S100). This enables the insertion of yeast DNA into the beta-galactosidase structural gene (lacZ) and promotes synthesis of hybrid proteins. Screening of antigen producing clones in the lambda gt11 recombinant genomic library was achieved using antiserum against cytochrome b2 according to Young and Davis (1983) Two recombinants containing part of the gene coding for cytochrome b2 were isolated and characterized as follows: by their expression in Escherichia coli cells, examined by immuno-blotting with antibodies to pure cytochrome b2. by DNA sequence analysis. One recombinant carries a 3 Kb yeast DNA insert which contains the whole nucleotide sequence encoding cytochrome b2 and a few amino acids of the amino terminal presequence.     

Cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene in Neurospora crassa mitochondria. Location and sequence

We have located and sequenced the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit III (CoIII) in Neurospora crassa mitochondria. The CoIII gene is located downstream from the small rRNA gene within a cluster of tRNA genes and is coded by the same strand as the tRNA and the rRNA genes. Like the tRNA and the rRNA genes, the CoIII gene is also flanked by the GC-rich palindromic DNA sequences which are highly conserved in N. crassa mitochondria. The CoIII coding sequence predicts a protein 269 amino acids long including 8 tryptophan residues. All 8 tryptophan residues are coded for by UGA. This supports our previous conclusion based on the anticodon sequence of N. crassa mitochondrial tryptophan tRNA and provides evidence for the notion that use of UGA as a codon for tryptophan rather than chain termination may be a feature common to most mitochondrial protein synthesis systems. The close correspondence between the amino acid composition of N. crassa CoIII and that of the protein predicted by the CoIII gene sequence suggests that unlike in mammalian mitochondria, AUA is a codon for isoleucine and not for methionine in N. crassa mitochondria. The N. crassa CoIII sequence shows strong homologies to the corresponding yeast and human proteins (53 and 47%, respectively). The overall hydrophobic character of the protein is consistent with suggestions that most of CoIII is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane.     

A direct approach to the measurement of genetic variation in fish populations: applications of the polymerase chain reaction to studies of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing to study genetic variation within and among populations of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua , in the western North Atlantic. In a 307 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, 24 variable nucleotide positions define 24 genotypes, which differ by from one to six nucleotide substitutions. Greenland cod ( G. ogac ) differs from the most similar G. morhua genotype by an additional 12 nucleotide substitutions. Silent transitions dominate both intra- and interspecific comparisons, however four nucleotide substitutions within morhua result in amino acid replacements. Direct sequencing of DNA reveals substantially more of the genetic variation that exists within and between species than do previous indirect methods based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and thus has far greater potential to quantify such differences as may exist among fish stocks. Preliminary experiments also indicate that automation of DNA sequencing provides an efficient, rapid, and accurate means for detection of genetic variation in natural populations offish.     

Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system. Sequence of the oxi 2 gene of yeast mitochondrial DNA

The region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) containing the oxi 2 locus has been sequenced in a rho- clone (DS40) derived from the respiratory competent strain D273-10B/A48 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DS40 clone was established to have retained only genetic markers in the oxi 2 locus and to have a segment of mtDNA extending from 18.6 to 24.3 units of the wild type map. The mitochondrial genome of DS40 includes a sequence that has been tentatively identified as the structural gene of Subunit 3 of cytochrome oxidase. The coding sequence is 810 nucleotides long and generates a protein with a molecular weight of 30,340. The amino acid composition of the oxi 2 gene product deduced from the nucleotide sequence is in agreement with the composition of the purified Subunit 3 of yeast cytochrome oxidase. The orientation of the DS40 mtDNA segment relative to wild type mtDNA indicates that the oxi 2 gene is transcribed from the same DNA strand as the oxi 1 and several other mitochondrial genes.     

Direct selection of mutations in the human mitochondrial tRNAThr gene: reversion of an 'uncloneable' phenotype

Several regions of the human mitochondrial genome are refractory to cloning in plasmid and bacteriophage DNA vectors. For example, recovery of recombinant M13 clones containing a 462 basepair MboI-Kpn I restriction fragment that spans nucleotide positions 15591 to 16053 of HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA was as much as 100-fold lower than the recovery of M13 clones containing other regions of the human mitochondrial genome. All of 50 recombinant M13 clones containing this 'uncloneable' fragment had one or more changes in nucleotide sequence. Each clone contained at least one alteration in two nucleotide positions within the tRNAThr gene that encode portions of the anticodon loop and D-stem of the HeLa mitochondrial tRNAThr. These results imply that the HeLa mitochondrial tRNAThr gene is responsible for the 'uncloneable' phenotype of this region of human mitochondrial (mt) DNA. A total of 61 nucleotide sequence alterations were identified in 50 independent clones containing the HeLa mt tRNAThr gene. 56 mutations were single-base substitutions; 5 were deletions. Approximately 80% of the base substitution mutations were A:T----G:C transitions. A preference for A:T----G:C transition mutations also characterizes polymorphic base substitution variants in the mitochondrial DNA of unrelated individuals. This similarity suggests that human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within and between individuals may have a common origin.     

The genetic code in bovine mitochondria: sequence of genes for the cytochrome oxidase subunit II and two tRNAs

Bovine-heart mitochondrial DNA from a single animal was isolated and fragments representative of the entire genome cloned into multicopy plasmid vectors to facilitate determination of its complete nucleotide sequence. We present here the sequence of the region covering the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit II. Comparison of this sequence with the amino acid sequence of the homologous beef-heart protein has enabled the determination of most of the bovine mitochondrial genetic code. The code differs from the "universal" genetic code in that UGA codes for tryptophan and not termination, and AUA codes for methionine and not isoleucine. The only codon family not represented is the AGA/AGG pair normally used for arginine; evidence from other genes suggests that these code for termination in bovine mitochondria. The sequence presented also includes the adjacent tRNAAsp and tRNALys genes. The tRNAAsp gene is separated by one nucleotide from the 5' end of the COII gene and only three bases separate the 3' end of this gene and the adjacent tRNALys gene. This highly compact gene organisation is very similar to that found in the corresponding region of the human mitochondrial genome and the gene arrangement is identical. The structure of the respective bovine and human tRNAs vary primarily the "D-" and "T psi C-loops".     

var1 Gene on the mitochondrial genome of Torulopsis glabrata

We have cloned and sequenced a region of the Torulopsis glabrata mitochondrial genome homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae var1 gene (var1Sc). An open reading frame that could encode a protein of 339 amino acids was found with 72.7% amino acid and 85.3% nucleotide sequence homology to the S. cerevisiae var1 gene. The T. glabrata gene (var1Tg) is transcribed yielding two stable RNAs, a more abundant 13.5 S RNA and a less abundant 18 S species. We have also identified a candidate for a T. glabrata var1 protein among mitochondrial translation products labeled in isolated mitochondria. The var1Tg gene is even more A + T-rich (93%) than var1Sc (89.6%) and has conserved the strong codon bias of var1Sc. Major differences between the two sequences were found. Significant among these are that no GC clusters are found in var1Tg and the sequences surrounding each of the sites where known polymorphisms exist in var1Sc have deletions at the corresponding sites in var1Tg. These data are discussed with respect to possible origins of these var1 genes and translocation of GC clusters in S. cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA.     

Mitochondrial ATPase subunit 6 and cytochrome B gene polymorphisms in young obese adults.

We hypothesized that the mutational strand asymmetry is more strongly exerted upon the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, which is distant from the origin of the light-strand replication (Ori(L)), than upon the ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6) gene, which is close to the Ori(L). To test this hypothesis, we determined the sequences of these two genes in 96 Japanese young obese adults. The frequency of G-->A transitions was significantly higher than that of C-->T transitions in the Cytb gene, whereas the frequencies of G-->A and C-->T transitions were not significantly different in the ATP6 gene. The marked mutational strand asymmetry in the Cytb gene can be explained by the deamination of C to uracil in the long single-stranded state of the heavy strand during replication. The ratio of the nonsynonymous substitutions at the second codon positions to those at the first codon positions was significantly lower in the Cytb gene than in the ATP6 gene. The physicochemical differences between the standard and the replaced amino acid residues were significantly smaller in the Cytb gene than in ATP6 one. The present study indicates that amino acid sequences are less variable for Cytb than for ATP6 in spite of the strong mutational strand asymmetry for the Cytb gene.     

The complete mitochondrial genomes of the sea lily Gymnocrinus richeri and the feather star Phanogenia gracilis: signature nucleotide bias and unique nad4L gene rearrangement within crinoids

Complete DNA sequences have been determined for the mitochondrial genomes of the crinoids Phanogenia gracilis (15892 bp) and Gymnocrinus richeri (15966 bp). The mitochondrial genetic map of the stalkless feather star P. gracilis is identical to that of the comatulid feather star Florometra serratissima (Scouras, A., Smith, M.J., 2001. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 61-73). The mitochondrial gene order of the stalked crinoid G. richeri differs from that of F. serratissima and P. gracilis by the transposition of the nad4L protein gene. The G. richeri nad4L mitochondrial map position is unique among metazoa and is likely a derived feature in this stalked crinoid. Nucleotide compositional analyses of protein genes encoded on the major sense strand confirm earlier conclusions regarding a crinoid-distinctive T over C bias. All three crinoids exhibit high T levels in third codon positions, whereas other echinoderm classes favor A or C in the third codon position. The nucleotide bias is reflected in the relative synonymous codon usage patterns of crinoids versus other echinoderms. We suggest that the nucleotide bias of crinoids, in comparison to other echinoderms, indicates that a physical inversion of the origin of replication has occurred in the crinoid lineage. Evolutionary rate tests support the use of the cytochrome b (cob) gene in molecular phylogenetic analyses of echinoderms. A consensus echinoderm tree was generated based on cytochrome b nucleotide alignments that placed the asteroids as a sister group to a clade containing the ophiuroids and the (echinoids+holothuroids) with the crinoids basal to the rest of the echinoderm classes: [Crinoid,(Asteroid,(Ophiuroid,(Echinoid,Holothuroid)))].