气候因子和非气候因子对白三叶草叶片生长的影响

本文采用裂区试验设计,研究了刈割频率（强度）和品种对永久性混播草地组分白三叶草叶片生长的影响,并通过回归分析探讨了气候因子与白三叶草叶片生长的相关性。刈割对叶片出生率和每个葡萄茎现存叶片数的处理效应具季节依赖性特性,在夏季生长期,高频率刈割 处理。三叶草品种对叶片出生率和每葡萄茎观存叶片数均无显著的处理效应,但刈割与品种对秋初生长期叶片的出生率有显著的互作效应,对秋季生长期每葡萄茎现存叶片数有微弱     

混播草地不同种群再生性的研究

在不同刈割频率和时间尺度下 ,对混播草地多年生黑麦草 (Lolium perenne)分蘖数和叶片生长、白三叶 (Trifoliumrepens)分枝数和匍匐茎生长及不同种群年产量和组分进行了连续 3年的监测研究 .结果表明 ,刈割能刺激黑麦草叶片、白三叶匍匐茎生长和分枝数发生 ,保持混播草地黑麦草和白三叶的适宜比和稳定共存 ,提高草地年生产力 ,但不同刈割频率和刈割时间对其影响差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) .黑麦草叶片生长对 6月刈割效果比 8月明显 ,而白三叶匍匐茎生长则与之相反 ,黑麦草产量主要取决于叶片生长 ,白三叶产量主要取决于匍匐茎分枝数 .刈割的黑麦草、白三叶产量组分比分别为 5 0 %、15 % ,比试验前约低 10 %、5 % ,而CK为 39%、6 % .     

不同刈割频度对绵毛优若藜地上生物量及根系的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同刈割频度对绵毛优若藜地上生物量和根系的影响.结果显示:(1)不同刈割处理下绵毛优若藜地上生物量及其营养成分百分含量差异极显著(P<0.01),地上生物量随刈割频度增大呈先增大后减小,其1次刈割生物量最大,单株均值高达5.63g;随刈割次数增加其地上部分的粗脂肪和粗蛋白百分含量均极显著提高,而粗纤维和粗灰分的百分含量则均极显著降低.(2)与不刈割相比,不同频度的刈割均能使根系生物量、根系体积总量和主根直径减少,并随着刈割频度的增大显著减少.(3)刈割显著抑制植株主根伸长,也限制侧根发生,使整个根系在土壤中的分布因刈割频度增大而逐渐变浅,刈割频度≤1时,植物根系主要分布在0～30cm的土层中;刈割频度≥2时,植物根系基本分布在0～20cm的土层中.试验结果说明,绵毛优若藜在民勤沙区适应低频度刈割管理,即1年刈割1次,其地上生物量最大,而根系受影响最小.     

光照，施肥及刈割对垂穗披碱草生长的影响

以甘南高寒草甸常见牧草垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）为研究对象,比较不同光照、肥力条件下,垂穗披碱草对刈割的生长和补偿反应。研究发现,光照和肥力存在交互作用。施肥、中度光照下,未刈割单株垂穗披碱草地上生物量最大,为3．239g。施肥、中度光照下,比较刈割植株地上生物量补偿发现：晚期刈割单株地上生物量的补偿大于早期刈割;刈割强度无显著影响;刈割两次单株地上生物量的补偿最大。施肥、中度光照、晚期、轻度、一次刈割时,单株垂穗披碱草地上生物量累积最大,为4．500g。全光照、未施肥条件下,刈割对单株地上生物量的补偿无影响。就补偿机制而言,植株地上生物量的增加以地下生物量为代价。     

刈割留茬高度和不同播种组合对人工草地初级生产力和物种丰富度的影响

采用7种播种方式(3种单播和4种混播)和3种刈割留茬高度裂区试验,测定了青藏高原高寒地区人工建植3年的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)和羊茅(Festuca ovina)草地地上生物量、物种丰富度以及杂草生物量,以分析刈割对青藏高原人工草地初级生产力和物种丰富度的影响。结果显示:(1)在草地建植第2年,不刈割与刈割留茬60和20 mm的草地初级生产力均有显著差异;留茬60和20 mm刈割使单播草地的平均初级生产力分别降低20%和27%,使混播草地的平均初级生产力分别降低29%和37%。(2)草地建植第3年,不刈割、留茬60和20 mm 3个处理间的草地生产力均差异极显著;留茬60和20 mm刈割使单播草地的平均生产力分别降低19%和36%,使混播草地的平均生产力分别降低4%和18%。研究表明,刈割显著降低了人工草地的初级生产力,同时显著增加了垂穗披碱草单播草地的物种丰富度和杂草生物量以及3种牧草混播草地物种丰富度,其他播种草地的物种丰富度和杂草生物量与不刈割草地均无显著差异。     

刈割频率对两种牧草越冬的影响

刈割频率对皇草和杂交狼尾草越冬影响的实验表明,两者的根系生物量、根系养分贮量、越冬返青率和越冬产量均随刈割次数的增加而减少,但影响程度两者略有不同。刈割次数对杂交狼尾草的越冬返青率的影响更大,皇草的根系生物量和越冬产量则随刈割次数的增加而明显下降,本文还就如何减低刈割对牧草越冬的影响进行了讨论．     

利用简易测量板估测白三叶群落地上生物量

地上生物量是草地群落的一个重要指标,而直接收割法对生态系统较脆弱的地区有极大的破坏.为了更有效地估测白三叶群落地上生物量而又不破坏草地,采用自制测量板对陕西省杨凌区大寨镇杜寨村的白三叶群落高度和地上生物量进行了研究.采用铝塑板和高分子板不同规格的17种测量板,将各测量板分别置于白三叶群落上方,记录测量板下方到地面的植物群落高度,重复20次,然后将测量板下方对应面积内的植物齐地面刈割,烘干后,称量得到地上生物量,最后进行数学模型建立、相关性分析,并对模型进行验证.结果表明: 以测量板下方群落高度为自变量,对应面积内群落地上生物量为因变量,建立多种回归方程,群落高度和地上生物量之间呈正相关,R²为0.37～0.76;铝塑板与高分子板相比,其测量得到的生物量变异系数和建立的回归方程决定系数均表现较好,精度较高;最佳测量板为直径35 cm的圆形铝塑板,其最优估测模型为: y=1.6460x-3.3462 (R²=0.76),预测精度达到92.1%.     

刈割对多年生黑麦草分蘖与叶片生长动态及生产力的影响

对不同刈割强度和时间下 ,混播草地中多年生黑麦草净分蘖数和叶片生长季节动态及其年积累和年产量进行了 2年的比较研究。结果表明 :叶片净生长与净分蘖数季节动态具有相互弥补的特点。刈割不利于多年生黑麦草的分蘖 ,所有刈割处理均不存在分蘖的“超补偿生长”效应 ;净分蘖数随刈割次数的增加而降低 ;高频刈割对分蘖的抑制效应逐年加强 ,低频刈割对分蘖的抑制效应逐年减弱。叶片生长对刈割处理的超补偿效应显著 ;刈割能刺激多年生黑麦草叶片的生长 ,提高年净生产力 ,维持混播草地中黑麦草的组分 ,增强黑麦草的竞争能力。刈割对多年生黑麦草年净生产力的提高主要是通过刺激其叶片的生长来实现的。叶片净生长与净分蘖数的年积累存在显著负相关 (R=- 0 .893,P<0 .0 5)     

扰动环境中不同刈割方式柠条营养生长补偿的影响

柠条（Caragana korshinskii）在地上组织破坏后进行补偿性生长,这是重复利用柠条资源的基础,但对 柠条不同刈割方式下营养生长补偿的模式有待探讨。该文通过5种刈割方式：去除主枝长的30%（30%RSL） 、去除主枝长的60%（60%RSL）、去除分枝数的25%（25%RSN）、去除分枝数的50%（50%RSN）和去除分枝 数的100%（100%RSN）来研究柠条的营养生长补偿。结果表明：刈割处理的柠条生物量当年发生了超补偿 ,当年生枝数/枝、当年生枝长、当年生枝生物量/枝、当年生枝生物量/株比对照高。对照、30%RSL和 60%RSL 处理未长出基梢。 100%RSN处理的基梢数/刈割枝、基梢长、单个基梢平均生物量显著高于25%RSN 和50%RSN处理,基梢生物量/株随刈割去除生物量的增加而增加。100%RSN 处理未结果,其它处理果实产量 表现出超补偿或精确补偿。对照处理营养生长和生殖生长均低,其它处理当年生枝生物量与果实产量成显 著负相关。从整个生长季节来看,营养生长主要集中在果实成熟之前。我们认为,100%RSN处理是柠条地上 组织破坏后尽快恢复的合理方式,其当年生生物量远高于其它处理。顶端优势的破坏促使休眠芽的萌发, 根冠比的改变使地上组织获得较多养分和水分,根系储存的碳水化合物的供应是促使刈割柠条营养生长超 补偿的的可能机制,而减少生殖生长对资源的消耗,是100%RSN处理地上生物量尽快恢复的另一重要因素 。     

刈割强度对大针茅草原地上生物量时间稳定性的影响

在草地刈割过程中, 群落地上生物量的时间稳定性与物种多样性及物种异步性关系密切。本文基于2014-2018年的野外刈割实验, 研究了围封(对照, 无刈割)、轻度(留茬8 cm)、中度(留茬5 cm)和重度(留茬2 cm)等不同刈割强度对内蒙古大针茅(Stipa grandis)典型草原地上生物量时间稳定性的影响。结果表明: (1)与围封相比, 刈割对群落时间稳定性无显著影响, 但对种群平均时间稳定性影响显著, 重度刈割处理的种群平均时间稳定性显著降低; 且种群平均时间稳定性与群落时间稳定性无显著相关关系, 表明这二者独立波动。(2)与围封相比, 重度刈割处理的物种丰富度显著降低, 但它与群落时间稳定性无显著相关关系, 表明物种丰富度不是群落地上生物量时间稳定性的主导因素; 此外, 重度刈割处理的群落抵抗力显著降低, 但也与群落时间稳定性无显著相关关系。(3)异步性与群落稳定性存在极显著正相关关系, 但刈割对异步性无显著影响, 故未造成群落稳定性显著变化。因此, 异步性可能是影响群落时间稳定性的主导效应之一, 在草地管理与利用过程中, 可从物种异步性角度来对草地稳定性进行评价。     

Competition between grass and clover in spring as affected by nitrogen fertiliser

Detailed measurements of irrigated ryegrass/white clover swards growing without interruption, with or without nitrogen fertiliser in spring, showed that the relative growth rate of clover was as great as that of grass, in the + N sward, and considerably greater than grass, in the – N sward. Clover leaves were not overtopped by grass leaves. Indeed, in both swards, clover had a greater proportion of its leaf lamina area in the upper, well lit, layers of the canopy than grass did. Consequently, clover had a greater mean rate of leaf photosynthesis in situ in the sward than grass. Clover's advantage in photosynthetic rate per leaf area was offset to some extent by its smaller ratio of leaf area to total above-ground dry weight than grass. The consequences of these results for our understanding of competition between grass and clover in mixed swards are discussed.     

Yield and persistency of contrasting white clover populations grown in pure swards and in mixed swards with S.23 perennial ryegrass

Ten contrasting white clover populations were grown as spaced plants, in pure clover swards and in mixed swards with S.23 perennial ryegrass. Four of the populations were also tested for tolerance of low temperatures. In the establishment year, the autumn yields of populations were correlated with leaf size. However, during the severe winter which followed, populations with large leaves, particularly those of Mediterranean origin, suffered extensive stolon kill. This winter damage reduced the spring yields and total annual yields of populations with large leaves, so that leaf size and total annual yield were not correlated in the year after sowing. Stolon kill was positively correlated with autumn growth activity as measured by leaflet size and stolon internode length in October. Stolon kill during winter was correlated with cold tolerance of naturally-hardened stolon apices, assessed in artificial cold tests.     

Photosynthesis by White Clover Leaves in Mixed Clover/Ryegrass Swards

Measurements of rates of net photosynthesis were made on singleBlanca white clover leaves on plants taken from a field-grown,mixed clover/perennial ryegrass sward during two regrowth periods. Net photosynthesis fell by 20 per cent in the first measurementperiod as leaf area index increased and the grass componentof the crop flowered, but did not change significantly in thesecond measurement period during which the grass remained vegetative. Leaves which had been artificially protected from shading inthe sward did not have significantly different photosyntheticcapacities from leaves in the undisturbed sward, even in thefirst measurement period. As leaf area index and sward height increased, successive cloverpetioles were longer, keeping the newly expanded leaves nearthe top of the sward where they received full light. It is suggestedthat it is this which allows successive clover leaves, unlikethose of vegetative grasses, to attain a high photosyntheticcapacity throughout a growth period. Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Photosynthetic capacity, shading, growth     

Incidence and severity of pest and disease damage to white clover foliage at 16 sites in England and Wales

From 1985 to 1987, leaves of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) cv. Grasslands Huia were examined for damage by pests and fungal diseases on seven occasions at up to 16 sites in England and Wales. Pest damage was recorded at all sites on all sampling dates. Over all sampling dates, the mean number of leaves damaged by slugs ranged from 23% to 67%, and that by weevils ( Sitona spp.) ranged from 3% to 62%. Also, up to 30% of leaves were damaged by other, unidentified pests. At individual sites, total pest damage frequently exceeded 90% of leaves. The area of leaf damaged by pests ranged from 2 - 12%. Fungal diseases were recorded in July and September but not in May, and were more prevalent in September 1985 than in September 1986 or 1987. Black blotch ( Cymadothea trifolii ) was the most frequently recorded disease, and the mean number of leaves damaged ranged from 4% to 21%. The mean area of leaves covered by lesions was 1–2%. Infections by viruses were assessed on two occasions, using indicator plants and electron microscopy, and only a very low incidence of arabis mosaic virus and red clover necrotic mosaic virus was recorded.     

The Effect of Shade During Leaf Expansion on Photosynthesis by White Clover Leaves

In three experiments measurements of photosynthesis were madeon single leaves of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) on threecultivars grown in a controlled environment. Plants which had grown under an irradiance of 30 J m^–2s^–1, or in shade within a simulated mixed sward, producedleaves with photosynthetic capacities some 30 per cent lowerthan did plants grown at 120 J m^–2 s^–1 without shade.There were no differences between treatments either in photosynthesismeasured at 30 J m^–2 s^–1, or in respiration ratesper unit leaf dry weight. Respiration per unit leaf area washigher in the plants grown at 120 J m^–2 s^–1, reflectingthe lower specific leaf area of these leaves. There were nodifferences between the three cultivars examined. Leaves which were removed from the shade of a simulated swardshortly after becoming half expanded achieved photosyntheticcapacities as high as those which were in full light throughouttheir development. It is suggested that it is this characteristicwhich enables clover plants growing in an increasingly densemixed sward to produce a succession of leaves of high photosyntheticcapacity, even though each lamina only reaches the top of thesward at a relatively late stage in its development. Trifolium repens L., white clover, photosynthesis, leaf expansion, shade, specific leaf area, stomatal conductance     

The Effect of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on the Photosynthesis and Growth of White Clover/Perennial Ryegrass Swards

The application of nitrogenous fertilizer in March to a whiteclover (cv. Blanca) and perennial ryegrass (cv. S23) sward resultedin a rapid suppression of the clover, relative to clover ina treatment given no added nitrogen. Thereafter, the cloverin both treatments grew more rapidly than the grass and itsproportion of the total leaf area in the mixture increased,as the leaf area index rose to 8. After a second applicationof N in early July, clover was not suppressed to the same extentas in the first growth period. Overall, the photosynthetic capacities of newly expanded cloverlaminae were similar in the two treatments. Clover laminae hadhigher photosynthetic capacities than grass, even in the grass-dominant+ N treatment. Lamina area, petiole length, and the number of live leaves perstolon were similar in the two treatments, indicating that thedifferences in total leaf area were due to the presence of fewerstolon growing points in the + N treatment. Trifolium repens L., white clover, Lolium perenne L., perennial ryegrass, nitrogen, leaf area index, photosynthesis, growth     

冬季高温对白三叶越冬和适应春季"倒春寒"的影响

暖冬和春季"倒春寒"已严重影响着多年生植物生长发育。选择建植3a的白三叶(Trifolium repens Linn)为试验材料,在入冬采用搭建塑料大棚模拟暖冬方法,通过在建棚前、建棚后、冬季融冻胁迫、春季揭棚后和"倒春寒"过程中测定棚外和棚内白三叶植株高度和叶片抗逆生理指标的变化以揭示未来暖冬对白三叶生存和生态园林持续发展的影响。结果表明,冬季棚外气温均温低于0℃,白三叶叶片经历了冻融胁迫,棚内温度高于0℃,叶片始终未结冻。搭棚前,棚内外试验地白三叶生长势无差异。搭棚后100d棚内白三叶株高是棚外的3倍,但揭棚后3个月棚内外白三叶株高一致。另外,冬季虽然棚内外白三叶叶片细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶活力(SOD、CAT、POD)均随气温下降而增高与气温变化呈负相关,但棚外白三叶叶片上述生理指标均高于棚内。在春季揭棚后2d,冬季棚内生长的白三叶不仅叶片细胞膜透性和MDA含量急剧增加并高于揭棚前和棚外白三叶,而且叶片SOD和CAT活性和可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量急剧增加也明显高于棚外白三叶。在春季"倒春寒"时,冬季棚内外不同温度下生长的白三叶叶片细胞膜透性快速升高、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、POD和SOD活性均上升,两处理间无显著差异。研究表明,冬季零度以上低温可延缓冬季白三叶绿叶期和单个叶片的寿命,可使白三叶安全渡过春季"倒春寒",未来暖冬不会降低白三叶抗融冻能力和其返青生长势。而这与白三叶能快速应对环境温度变化,通过调整生理代谢使叶片中快速积累渗透调节物和激活抗氧化酶防止氧自由基积累抑制膜脂过氧化,保护细胞膜的完整性有直接关系。     

Acetylene reduction assay on white clover genotypes and on grass/clover swards

Acetylene reduction assay was used to measure the nitrogenase activity of white clover genotypes in pots and of grass/clover swards in situ. Much of the variation in nitrogenase activity of single genotypes and hybrid populations was associated with plant dry weight. After adjustment for plant dry weight it was concluded that there was limited scope for selection for increased nitrogenase activity. In plant breeding this technique would seem to have greatest application in the selection for continued nitrogen fixation activity in the presence of inhibitory factors such as high levels of mineral nitrogen. The in situ studies revealed differences in nitrogenase activity of grass/clover swards based on contrasting cultivars of white clover. These differences were due to variation in clover density and also to variation in activity per unit clover dry weight. It was concluded that the variation in nitrogenase activity per unit dry weight reflected differences in growth pattern of the cultivars in the autumn when these assays were made. The in situ studies offer a means whereby the nitrogenase activity of cultivars and selected families can be monitored under varying levels of mineral nitrogen and other husbandry treatments without disruption of the sward.     

Earthworm communities in conventional wheat monocropping and low-input wheat-clover intercropping systems

A comparative study was conducted on earthworm communities in a conventional winter wheat monocropping system and a low‐input intercropping system in which successive crops of winter wheat were direct‐drilled into a permanent white clover sward. Earthworm abundance, biomass and species composition under the two cropping systems in the second and third years of successive cropping were assessed each spring and autumn in farm‐scale field plots at four sites using formalin and electrical extraction methods. The wheat‐clover cropping system supported larger earthworm communities (overall mean abundance 548 individuals m^?2, 137 g biomass m^?2) than conventional wheat monocropping (194 individuals m‐2, 36 g biomass m‐2). Between one and five more earthworm species were recorded in the wheat‐clover system than in the wheat system at three out of the four study sites. Wheat–clover cropping especially favoured species belonging to the epigeic and epigeic/anecic ecological groups such as Lumbricus castaneus, L. festivus, L. rubellus, juvenile Lumbricus and Satchellius mammalis. Earthworm communities in the wheat‐clover cropping system were comparable in size and species composition to communities normally found in perennial grassland‐type habitats such as pastures and grass‐legume leys.