秸秆还田量对土壤CO2释放和土壤微生物量的影响

对玉米季、小麦季3种不同秸秆还田量的土壤生物学指标的测定结果表明,在秸秆倍量还田中,随着秸秆量的增加,CO₂释放量增加,而且倍量处理的增加量显著大于全量处理;在玉米和小麦季节中,不同量秸秆还田对土壤0～10和10～20cm的土壤微生物量的影响不同,但均能增大土壤微生物量,全量和倍量处理间没有明显差异.在土壤表层及下层,微生物量的最大值均落后于土壤呼吸的最大值,且土壤微生物量达到最大值即其最活跃状态后,下降缓慢,但土壤呼吸减少较快,说明微生物活动存在明显的合成性呼吸与维持性呼吸;综合评价不同秸秆量还田的效应,应采用秸秆全量还田,既能调节土壤物理环境,促进微生物的代谢活动,利于养分的转化,又可以减少环境污染.     

不同玉米秸秆还田方式对冬小麦田土壤呼吸的影响

在连续耕作10年的保护性耕作农田进行定位试验,采用静态箱-TGC气体分析仪法田间原位观测玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦田土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:麦田土壤呼吸与玉米秸秆留茬高度呈显著正相关关系,且在小麦整个生育期具有两个峰值;免耕不还田处理的土壤呼吸为免耕全量还田处理的72.5％,常规耕作不还田处理的土壤呼吸为常规耕作全量还田处理的76.5％.土壤呼吸与20 cm土层土壤温度和有机碳含量呈显著正相关,但与40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量相关性不显著;土壤水分与土壤呼吸的相关性显著.麦田秸秆全量还田处理的土壤日呼吸值呈单峰曲线,于18:00达到最高.20 cm土层土壤温度与土壤呼吸值的变化趋势一致.不同秸秆还田量处理中,留茬1 m的秸秆还田处理能显著减少土壤呼吸,是较合理的秸秆还田方式.     

玉米秸秆还田配施生防放线菌S024对麦田土壤微生物及小麦纹枯病的影响

采用大田人工接种的方法,研究了玉米秸秆不同还田量以及玉米秸秆还田与生防放线菌S024同时施用对麦田土壤微生物、小麦纹枯病和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量;秸秆还田同时施用生防菌,拔节期土壤放线菌数量与不还田(对照)相比,平均增加50%,土壤中小麦纹枯病菌的数量与对照相比减少了20%。秸秆还田处理在拔节期对小麦纹枯病有较好的防病效果,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田(9000kg.hm-2)处理的防病效果最好,病情指数减退率达57.4%。玉米秸秆还田对小麦有一定增产作用,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田处理增产幅度最大,增产23.1%。     

不同秸秆还田和耕作方式对夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响

采用基质诱导呼吸法和CO2释放量法,研究了冬小麦季长期不同耕作方式(常规翻耕、免耕和深松)和秸秆处理(秸秆还田和无秸秆还田)对夏玉米田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田和保护性耕作主要在O～ 10 cm土层起作用.秸秆还田能明显提高土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,在苗期和开花期提高土壤呼吸,而在灌浆期、腊熟期和收获期降低土壤呼吸;在相同秸秆处理条件下,深松和免耕比常规翻耕能显著降低土壤呼吸和呼吸熵,提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性.整个生育期,秸秆还田结合保护性耕作能显著提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,与常规翻耕无秸秆还田相比,深松秸秆还田和免耕秸秆还田0～10 cm土层微生物生物量碳平均提高了95.8％和74.3％,微生物活性提高了97.1％和74.2％.     

华北平原麦田土壤呼吸特征

采用静态箱／气相色谱(GC)法测定了华北平原典型冬小麦田的土壤呼吸速率、结果表明,土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,最高峰出现在13：00左右,最低点在凌晨4：00左右;冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸速率平均冬季较低,夏季较高,与地温的季节变化趋势基本一致;随氮肥用量增加土壤呼吸增强,但增幅不大．秸秆还田处理的土壤呼吸作用明显高于秸秆不还田处理和氮肥处理;土壤呼吸同地温存在着显著的指数关系,其中5cm地温同土壤呼吸相关性最好．不同处理、不同深度土层具有不同的Q10值,Q10值随土壤的性状、地温测量的深度和微生物活动的土层深度变化而改变,其本身是温度的函数,随着温度的升高,Q10值呈下降趋势;土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系较弱,未表现出明显的规律性;冬小麦平均净光合速率与土壤呼吸速率呈相似的变化趋势。从小麦返青到腊熟,冬小麦田表现为CO2的汇．     

秸秆预处理对土壤微生物量及呼吸活性的影响

冬小麦秸秆经8．0g·L^-1H2O2(pH11．0)溶液、12．5g·L^-1 NaOH溶液或H2SO4溶液浸泡8h并80℃烘干后,与无机N一起加入土壤,进行室内25℃恒温培养试验,在不同时间测定土壤微生物量C、N和CO2释放速率。结果表明,培养前期,秸秆预处理使土壤微生物量C数量增加了1．0～1．4倍,但降低了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;培养后期,NaOH和H2SO4处理使土壤微生物量C分别下降了28％和42％,但增加了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;H2O2处理则使土壤微生物量N增加90％;土壤微生物区系中的真菌比例在不同时刻有所增加,表明将秸秆预处理后施入土壤,将对土壤中微生物数量和呼吸活性产生一定影响。     

保护性耕作对土壤微生物量及活性的影响

研究保护性耕作对土壤微生物特性的影响对于土壤管理具有重要意义。试验研究了保护性耕作对麦田土壤微生物量碳、活跃微生物量、土壤呼吸、呼吸商的影响。前3项采用的方法分别是:基质诱导呼吸法、呼吸曲线数学分析法和CO2释放量法。结果表明,保护性耕作土壤微生物量碳0～10cm土层大于10～20cm土层,而常规耕作两土层间无明显差异。秸秆还田在播种前、越冬期和起身期能显著提高土壤微生物量碳,而开花期和收获期则降低土壤微生物量碳。少耕还田10～20cm土层微生物具有较强的养分调控作用。保护性耕作利于0～10cm土层活跃微生物量的提高。秸秆还田和保护性耕作在耕作作业初期(越冬期和起身期)能增强土壤呼吸速率;在耕作作业后期(开花期和收获期)能显著降低土壤呼吸速率。免耕秸秆覆盖在10～20cm土层呼吸商较高,而常规耕作无秸秆还田在0～10cm土层呼吸商较高。土壤微生物量碳和呼吸商是衡量土壤微生物特性的重要指标。     

玉米秸秆覆盖还田量对免耕土壤有机碳中红外光谱特征的影响

依托位于中国东北黑土地区长期免耕玉米秸秆还田试验平台,分析了不同秸秆还田量(0、33%、67%和100%)连续归还8年后表层(0～5 cm)、中层(20～40 cm)和深层(60～100 cm)土壤有机碳中红外光谱特征,评价了玉米秸秆还田量对免耕土壤碳化学组成和稳定性的影响。结果表明: 与免耕无秸秆覆盖还田相比,33%与100%秸秆还田均有利于表层和中层多糖组分的积累,但前者降低了表层土壤碳组成多样性,而后者有利于各层次土壤碳化学稳定性的维持;67%秸秆还田提高了深层土壤碳化学稳定性。综上,当秸秆资源充足时,免耕结合100%全量秸秆还田可在提高0～40 cm土层微生物可利用碳底物的基础上,维持土壤碳的化学稳定性。秸秆还田量与土壤中红外光谱特征间无线性关联,表明亟需挖掘不同秸秆还田量处理下土壤碳周转的微生物参与机制。     

不同土壤培肥措施对华北高产农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

为研究华北高产农田生态系统中化肥、有机肥和秸秆还田等培肥措施对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响,在山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米的种植模式下设置了田间试验。田间试验设10个处理,依序为:①全还(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田),②麦还(小麦秸秆还田),③全还 化肥1(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a)),④麦还 化肥1(小麦秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a)),⑤全还 化肥2(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 480kgN/*hm2·a)),⑥麦还 化肥2(小麦秸秆还田 480kgN/(hm2·a)),⑦全还 化肥3(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 720kgN/(hm2·a)),⑧麦还 化肥3(小麦秸秆还田 720kgN/(hm2·a)),⑨全还 化肥1 有机肥(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a) 有机肥)和⑩化肥1(600kgN/(hm2·a))。1998年4月至1998年11月田间取样测定了土壤的微生物生物量碳。试验结果表明:在高投入的高肥力农业生态系统中,单施化肥土壤的微生物生物量碳下降,化肥抑制了土壤微生物的活性,但是由于有机物的投入,这种抑制作用会减弱。化肥和秸秆还田配合施用时,增量和减量化肥对微生物生物量碳的影响不明显,秸秆还田配合施用化肥能够明显减弱化肥对微生物的抑制作用。有机肥对微生物生物量的促进作用是很明显的。不同秸秆还田方式对微生物生物量碳的影响季节变化较大,但从全年平均值来看全还处理对土壤微生物量碳的影响大于麦还处理。试验中不同处理间微生物量碳有下列趋势:化肥1<麦还 化肥1<麦还 化肥2<全还 化肥2<麦还 化肥3<全还 化肥1<全还 化肥3<麦还<全还<全还 化肥1 有机肥。因此,在高投入集约化的高肥力农田生态系统中,提倡秸秆还田和多施有机肥。     

秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤溶解有机碳含量和水稻产量的影响

以南粳44为供试材料,在粘土和砂土土壤中,设置麦秸秆不还田和全量还田(6000 kg·hm^-2)及3种施氮量(0、225、300 kg·hm^-2)试验,研究了麦秸秆全量还田的腐解率和有机碳释放量动态变化,及其对稻田0～45 cm土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量和水稻产量的影响.结果表明： 麦秸秆还田的前期(0～30 d)其腐解率和有机碳释放量最高,腐解率为35.0%(粘土)和31.7%(砂土),有机碳释放率为34.1%(粘土)和33.1%(砂土);30 d后两者均减小.施用氮肥可显著促进秸秆腐解和有机碳释放量,粘土中麦秸秆腐解率和有机碳释放量明显大于砂土.麦秸秆还田后土壤DOC含量逐渐增加,至25 d达最大值,粘土和砂土分别为60.18和56.62 mg·L^-1,此后逐渐减小并趋于稳定.麦秸秆还田处理15 cm处土壤DOC含量显著高于未还田处理,但两者在30和45 cm处土壤DOC含量差异不显著,说明秸秆还田主要增加了稻田0～15 cm土层DOC含量.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理土壤DOC含量降低,2种施氮处理间差异不显著.秸秆还田减少了水稻前期分蘖发生量,显著降低了有效穗数,增加了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,显著提高了水稻产量.     

Nitrogen released from different plant residues of the Loess Plateau and their additions on contents of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen in soil

An incubation method was used to investigate the nitrogen release characteristics from the residue of ten plant species which commonly grow in the northern part of the Loess Plateau. The effect of the residue on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) was also determined. There were significant differences in the total N content and the C/N ratios among the different types of plant residue. The total N content of the residues ranged from 6.61 to 32.78 g kg^?1. The C/N ratio of the residue ranged from 14 to 65. There was an immediate increase in soil N after alfalfa, erect milkvetch, and korshinsk peashrub residue was added to the soil. In contrast, soil N decreased after elm, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residue was added to the soil. The soil N content remained relatively low for 14–34 days and then increased. This indicated that N immobilization occurred during the early portion of the incubation period when elm, sea buckthorn and wild peach residue was added to the soil. Soil N levels were low during the entire incubation period when simon poplar, locust, Stipa bungeana, and old world bluestem residue were added to the soil. The addition of plant residue significantly increased SMBC and SMBN in all treatments. The SMBC and SMBN values were greatest in treatments containing plant residue with high total N content and low C/N ratios. The C/N ratios of korshinsk peashrub, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residues were similar, but the amount of N released from these residues and the effects of the residue on SMBC and SMBN in soil were significantly different. This indicates that not only the C/N ratio but also the chemical composition of the plant residue affected decomposition. It is important to consider C and N release characteristics from plant residue in order to adjust the C and N balance of soil when revegetating degraded ecosystems.     

Influence of organic residues and soil incorporation on temporal measures of microbial biomass and plant available nitrogen

Aims

Despite our current understanding of plant nitrogen (N) uptake and soil N dynamics in arable systems, the supply and demand of N are infrequently matched as a result of variable seasonal and soil conditions. Consequently, inefficiencies in N utilisation often lead to constrained production and can contribute to potential environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of plant residue quality (C/N ratio) and extent of residue incorporation into soil on temporal changes in soil mineral N and the associated plant N uptake by wheat in the semi-arid agricultural production zone of Western Australia.

Methods

Oat (Avena sativa); lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and field pea (Pisum sativum) were incorporated into a Red-Brown Earth using varying degrees of mechanical disturbance (0 to 100% residue incorporated). Soil samples for inorganic N (NO ₃ ^? and NH ₄ ⁺ ) profiles (0?C50?cm), microbial biomass-C (0?C50?cm) and plant N uptake were taken throughout the growing season of the subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop. Grain yield and yield components were determined at harvest.

Results

Despite observed treatment effects for plant residue type and soil disturbance, fluctuations in inorganic N were more readily influenced by seasonal variability associated with wet-dry cycles. Treatment effects resulting from residue management and extent of soil disturbance were also more readily distinguished in the NO ₃ ^? pool. The release of N from crop residues significantly increased (p?=?0.05) with greater soil-residue contact which related to the method of incorporation; the greater the extent of soil disturbance, the greater the net supply of inorganic N. Differences in microbial biomass-C were primarily associated with the type of plant residue incorporated, with higher microbial biomass generally associated with legume crops. No effect of residue incorporation method was noted for microbial biomass suggesting little effect of soil disturbance on the microbial population in this soil.

Conclusions

Despite differences in the magnitude of N release, neither crop type nor incorporation method significantly altered the timing or pattern of N release. As such asynchrony of N supply was not improved through residue or soil management, or through increased microbial biomass in this semi-arid environment. N fluxes were primarily controlled by abiotic factors (e.g. climate), which in this study dominated over imposed agricultural management practices associated with residue management.     

26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响

研究长期小麦连作施肥条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的相关性。以陕西长武长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法、碱液吸收法和化学分析法分析了长达26a不同施肥处理农田土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和土壤呼吸之间的差异及其调控土壤肥力的作用。长期施肥及种植作物,均能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,尤其是施用有机肥,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于单施无机肥的处理,土壤呼吸量也提高15.91%—75.73%,而施用无机肥对于土壤呼吸无促进作用。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸与土壤有机质、全氮呈极显著相关。长期有机无机肥配施可以提高土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸,氮磷肥与厩肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸可以反映土壤质量的变化,作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

微生物生物量C、土壤呼吸的季节性变化与黑土稻田甲烷排放

对黑土水稻田一个生长季中土壤微生物生物量C、土壤呼吸和甲烷排放通量进行了监测。结果表明,在水稻生长初期,长效尿素能显著抑制微生物生物量C和土壤呼吸(P<0．05),间歇灌溉措施对二者几乎没有影响,间歇灌溉能减少稻田甲烷的排放,平均排放量比对照减少了32．5％,长效尿素的施用稻田使甲烷的排放略有增加,施用长效尿素的处理,微生物生物量C与甲烷排放量之间呈显著正相关关系。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial biomass, activity, and diversity in a chaparral ecosystem

This study reports the effects of long-term elevated atmospheric CO2 on root production and microbial activity, biomass, and diversity in a chaparral ecosystem in southern California. The free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) ring was located in a stand dominated by the woody shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum. Between 1995 and 2003, the FACE ring maintained an average daytime atmospheric CO2 concentration of 550 ppm. During the last two years of operation, observations were made on soil cores collected from the FACE ring and adjacent areas of chaparral with ambient CO2 levels. Root biomass roughly doubled in the FACE plot. Microbial biomass and activity were related to soil organic matter (OM) content, and so analysis of covariance was used to detect CO2 effects while controlling for variation across the landscape. Extracellular enzymatic activity (cellulase and amylase) and microbial biomass C (chloroform fumigation-extraction) increased more rapidly with OM in the FACE plot than in controls, but glucose substrate-induced respiration (SIR) rates did not. The metabolic quotient (field respiration over potential respiration) was significantly higher in FACE samples, possibly indicating that microbial respiration was less C limited under high CO2. The treatments also differed in the ratio of SIR to microbial biomass C, indicating a metabolic difference between the microbial communities. Bacterial diversity, described by 16S rRNA clone libraries, was unaffected by the CO2 treatment, but fungal biomass was stimulated. Furthermore, fungal biomass was correlated with cellulase and amylase activities, indicating that fungi were responsible for the stimulation of enzymatic activity in the FACE treatment.     

Effect of soil microorganisms and labile C availability on soil respiration in response to litter inputs in forest ecosystems: A meta‐analysis

Litter inputs can influence soil respiration directly through labile C availability and, indirectly, through the activity of soil microorganisms and modifications in soil microclimate; however, their relative contributions and the magnitude of any effect remain poorly understood. We synthesized 66 recently published papers on forest ecosystems using a meta‐analysis approach to investigate the effect of litter inputs on soil respiration and the underlying mechanisms involved. Our results showed that litter inputs had a strong positive impact on soil respiration, labile C availability, and the abundance of soil microorganisms, with less of an impact related to soil moisture and temperature. Overall, soil respiration was increased by 36% and 55%, respectively, in response to natural and doubled litter inputs. The increase in soil respiration induced by litter inputs showed a tendency for coniferous forests (50.7%)> broad‐leaved forests (41.3%)> mixed forests (31.9%). This stimulation effect also depended on stand age with 30‐ to 100‐year‐old forests (53.3%) and ≥100‐year‐old forests (50.2%) both 1.5 times larger than ≤30‐year‐old forests (34.5%). Soil microbial biomass carbon and soil dissolved organic carbon increased by 21.0%‐33.6% and 60.3%‐87.7%, respectively, in response to natural and doubled litter inputs, while soil respiration increased linearly with corresponding increases in soil microbial biomass carbon and soil dissolved organic carbon. Natural and doubled litter inputs increased the total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content by 6.6% and 19.7%, respectively, but decreased the fungal/bacterial PLFA ratio by 26.9% and 18.7%, respectively. Soil respiration also increased linearly with increases in total PLFA and decreased linearly with decreases in the fungal/bacterial PLFA ratio. The contribution of litter inputs to an increase in soil respiration showed a trend of total PLFA > fungal/bacterial PLFA ratio > soil dissolved organic carbon > soil microbial biomass carbon. Therefore, in addition to forest type and stand age, labile C availability and soil microorganisms are also important factors that influence soil respiration in response to litter inputs, with soil microorganisms being more important than labile C availability.     

黄土高原典型植物根际对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和基础呼吸的影响

选择黄土高原7种典型植物的根际与非根际土壤为研究对象,对土壤的养分含量、微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和基础呼吸的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,7种不同植物根际土壤与非根际土壤的养分含量、微生物生物量和基础呼吸均存在显著差异;除冷蒿的土壤微生物生物量磷以外,其他各种植物的根际土壤的养分含量、微生物生物量和基础呼吸均比非根际土壤的高;土壤有机碳、全氮与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及基础呼吸之间均具有极显著或显著相关关系,表明了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮可以作为判断土壤肥力状况的生物学指标,同时也可为提高土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果提供依据。