Physiological Effects of Heavy Metals on the Moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus

Experiments on the effect of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, suppliedas single salt solutions between 10 µM and 0·1M, on the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus showed little alterationto respiratory rates but reduced photosynthetic rates, and somemembrane damage as assessed by K leakage. Two distinct morphologicalforms of the moss showed different responses to supplied heavymetal. Storage of material, after 30 mins exposure to heavymetals, resulted in a further decrease in the photosyntheticrate. Expressing the photosynthetic decline relative to thetotal heavy metal recovered from the moss showed a similar pattern.Transfer of metal from extracellular exchange sites into theprotoplast was also demonstrated with storage after exposure.An approximately linear relationship was demonstrated betweenphotosynthetic decline and intracellular heavy-metal concentration,irrespective of the duration of exposure or morphological natureof the material used. Photosynthetic decline on storage is concludedto be a response to additional metal stress rather than a progressivedeterioration of the physiological process. Cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, photosynthesis, respiration, membrane damage, intracellular metals, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst     

Bioaccumulation of copper, lead and zinc by the bivalves Macomona liliana and Austrovenus stutchburyi

Aquatic organisms take up heavy metals from surrounding environments which accumulate in their body tissues. In the region of Auckland, New Zealand, the heavy metals, copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) are the primary sediment contaminants of concern. Previous investigations have revealed adverse effects of Cu and Zn, but not of Pb, on estuarine infauna and a higher sensitivity of the deposit-feeding bivalve Macomona liliana than the suspension-feeding bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi to these metals. In order to further examine the bioavailability of Cu, Pb and/or Zn and their interactive effects, bioaccumulation of Cu, Pb and Zn was measured in M. liliana and A. stutchburyi after 10-day exposure to these metals in the laboratory. Both bivalves accumulated Pb and Zn, while bioaccumulation of Cu only occurred in A. stutchburyi in the presence of Zn. There was some evidence that the presence of Pb could increase bioaccumulation of Zn. Bioaccumulation was generally much higher in M. liliana than in A. stutchburyi, potentially suggesting their higher uptake rates of metals and thus explaining the higher sensitivity of M. liliana to these heavy metals. Bioaccumulation of Pb in the bivalves and its potential influences on the bioavailability of other metals indicated that, despite the lack of any evidence for acute toxicity of Pb in previous studies, it could still pose a potentially important environmental threat. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in the present study also highlights the needs for further investigations of potential chronic toxicity of these metals.     

FEEDING AND GROWTH RESPONSES TO COPPER, ZINC, MERCURY AND LEAD IN THE TERRESTRIAL GASTROPOD ARIONATER (LINNE)

Food consumption and growth variations related to several dosagesof heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb) in diet were studied inthe terrestrial slug Arion ater for 27 days of experimentaltreatment. The work reported here is part of a larger project to investigatethe histological effects of metal exposure in pulmonate gastropods. Graphics on food consumption and growth vs. time for each metal,and regression for each behaviour observed are presented. (Received 30 May 1985;     

苔藓植物对青岛市大气重金属污染的生物监测作用

苔藓植物因具有独特的形态和生理特征, 对空气污染反应十分敏感, 已被广泛用于监测城市或地区的环境质量与变化。通过分析连续2年采自青岛市崂山区的苔藓植物体内重金属含量, 并与崂山土壤重金属含量相比较, 探讨苔藓植物对大气重金属污染物的积累和指示作用。结果表明, 苔藓植物体内重金属含量能够反映空气重金属污染程度和空气质量变化。在崂山广泛分布的毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera)对空气中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd都有着很强的富集能力, 是一种很好的重金属污染指示植物。长叶鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum)、大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme)和深绿绢藓(Entodon luridus)在崂山分布较多, 对重金属的积累能力也较强, 可用来监测青岛大气重金属污染。该研究为评价青岛市空气重金属污染状况提供了一个有效的生物监测方法。     

重金属诱导拟南芥原生质体DNA 损伤的单细胞凝胶电泳检测

以拟南芥原生质体为实验体系, 研究不同浓度的3种重金属离子对拟南芥原生质体的毒性和DNA损伤的差异。结果表明, 用1-5 mmol.L-1的Zn2+、Cd2+ 和Cu2+分别处理的拟南芥原生质体, 2 小时内活力逐渐下降, 并表现出明显的浓度依赖性;与相同浓度的Cd2+ 和Cu2+ 相比, Zn2+对拟南芥原生质体活力的影响程度较小, 表现出较低的毒性。单细胞凝胶电泳检测发现,用0.1-0.8 mmol .L-1的Zn2+、Cd2+ 和Cu2+ 分别处理拟南芥原生质体30 分钟, 以OTM值表示的原生质体DNA损伤量随重金属离子浓度的增加而递增; 相同浓度(0.5 mmol.L-1)的3种重金属离子相比, Zn2+对原生质体的遗传毒性明显低于Cu2+ 和Cd2+。综合原生质体活力和DNA损伤的单细胞凝胶电泳检测结果, 发现Zn2+对拟南芥原生质体的遗传毒性较低, 而Cd2+ 和Cu2+的遗传毒性较高。本研究建立的拟南芥原生质体实验体系, 结合运用单细胞凝胶电泳技术, 能够快速、灵敏地检测重金属对植物细胞的遗传毒性。     

Ecotypes of Holcus lanatus Tolerant to Zinc Toxicity also Tolerate Zinc Deficiency

Genotypes tolerant to zinc (Zn) toxicity, if they accumulateZn in their roots, may grow better than Zn-sensitive genotypes,even in Zn-deficient soil. In the present study, Holcus lanatusL. ecotypes differing in tolerance to Zn toxicity were grownin Zn-deficient Laffer soil which was amended with Zn to createa range of conditions from Zn deficiency to Zn toxicity. IncreasingZn additions to the soil, up to the sufficiency level, improvedgrowth of all ecotypes. At toxic levels of added Zn, the Zn-sensitiveecotype suffered a greater decrease in growth than the Zn-tolerantecotypes. All ecotypes accumulated more Zn in roots than inshoots, with root concentrations exceeding 8 g Zn kg^-1dry weightin extreme cases. When grown in Zn-deficient or Zn-sufficientsoil (up to 0.5 mg Zn kg^-1soil added), ecotypes tolerant toZn toxicity took up more Zn, grew better and had greater rootand shoot Zn concentration than the control (Zn-sensitive ecotype).Zn-tolerant ecotypes transported more Zn, copper (Cu) and iron(Fe) from roots to shoots in comparison with the Zn-sensitiveecotype. The average Zn uptake rate from Zn-deficient soil (noZn added) was greater in the Zn-tolerant ecotypes than in theZn-sensitive ecotype. In conclusion, ecotypes of H. lanatusthat are tolerant to Zn toxicity also tolerate Zn deficiencybetter than the Zn-sensitive ecotype because of their greatercapacity for taking up Zn from Zn-deficient soil. This is thefirst report of the coexistence of traits for tolerance to Zntoxicity and Zn deficiency in a single plant genotype. Copyright2000 Annals of Botany Company Copper, heavy metal, Holcus lanatus, iron, zinc deficiency, zinc toxicity     

Response of ectomycorrhizalPinus banksiana andPicea glauca to heavy metals in soil

Pinus banksiana andPicea glauca inoculated or not with the ectomycorrhizal fungusSuillus luteus were grown in a sandy loam soil containing a range of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Ectomycorrhizal colonization rates were significantly reduced on Pinus and Picea seedlings by the heavy metals, particularly Cd and Ni. Needle tissue metal concentrations were lower in ectomycorrhizal seedlings at low soil metal concentrations. However, at higher soil concentrations, heavy metal concentrations of needle tissue were similar in ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. The growth of nonmycorrhizal seedlings exposed to heavy metals was reduced compared to those inoculated withSuillus luteus. Apparently ectomycorrhizal colonization can protect Pinus and Picea seedlings from heavy metal toxicity at low or intermediate soil concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.     

Accumulation of Pb and Zn in Gametophytes and Sporophytes of the Moss Funaria hygrometrica(Funariales)

Accumulation of lead and zinc was studied in the moss Funariahygrometrica Hedw. collected from mine tailings. Heavy metalaccumulation in gametophytes and sporophytes was quantifiedby graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) andinductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).Pb and Zn accumulation in the placental zone was analysed byx-ray scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) microanalysis. Spectrometry showed that whilemoss gametophytes accumulated considerable concentrations ofheavy metals, sporophytes accumulated only small concentrationsof metals. X-ray SEM and TEM showed that the two metals accumulatedin placental transfer cells on both the gametophytic and sporophyticsides. To investigate the uptake pattern for both metals undercontrolled conditions, F. hygrometrica plants collected froma non-polluted site were treated in the laboratory with separatesolutions of Pb and Zn at two concentrations (10^-2and 10^-4 M)for 24 or 168 h. Metal accumulation was analysed separatelyin gametophytes and sporophytes using GFAAS and ICP–AES.Each generation had a different accumulation quotient for bothmetals, and gametophytes accumulated significantly more metalthan sporophytes. Concentrations of Zn in sporophytes were alwayshigher than concentrations of Pb. The findings are discussedin relation to the role performed by the gametophyte and theplacenta in the accumulation and sequestration of Pb and Zn.Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Atomic spectroscopy, Funaria hygrometrica, gametophyte, Pb and Zn accumulation, sporophyte, x-ray TEM and SEM microanalysis     

Toxicity, accumulation, and removal of heavy metals by three aquatic macrophytes

A comprehensive understanding of the uptake, tolerance, and transport of heavy metals by plants will be essential for the development of phytoremediation technologies. In the present paper, we investigated accumulation, tissue and intracellular localization, and toxic effects of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in three aquatic macrophytes (the angiosperms Lemna minor and Elodea canadensis, and the moss Leptodictyum riparium). We also tested and compared their capacity to absorb heavy metal from water under laboratory conditions. Our data showed that all the three species examined could be considered good bioaccumulators for the heavy metals tested. L. riparium was the most resistant species and the most effective in accumulating Cu, Zn, and Pb, whereas L. minor was the most effective in accumulating Cd. Cd was the most toxic metal, followed by Pb, Cu, and Zn. At the ultrastructural level, sublethal concentrations of the heavy metals tested caused induced cell plasmolysis and alterations of the chloroplast arrangement. Heavy metal removal experiments revealed that the three macrophytes showed excellent performance in removing the selected metals from the solutions in which they are maintained, thus suggesting that they could be considered good candidates for wastewaters remediation purpose.     

重金属污染土壤毒性的斜生栅藻生长抑制实验诊断

应用斜生栅藻 (Scenedesmusobliquus)对重金属污染土壤的毒性进行诊断 ,结果表明 ,斜生栅藻的增长率与土壤中的重金属含量明显相关 ,并且随重金属投加量的增加 ,其增长率逐渐降低 .对两种测试参数进行比较 ,发现采用细胞数增长率作为土壤毒性的检测指标要比采用光密度增长率更为敏感 .当采用细胞数增长率作为检测指标时 ,4种重金属的EC50 顺序为 :Pb >Cu >Zn >Cd ;采用光密度增长率作为检测指标时 ,4种重金属的EC50 顺序为 :Pb >Cu >Cd >Zn .复合污染情况下 ,由于金属间的协同作用 ,使土壤的毒性比单一重金属污染时有明显增强 ,从而为污染土壤的优先修复提供了理论依据     

6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应与风险评价

【背景】近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益凸显,对生态环境、食品安全和人体健康构成了严重威胁,其急性毒性尚未明确。【方法】采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了铜(Cu2+)、锌(Zn2+)、镍(Ni+)、镉(Cd2+)、铅(Pb2+)和锰(Mn2+)等6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应,并参照欧盟指令91/414/EEC标准评价了其环境风险。【结果】滤纸接触法48h测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为3.17(2.53～3.81)～90.42(69.45～140.47)μg.cm-2,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Zn2+>Ni+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Mn2+。人工土壤法14d测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为1347(1236～1453)～6936(6144～8930)mg.kg-1,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Cd2+>Ni+>Zn2+>Mn2+>Pb2+。风险评价结果显示,Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Mn2+等6种重金属的暴露比(toxicity/exposureratio,TER)分别为3.37、4.46、8.68、1428、13.87和5.85。【结论与意义】6种重金属对土壤动物蚯蚓均具有潜在的毒性效应。Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Mn2+等4种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓存在急性毒性风险,而Cd2+和Pb2+对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性风险水平是可接受的。该评价结果可为我国制定基于风险的土壤环境质量标准提供依据。     

Movement of Metals to New Growing Tissue in the Moss Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG

To obtainHylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG. that varied in metal(K, Mg, Ca and Zn) content, moss samples were collected fromsix sites around a zinc contaminated area of Latvia; metal contentswere artificially lowered by branch excision. The first fullyexpanded annual segment (mature segments), together with theunexpanded segment (juvenile segment) were grown in the laboratorywith watering from below. The contents of K, Mg, Ca and Zn innew growth were correlated with initial contents in the juvenile+maturesegments. However, the concentrations of these metals in thenew growth were generally not correlated with those in the pre-experimentalsegments. The excision of branches from the mature segment favouredsubsequent branch development in the young juvenile segmentover further growth of the already expanded mature segment,but less new growth was observed when branches were excised. Hylocomium splendens ; growth; metal uptake; metal translocation     

The Effect of the Herbicide Dichlorophen on the Physiology and Growth of Two Bryophytes

Dichlorophen (2, 2'-methylene-bis(4 chlorophenol)) has beenused frequently as a commercial eradicates of bryophytes. Usingthe moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and the thalloid liverwortMarchantia polymorpha, it has been shown that dichlorophen inducesloss of intracellular potassium and magnesium, inhibits photosynthesisand, depending on concentration, either stimulates or depressesthe production of CO₂ in the dark, suggesting that death maybe caused by membrane damage. Sensitivity of the moss appearsto be related to the age of the tissue but to be unaffectedby light before, during or after exposure. Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Marchantia polymorpha, dichlorophen, membrane damage, inhibition of growth, photosynthesis and respiration     

Metallothionein induction and heavy metal accumulation in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to cadmium and zinc

Metallothioneins (MTs) have been widely considered for their potential use as specific biomarkers to reflect the existence of heavy metal pollution, because their induction has been observed to be obviously elevated after heavy metal exposure in a large number organism studied. However, relatively fewer efforts have been made in MT-related studies of prawn species, such as the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, a globally important aquaculture species. With the results from gel filtration chromatography, we demonstrate the existence of MTs or MT-like proteins in L.vannamei. We further studied the relationship between MT induction and metals accumulation after long-term exposure to the heavy metals Cd and Zn. From our results, it is very clear that the response of L. vannamei to Cd differs from that to Zn, and this should be considered when using MTs in field applications to monitor metals contamination.     

Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2: Rhynchostegium riparioides

A study was made of general ecology and metal accumulation in the widespread aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides, (Hedw.) C. Jens. with a view to developing the use of this species as a monitor of heavy metal pollution. In order to establish a data bank for statistical analysis, samples of water and moss were taken within a 6-week period from 105 sites (10-m reaches) in Northern England from streams and rivers of diverse physical and chemical types. Analyses were made of 14 metals (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, Pb) in both 2-cm tips and whole plants. The same 14 metals were also measured in both total and filtrable water, together with 12 other variables. Samples of tips were easier to prepare for analysis, but had significantly (p < 0.001) lower concentrations of all metals except Na and K. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) between metal in moss and aqueous metal were found for ten metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, Pb). Correlations between metals in moss and in water were in general similar for tips and whole plants, but much higher for tips with Na, Zn and Cd; the relationship was quite similar whether total or filtrable water was considered, with the exception of Ba where the correlation was much higher with the latter. A multiple regression was used to suggest which variables in water and/ or moss may influence accumulation of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba and Pb in the moss. For instance, the variables which had a very highly significant effect on Pb in tips were Pb, filtrable reactive phosphate and Zn in the water. A discussion is included of how the data may be used for monitoring purposes.     

葫芦藓（Funaria hygrometrica）配子体和孢子体重金属富集特性比较

通过对湘西茶田钒矿废弃冶炼厂矿渣上葫芦藓的野外生态调查和采集,利用原子吸收光谱仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪分析了葫芦藓配子体和孢子体及其基质重金属含量。结果表明葫芦藓配子体和孢子体富集了大量的重金属,各重金属元素在配子体和孢子体间的富集存在较大的差异,配子体比孢子体显著富集重金属元素（p<0.05）,Zn和Mn在葫芦藓植物体中比其他重金属元素更高。同时也讨论了重金属在苔藓植物中的富集及生物阻抗的作用。     

Metal accumulation and response of antioxidant enzymes in seedlings and adult sunflower mutants with improved metal removal traits on a metal-contaminated soil

Sunflower mutant lines with an enhanced tolerance and metal accumulation capacity obtained by mutation breeding have been proposed for Zn, Cd and Cu removal from metal-contaminated soils in previous studies. However, soils contaminated with trace elements induce various biochemical alterations in plants leading to oxidative stress. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the metal accumulation and antioxidant responses during the growth and development of sunflowers. This study, therefore, aimed to characterise metal accumulation and possible metal detoxification mechanisms in young seedlings and adult sunflowers. Beside the inbred line, two mutant lines with an improved growth and enhanced metal uptake capacity on a metal contaminated soil were investigated in more detail.Sunflowers cultivated on a metal-contaminated soil in the greenhouse showed a decrease in shoot biomass and chlorophyll concentration in two different developmental stages. Adult sunflowers showed a lower sensitivity to metal toxicity than young seedlings, whereas mutant lines were more tolerant to metal stress than the control. Mutant lines also produced a higher amount of carotenoids on a metal-contaminated soil than on the control soil, indicating a possible protective mechanism of sunflower mutants against oxidative stress caused by Cd and excess Zn.Heavy metals primarily increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes involved in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle in sunflower leaves. Activity of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) was strongly increased in young seedlings exposed to heavy metals. The enzyme activities were even more pronounced in mutant lines. A significantly increased ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activity in adult sunflowers exposed to heavy metals indicated an elevated use of ascorbate after a longer exposure to metal stress.An increased antioxidant level corresponded to a high Cd and Zn accumulation in young and adult sunflowers. Metal distribution, zinc translocation in particular, from the root into the shoot tissue obviously increased during sunflower growth and ripening. Altogether, these results suggest that sunflower plants, primarily the mutant lines, possess an efficient defence mechanism against oxidative stress caused by metal toxicity. A good tolerance of sunflowers toward heavy metals coupled with an increased metal accumulation capacity might contribute to an efficient removal of heavy metals from a polluted area.     

沙地不同发育阶段的人工生物结皮对重金属的富集作用

生物结皮广泛存在于沙地生态系统,具有重要的生态功能.通过对位于库布齐沙漠腹地达拉特旗火力发电厂附近沙地中不同年代人工生物结皮及物理结皮中重金属含量的测定,旨在分析不同类型生物结皮及物理结皮在不同的发育阶段对重金属富集的影响和重金属污染的指示程度.通过分析和比较,得出以下结论:不同年代生物结皮和物理结皮各种重金属含量均表现为随着发育时间的增加而增加的趋势,生物结皮重金属含量多数类型表现为:Zn＞Cr＞Ni＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Co＞Cd＞Hg的顺序关系,少数类型表现为:Cr＞Zn＞Ni＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Co＞Cd＞Hg的顺序关系.通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA),不同年代藓结皮中各种元素差异显著性(P＜0.05)明显低于藻结皮和物理结皮.相同年代生物结皮和物理结皮重金属含量都表现为同样地规律:藓结皮＞藻结皮＞物理结皮,表明相同背景条件下,藓结皮对各种重金属的富集能力明显比藻结皮和物理结皮的富集能力强.通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA),Hg和Ni元素含量在所有相同年代样地的生物结皮和物理结皮均无差异,Cr、Zn、Cu、Co元素含量均存在差异(P＜0.05),但差异有的表现在藓结皮和藻结皮之间,而有的表现为藻结皮和物理结皮之间,而Pb、As、Cd元素含量则表现为有的年代有差异,有的年代无差异.通过污染因子CF值分析,藓结皮对污染的指示作用要明显比藻结皮和物理结皮敏感.同时生物结皮对于重金属的富集具有一定的选择性,像Hg、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Co等元素生物结皮相对富集较少,而像Cr、Cd、As等元素相对富集较多.     

MODE OF ACTION OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON THE GROWTH OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND AVENA COLEOPTILE SECTIONS

1. MH was found to suppress the growth and respiration of E. colias well as the IAA-induced growth of Avena coleoptile sections.
2. These suppressions could be reversed more or less strikinglyby the addition of a trace of heavy metals such as Co, Mn, Ni,Zn, Cu, or Mo.
3. The reversal could also be achieved by cysteine,thioglycollate,or fumarate, the latter two substances being,however, lesseffective.
4. The inhibition of the growth of E.coli by MH was completelyrelieved by the addition of IAA. Conversely,the inhibitionof the microbial growth by high concentrationsof IAA couldbe relieved by the addition of MH.
5. It was inferredthat MH may block certain heavy metal-catalyzedprocess, inwhich some thiol substance and IAA are participating,probablyby combining with the heavy metal.

(Received June 23, 1960; )