俞藤属—葡萄科一新属

作者在研究中国葡萄科植物过程中发现分布于中国亚热带、尼泊尔和印度卡西山区一些植物种自成一类,与葡萄科现有属的定义不符,命名为一新属-愈藤属（YuaC.L.Li)。文中讨论了它与爬山虎属（Parthenocissus Planch.)、崖爬藤属（TetrastigmaPlanch.)、乌蔹莓属（CayratiaJuss.)和蛇葡萄属（Ampelopsis Michx.)的区别,并在野外和栽培条件下观察了某些重要属级鉴定性状在个体发育过程中的表现,以证明其可靠。为了正确鉴定这个属和种类,给出了包括这些属在内的国产葡萄科植物分属检索表和该属的分种检索表,最后,讨论了俞藤属的地理分布及其意义。     

湖北樟属植物资源

樟属（Cinnamomum）植物是一类十分重要的经济林林,是我国亚热带常绿阔叶林的主要建群种或优势种。湖北是我国樟属植物资源丰富的省区之一,经我们多年的野外采集调查、引种栽培和分类研究,现已鉴定共有13种3变种,占全国种类总数的28．8％。笔者对这些种类进行了系统整理,订正了若干历史遗留的分类学问题,同时报道了各分类群的地理分布。对于湖北樟属植物资源的现有状况,按种分别作出了具体的描述,而且还从总体上进行了分析和评价。     

鸢尾属植物的引种栽培

从１９６２年开始,我们就对鸢尾属植物进行引种栽培实验,结果表明：鸢尾属植物多数种在西安地区自然条件下,能正常生长发育。鸢尾属植物具有花姿奇特,花色艳丽,花期甚长等优点,是绿化、美化、香化城市,装饰花坛、花径、花带、路旁及草坪的优良材料。本文对我园引种鸢尾属植物的形态特征、生物学与生态学特性、栽培技术及其在园林绿化中的利用意见进行了初步报道。     

中国新记录属种——狮齿菊属和糙毛狮齿菊

报道了于山东大学（威海）校园文心湖畔发现的糙毛狮齿菊（新拟）Leontodon hispidus L.，隶属于菊科（Asteraceae）狮齿菊属（Leontodon L.）。该种的主要特征为头状花序，叶及花序梗具粗糙硬毛，冠毛二型。经过调查研究发现该属、种均为中国新记录。简要讨论了其价值及入侵风险，依据近缘属种形态特征编制了狮齿菊属与近缘属分类检索表。     

山东牵牛属植物的核型研究

牵牛属（PharbitisChoisy）植物山东有3种,即牵牛P．hederacea（L．）Choisy、裂叶牵牛P．nil（L．）Choisy和圆叶牵牛P.purpurea（L.）Voist。裂叶牵牛的染色体数目已有报道[1~3],但未见核型报道,牵牛和圆叶牵牛均未见染色体数目及核型报道[4~6]。笔者对这3种植物的染色体数目及核型进行了比较研究,旨在为该属植物细胞分类学的系统研究积累资料。1材料与方法实验材料采自山东千佛山牵牛、裂叶牵牛和圆叶牵牛的种子,常规根尖压片,每种植物观察100个细胞。核型分析按李懋学等[7]报道的标准,核型不对称性按Stebbins[8]的分类方法。…     

菊属与亚菊属属间杂种的鉴定及其分类学意义

通过有性杂交的方法获得了栽培菊花“奥运火炬”Dendranthema×grandiflorum“Aoyunhuoju”和亚菊属Ajania矶菊A.pacifica的属间杂种。形态学、细胞学以及RAPD分子标记鉴定表明22个杂种为真正的属间杂种,成功地将矶菊的某些性状（叶色）转移到栽培菊花中,但同时也掺入了某些不良性状。杂种的叶色、叶形、花色、开花枝的分枝性和花期等性状均介于双亲之间,边缘舌状雌花大小、数量和形态不一;杂种根尖染色体数目正常（2n=72）,花粉母细胞减数分裂基本正常。矶菊与栽培菊花属间杂交的成功以及杂种减数分裂染色体行为正常表明两者亲缘关系较近,从而推测菊属Dendranthema与亚菊属之间的亲缘关系可能较近。     

金叶树属和土楠属——云南的两新记录属

报道云南热带地区两个新记录属,它们是山榄科（Sapotaceae）的金叶树属（Chrysophyllum）和樟科（Lauraceae）的土楠属（Endiandra）,并报道该地区的两个新记录种,即金叶树（Chrysophyllum lanceolatum var.stellatocarpon）和长果土楠（Endiandra dolichocarpa）。     

中国网藤蕨属一新异名

报道了广西蕨类植物一新记录属——藤蕨科网藤蕨属LomagrammaJ.Sm.;经野外观察及标本研究,将云南网藤蕨L.yunnanensis Ching处理为网藤蕨L.matthewii(Ching)Holttum的异名,并绘制了墨线图以便于分类识别。     

野生堇菜属植物引种栽培及开发利用研究进展

城市绿化建设蓬勃发展,近年来发展野生花卉已成为备受关注的内容。堇菜属(Viola L.)植物分布广泛,如对其就地引种,再加以人工驯化栽培,将其应用到城市绿化,不仅丰富了城市景观效果,还可带来可观的经济价值及社会效益。本文对堇菜属植物的生物学特性、资源现状、引种栽培以及堇菜属植物在园林园艺的应用等方面进行了简要的综述。提出目前对中国堇菜的引种驯化研究工作的重要性,对于堇菜属植物更需要加强其新品种的选育工作,更新在园林园艺上的应用方式,加快其推广应用进程。     

穗花杉属——陕西省红豆杉科一新记录属

报道了陕西省红豆杉科一新记录属——穗花杉属(Amentotaxus Pilg.),其新记录种为穗花杉[A.argotaenia(Hance) Pilg.]。文中提供了形态描述和野外照片,凭证标本藏于陕西理工大学植物标本馆。     

中国近缘野生大麦醇溶蛋白的遗传多态性研究

随机选取来源于中国西藏24个不同行政县的181份近缘野生大科材料,其中包括47份六棱野生大麦,134份二棱野生大麦,选用青藏高原的二棱野生大麦（W2）,欧洲的代表品种Betzes大麦及以色列的二棱野生大麦（Is)作对照。利用A-PAGE（Acidic-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)法进行了醇溶蛋白遗传多态性的研究。结果表明,184份供试材料共得到60种不同的电泳图谱,说明西藏近缘野生大麦醇溶蛋白遗传多态性非常丰富,其中有38种图谱为单一材料所独有,以ZYM0019和ZYM1488材料为代表的2种醇溶蛋白图谱占供试材料的29.3%,在西藏分布较为普遍,聚类分析表明地理环境相似的地区有着相似的图谱类型,图谱类型与地理生态环境具有一定的相关性。讨论了中国近缘野生大麦醇溶蛋白的多态性与地理分布的关系。以及栽培大麦的起源中心等问题。     

人工栽培唐古特大黄中蒽醌含量水平的分析

采用醋酸镁比色法测定青海省不同海拔种植基地中栽培唐古特大黄的总蒽醌含量,并和野生大黄药材进行了比较。结果表明,在海拔较高地区栽培的二、三年生唐古特大黄中,其总蒽醌含量均明显高于较低海拔地区栽培的同龄唐古特大黄,3年生人工栽培大黄总蒽醌含量只有野生大黄药材的一半左右。     

Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat III. The wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, and of tatary buckwheat

By surveying wild Fagopyrum species and their distribution in southern China and the Himalayan hills, I arrived at the conclusion that the newly discovered subspecies F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis Ohnishi is the wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, while previously known wild tatary buckwheat,F. tataricum ssp. potanini Batalin is the wild ancestor of tatary buckwheat. Their original birthplace is revealed to be northwestern corner of Yunnan province for common buckwheat judging from the distribution of wild ancestor, and to be the northwest part of Sichuan province for tatary buckwheat judging from allozyme variability in wild tatary buckwheat. F. cymosum is not the ancestor of cultivated buckwheat; it is only distantly related to cultivated buckwheat, in morphology, isozymes and cpDNA. Several genetic, ecological and taxonomic categories which should be taken into consideration in examining the origin of buckwheat were discussed. Key Words: Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestralis; Fagopyrum tataricum ssp. potanini; southern China theory of origin of buckwheat. Contribution from Plant Germ-Plasm Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University. No. 78.     

人工培养蛹虫草与野生冬虫夏草氨基酸含量的比较

对人工培养蛹虫草与青海产野生冬虫夏草的氨基酸含量进行测定,结果表明:野生冬虫夏草中所含有的各种氨基酸,在人工培养虫草的子实体及菌丝体中都有存在;且后者的精氨酸及脯氨酸含量明显高于野生冬虫夏草。由此为鉴定人工培养虫草的质量,进一步为工业规模开发与利用人工培养虫草,提供了科学理论依据。     

Sterols and steryl esters in some Brassica and Sinapis seeds

The qualitative and quantitative composition of sterols in the free form and esterified to fatty acids was studied in seed oils from Brassica napus, B. campestris, B..iuncea, B. nigra, Sinapis alba and S. aruefisis (Brassica kaber). Sitosterol, followed by campesterol, predominated in both the free and the esterified sterols. The free sterols were richer in brassicasterol (ca 10–20%) than the steryl esters (3–10%). Small amounts of δ⁵-avenasterol and δ⁷-stigmastenol were also found in the Brassica oils, often more in the esterified than in the free form. The quantity of sterols was studied only in Brassica campestris, which had ca 0.3 % in the free as well as in the esterified form. In Sinapis alba, ca 10% of the sterols in the free form and 20 % in the esterified sterols were δ⁵-avenasterol. This compared to only a few per cent in both the free and esterified sterols in the Brassica oils. Similarly, ca 2 % of cholesterol was found among the sterols of Sinapis alba but only traces in the Brassica oils. The similarity of sterol compositions among the cultivated brassicas and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), and the specific characteristics of the sterols in white mustard (Sinapis alba) adds further weight to the suggestion that wild mustard should be treated as Brassica kaber and strengthens the generic separation of Sinapis alba.     

椭圆叶花锚的引种栽培

椭圆叶花锚 (HaleniaellipiticaD .Don)是藏族民间用于治疗黄疸型肝胆疾病和病毒性肝炎的一种名贵草药。引种栽培试验研究表明 ,在青海高原自然环境条件下 ,椭圆叶花锚为二年生草本植物 ,完成植物生长发育需要的时间为 10～ 12个月。自然状态下的植物种子萌发率很低 ,种子经过低温条件处理后可显著提高其萌发率。栽培的椭圆叶花锚植株在植株高度、分枝数量、单株生物量等生长状况指标明显高于野生植株 ,其有效化学成分接近野生状态的水平 ,野生椭圆叶花锚的人工栽培是可行的     

Stable non-synonymous substitutions on NS gene (NS1 and NS2 proteins) of Qinghai Lake H5N1 influenza virus (Clade 2.2) after successive passages in Muscovy ducks

Although worldwide concern has been raised since the large-scale outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds at Qinghai Lake,China in 2005,the factors responsible for the ability to kill waterfowl remain unclear. The why and how questions of the H5N1 virus species-jump into its reservoir host need to be answered. In this report we test the pathogenicity and adaptation of Qinghai Lake (Clade 2.2) isolate to Muscovy ducks for further understanding of this virus. The isolate was highly pathogen...     

基于AFLP标记的中国西藏近缘野生大麦遗传多样性分析

选取7对引物组合, 构建了36份西藏近缘野生大麦和4份栽培大麦的AFLP指纹图谱, 共获得清晰可辨的条带227条, 其中多态性带194条, 占85.46％, 从DNA分子水平显示出所试材料遗传多样性较为丰富。计算得各样品间的遗传距离(欧氏距离)介于2.646~10.488之间, 应用离差平方和法对供试材料的AFLP数据结果进行聚类, 建立了40份大麦材料的AFLP树状图, 聚类结果将40份材料分为5类, 进一步揭示出供试材料间遗传背景的相似性和复杂性。结合Nei’s遗传一致性分析结果, 发现近缘六棱野生大麦较之近缘二棱野生与栽培大麦的亲缘关系更近, 支持栽培大麦是从野生二棱大麦起源, 而野生六棱大麦是进化过程中的过渡类型的大麦系统发生观点。     

Impacts of domestication on population genetics of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb,Atractylodes macrocephala (Asteraceae)

As a medicinal herb, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. experienced centuries of cultivation in China, and germplasm resources of all cultivated populations have degraded over time as a consequence of domestication processes. This study used chloroplast DNA and microsatellites to clarify not only the effects of domestication on population genetics, but also determine the geographic origins of landraces. The results revealed that cultivated populations (except the “Pingzhu” landrace) showed higher genetic diversity than their wild counterparts and low levels of genetic differentiation occurred between cultivated and wild groups. Furthermore, STRUCTURE and UPGMA analyses grouped all wild populations into three genotypic clusters, two of which (in Shaanxi and Hunan Province) shared the same gene pool with cultivated A. macrocephala, suggesting that wild populations in Central China have been involved in the origin of cultivated A. macrocephala. Moreover, the wild population from Qimen, Anhui Province and the cultivated “Pingzhu” landrace harbor unique gene pools and rare alleles that could be useful in future breeding efforts. This large‐scale analysis of population genetics on a medicinal herb that has a centuries‐long history of human‐mediated selection will facilitate utilization and conservation of the valuable genetic resources of medicinal species.     

红麻(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)种质资源的鉴定与分类研究

对300份野生红麻和337份栽培红麻的形态学鉴定发现,红麻的茎、叶、花、果等植物学性状的类型多样,差异明显,遗传多样性十分丰富。野生红麻和栽培红麻一样,染色体数为2n=36,同属红麻种（Hibiscus cannabinus L．）;核型有2n=36=32M＋2SM＋2M（SAT）、2n=36=34M＋2M（SAT）和2n=36=32M＋2ST＋2M（SAT）等;综合形态学研究结果,将野生红麻分为普通、多毛、螺旋花和扁圆果4种类型,其中普通型又可分为3个亚类,普通型与栽培红麻亲缘关系最近,并发现红麻存在亚种。栽培红麻可分为9个变种17个类型,其中4个为新发现变种,7个为新发现类型。