微生物降解磺酰脲类除草剂的研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂是一种高效、广谱、高选择性的除草剂,但其长期广泛使用对生态环境造成了严重破坏,因此对于如何科学合理使用磺酰脲类除草剂、有效防治作物药害和降低对人类的危害等问题成为近年来的研究热点。磺酰脲除草剂在土壤中以化学降解和生物降解方式为主,生物降解是自然界本身具有的一种降解污染物的方式,是一种可行性高、副作用小的方法。近年来,很多学者已经开始研究并利用真菌、细菌等微生物来降解磺酰脲类除草剂,取得了许多重要结果。本文总结了磺酰脲类除草剂的性质、结构以及降解机理、可降解该类除草剂的微生物种类和影响微生物降解效率的因素;最后指出了现阶段存在的问题并对磺酰脲类除草剂的未来发展趋势进行展望。     

除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

微生物降解是环境中农药消解的重要因素,分离筛选纯培养的农药降解微生物并阐述其降解机制为微生物修复环境的应用提供重要的菌株资源和理论依据。本文简述了广泛使用的8类除草剂(包括有机磷类、磺酰脲类、氯乙酰胺类、均三嗪类、芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯类、苯氧乙酸类、二硝基苯胺类和硫代氨基甲酸酯类除草剂)的降解微生物资源及其降解途径和降解基因的研究进展,并分析了目前除草剂污染修复存在的问题及未来的发展方向。     

磺酰脲除草剂在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

概述了磺酰脲除草剂在土壤中的吸附与解吸附,降解与残留、迁移以及抑制土壤酶活性等环境行为,探讨了土壤pH值、不同土壤类型、土壤水分含量及有机质等环境行为过程的影响,引用分布活性模型来解释除草剂的解吸滞后现象,并对磺酰脲除草剂在土壤中的生物降解和非生物降解机理进行了探讨,并从生态毒性,吸附作用力以及降解模型方面对今后的研究进行了展望。     

取代脲类除草剂的微生物降解

取代脲类除草剂主要用来防除一年生禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,自20世纪中期推入市场以来,在世界范围内被广泛使用,已成为重要的除草剂之一。随着取代脲类除草剂的持续施用,其在环境中的残留严重超标,危害日益凸显。因此,取代脲类除草剂在环境中的吸附、迁移和降解等行为备受关注。研究表明细菌降解N,N-二甲基取代脲类除草剂主要是通过连续脱甲基作用后断脲桥降解,而降解N-甲氧基-N-甲基取代脲类除草剂是通过脲桥的直接断裂。真菌降解取代脲类除草剂的途径则较为复杂,尚需进一步阐明。本文综述了近年来分离筛选的取代脲类除草剂降解菌株及其降解途径的最新研究进展,为取代脲类除草剂污染环境的生物修复研究提供参考。     

转基因除草剂-抗性亚麻的田间试验

对于谷类种植而言,磺酰脲类除草剂可以较少用量并有效控制杂草。然而,这些化合物会在土壤中活动若干年,因此一旦使用磺酰脲除草剂,农民便不能轮种庄稼。因此,在加拿大西部,田地必须连续种植谷物或者在夏季休耕。如能培育一种抗磺酰脲的阔叶作物,如亚麻(Linum usitatissimum)则可以轮种谷物;若磺酰脲的活性足够强,不添加其它除草剂(如溴苯腈)也能控制杂草。溴苯腈的毒性比磺酰脲大。     

三酮类除草剂微生物降解的研究进展

三酮类除草剂是一类高效、广谱、高选择性的除草剂,能够有效地防除玉米地多种阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草。该类除草剂在土壤、水体中残留,易造成地表和地下水污染。有关研究表明,微生物降解有望成为解决该类除草剂残留的有效措施。本文分析了2种三酮类除草剂带来的生态效应,总结了已报道的微生物降解资源,简述了降解基因/酶的研究进展及可能的降解途径,为深入研究三酮类除草剂的生物降解提供一定的信息支撑。     

苄嘧磺隆的室内生物活性测定

苄嘧磺隆是应用最为广泛的磺酰脲类除草剂品种之一,主要用于防除水稻田阔叶类杂草。本文采用盆栽法对苄嘧磺隆作研究测定,其结果苄嘧磺隆对供试植物稗草有一定抑制作用,对供试植物反枝苋具有良好的抑制活性。当前,农作物的杂草治理仍然以使用除草剂为主。21世纪对除草剂的要求是高活性、高选择性和环境友好,这就对除草剂的应用和发展提出了很高的要求。除草剂生物测定法作为开发新的除草剂、筛选除草剂新品种的重要手段已得到广泛的应用。     

二苯醚类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

二苯醚类除草剂是一类广谱、高效、高选择性的除草剂,广泛应用于大豆、花生等农田一年生和多年生阔叶杂草的防除。由于该类除草剂不易降解,多年连续使用会导致其在土壤环境中的大量积累。本文概述了二苯醚类除草剂的基本结构及其对生物的影响,总结了降解二苯醚类除草剂的微生物种类、降解途径和降解过程中关键酶及其基因,分析了影响微生物降解二苯醚类除草剂的因素,对二苯醚类除草剂微生物降解未来的研究方向进行了展望,为深入研究二苯醚类除草剂的生物降解提供参考。     

乙草胺降解菌系的分离鉴定及其生长降解特性研究

乙草胺是一种主要用于防除禾本科杂草的酰胺类除草剂,苄嘧磺隆是一种用于防除阔叶杂草的磺酰脲类除草剂,乙·苄复配制剂由于扩大了除草谱而被广泛应用于稻田中,但大量使用也带来了环境隐患。本研究从长期施用乙·苄复配制剂的稻田土壤中筛选到1个可耐受600 mg/L苄嘧磺隆的乙草胺降解复合菌系,从中分离到4个细菌菌株66C-1、66C-2、66C-3、66C-4,利用形态、生理生化及分子生物学方法,分别鉴定为粘质沙雷式菌(Serratia marcescens)、Psedomona shunanensis、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)和硝化还原假单胞菌(Pseudomonas nitroreducens)。这4个菌株等比例混合构成的降解菌系HXDW可以利用乙草胺为唯一碳源、但不能利用丁草胺、异丙甲草胺和吡氟酰草胺等其他酰胺类除草剂。降解菌系HXDW在乙草胺初始浓度为100 mg/L的无机盐培养基中,0.1%~2.0%Na Cl浓度范围内生长良好,最适培养温度为25℃。提取降解菌系不同部位粗酶液对50 mg/L乙草胺进行处理,胞外提取液的24 h乙草胺降解率为44.95%,表明降解菌系HXDW对乙草胺的降解作用主要存在于胞外。     

二硝基苯胺类除草剂微生物降解研究进展

二硝基苯胺类除草剂是一类广谱、高效且广泛使用的除草剂,微生物的降解代谢作用是其在环境中消解的最主要因素。分离筛选除草剂的高效降解菌株、分析其降解途径并阐明其微生物降解机制,可为除草剂残留污染的微生物降解修复提供理论依据和优良的降解菌株、降解基因和酶资源。本文简述了二硝基苯胺类除草剂的微生物降解菌株、降解代谢途径和降解基因/酶的研究进展,为进一步研究该类除草剂的微生物降解及其污染生物修复提供理论依据和资源。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.