昆虫内共生菌及其功能研究进展

昆虫内共生菌与宿主之间的互作关系已逐渐成为昆虫学的研究热点之一。昆虫内共生菌具有协助宿主营养代谢、 逃避天敌攻击和增强抗药性等功能： 通过协助宿主营养代谢, 提供食物中缺乏的营养物质来弥补食物中营养物质的不足; 分泌抗菌肽、 毒素等物质以增强对外源寄生物等的防御能力, 抑制对宿主的不利影响; 同时, 也可以增强宿主抗逆性, 调控植物生理反应, 抑制植物对宿主的不利影响; 利用对抗逆性基因精确的表达调控来增强宿主抗药性等。因此, 内共生菌介导的宿主生物学性状的改变, 扩大了宿主昆虫的生态位, 成为昆虫生长发育过程中的重要调控因子。目前, 昆虫内共生菌的功能往往是通过研究宿主感染共生菌前后性状的变化而证实。近几年, 转录组学、 蛋白质组学、 基因组学等技术的进步, 促进了内共生菌与宿主昆虫共生机制研究的发展。通过研究内共生菌及其功能基因在昆虫种群动态中的作用, 特别是内共生菌感染对宿主生殖、 存活、 适应环境能力的影响, 将有利于揭示内共生菌与宿主的共生机制, 并最终为开发新的防控技术提供理论依据。本文针对昆虫内共生菌的功能进行了综述, 并对日后的研究方向进行了展望, 提供了研究昆虫内共生菌与宿主互作关系的方法及建议。     

植物介导的昆虫内共生菌水平传播及其对宿主生物学特性的影响

内共生菌(Endosymbionts)与其昆虫宿主的生物学特性联系非常密切。近年来,昆虫内共生菌水平传播的途径及机制已经成为昆虫学研究的热点之一。越来越多的研究表明,亲缘关系相距甚远的昆虫可以感染有相同或相似的内共生菌,说明昆虫内共生菌的水平传播在自然界中普遍存在。植物介导的昆虫内共生菌水平传播便是其中的一条途径,即同种或不同种类的昆虫可以通过取食,获得供体昆虫传入植物组织中的内共生菌,形成内共生菌从供体昆虫-寄主植物-受体昆虫传播的路径。本文主要以植物介导的昆虫内共生菌水平传播途径为对象,介绍了昆虫内共生菌的水平传播途径,以及内共生菌传入后对新宿主生物学、生态学特性的影响,以期为昆虫内共生菌水平领域的研究提供更多有价值的参考。     

不同寄主植物的烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)内共生菌传毒相关GroEL蛋白的一致性

通过对7种寄主植物上B型烟粉虱北京种群的内共生菌传毒相关groEL基因进行PCR扩增和测序,结合已有的相关序列,构建了groEL基因及其编码的GroEL蛋白的分子系统树。结果表明：烟粉虱内共生菌产生的groEL基因是一个非常保守的基因,北京不同寄主植物的烟粉虱内共生菌与IsraelB型烟粉虱内共生菌的groEL基因亲源关系非常近,位于同一进化分支,其编码的GroEL蛋白的分子系统树也基本上是一致的。不同物种的groEL基因及其编码的GroEL蛋白分别位于不同的分支,说明groEL基因及其编码的GroEL蛋白的分子系统树可以用于分析物种间的进化关系。氨基酸序列比较表明：烟粉虱内共生菌GroEL具有原核GroEL的保守氨基酸、ATP酶活性位点、多肽结合位点和GroES连接位点,为典型的hsp60。不同来源烟粉虱内共生菌GroEL有少数几个保守氨基酸发生了置换,可能不是GroEL功能的重要位点。说明在容易变异的细菌基因组中,groEL基因为了维持其正常重要的生理功能,会通过保持功能位点的稳定性来应对不同生态因素的影响。     

不同寄主植物的烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）内共生菌传毒相关GroEL蛋白的一致性

通过对7种寄主植物上B型烟粉虱北京种群的内共生菌传毒相关groEL基因进行PCR扩增和测序,结合已有的相关序列,构建了groEL基因及其编码的GroEL蛋白的分子系统树。结果表明：烟粉虱内共生菌产生的groEL基因是一个非常保守的基因,北京不同寄主植物的烟粉虱内共生菌与Israel B型烟粉虱内共生菌的groEL基因亲源关系非常近,位于同一进化分支,其编码的GroEL蛋白的分子系统树也基本上是一致的。不同物种的groEL基因及其编码的GroEL蛋白分别位于不同的分支,说明groEL基因及其编码的GroEL蛋白的分子系统树可以用于分析物种间的进化关系。氨基酸序列比较表明：烟粉虱内共生菌GroEL具有原核GroEL的保守氨基酸、ATP酶活性位点、多肽结合位点和GroES连接位点,为典型的hsp60。不同来源烟粉虱内共生菌GroEL有少数几个保守氨基酸发生了置换,可能不是GroEL功能的重要位点。说明在容易变异的细菌基因组中,groEL基因为了维持其正常重要的生理功能,会通过保持功能位点的稳定性来应对不同生态因素的影响。     

猪链球菌2型菌毛样结构蛋白SSU2101原核表达及其免疫保护性

为了研究猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis serotype 2,S.suis 2)05ZYH33株预测的菌毛样结构蛋白(Pili-like protein,PLP)SSU2101的免疫保护性作用,本试验通过PCR扩增出plp基因片段,进一步将目的基因克隆到表达载体pET32a中,IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达,亲和层析法纯化目的蛋白.Western blot分析表明该重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,动物试验结果证实PLP蛋白对S.suis 2强致病株感染小鼠具有显著的免疫保护作用,提示菌毛样结构蛋白SSU2101是理想的猪链球菌 2型亚单位疫苗的候选分子.     

Chaperonin-Affected Folding of Globular Proteins

We studied the effect of GroEL on the kinetic refolding of-lactalbumin by stopped-flow fluorescence techniques. We usedwild-type GroEL and its ATPase-defficient mutant D398A, and studied thebinding constants between GroEL and the molten globule foldingintermediate at various concentrations of ADP and ATP. The results arecompared with titration of GroEL with the nucleotides, ADP, ATP-analogs(ATP-S and AMP-PNP) and ATP, which have shown that bothADP and the ATP analogs are bound to GroEL in a non-cooperativemanner but that ATP shows a cooperative effect. Similarly, the bindingconstant between GroEL and the folding intermediate decreased in acooperative manner with an increase in ATP concentration although itshowed non-cooperative decrease with respect to ADP concentration. Itis shown that the allosteric control of GroEL by the nucleotides isresponsible for the above behavior of GroEL and that the observeddifference between the ATP- and ADP-induced transitions of GroEL isbrought about by a small difference in an allosteric parameter (the ratio ofthe nucleotide affinities of GroEL in the high-affinity and the low-affinitystates), i.e., 4.1 for ATP and 2.6 for ADP.     

Polypeptide in the chaperonin cage partly protrudes out and then folds inside or escapes outside

The current mechanistic model of chaperonin-assisted protein folding assumes that the substrate protein in the cage, formed by GroEL central cavity capped with GroES, is isolated from outside and exists as a free polypeptide. However, using ATPase-deficient GroEL mutants that keep GroES bound, we found that, in the rate-limiting intermediate of a chaperonin reaction, the unfolded polypeptide in the cage partly protrudes through a narrow space near the GroEL/GroES interface. Then, the entire polypeptide is released either into the cage or to the outside medium. The former adopts a native structure very rapidly and the latter undergoes spontaneous folding. Partition of the in-cage folding and the escape varies among substrate proteins and is affected by hydrophobic interaction between the polypeptide and GroEL cavity wall. The ATPase-active GroEL with decreased in-cage folding produced less of a native model substrate protein in Escherichia coli cells. Thus, the polypeptide in the critical GroEL-GroES complex is neither free nor completely confined in the cage, but it is interacting with GroEL's apical region, partly protruding to outside.     

植物病毒病媒介昆虫的传毒特性和机制研究进展

植物病毒病是农作物的“癌症”, 至今缺少有效的防治方法。目前已知80%的植物病毒病依赖于媒介昆虫传播, 而媒介昆虫对植物病毒的传播是一个昆虫、 病毒、 寄主植物互作的过程, 历经获毒、 持毒和传毒等多个阶段, 昆虫体内一系列病毒受体或蛋白参与了这个过程。昆虫传播病毒的方式有口针携带式、 前肠保留式和体内循环式3类, 它们各自对应的持久性为非持久性、 半持久性和持久性, 不同昆虫获取这3类病毒的获毒时间、 在体内存留位置和传毒时间也各不相同。 这个过程受到媒介昆虫的性别及龄期、 寄主植物、 环境条件、 昆虫体内共生菌等多种因素的影响。与之相关的蛋白主要有病毒衣壳蛋白(CP)、 次要衣壳蛋白（CPm）、 GroEL蛋白、 辅助因子(HC)和下颚口针蛋白等。近年来对植物病毒基因组的研究也取得了很大的进展, 对昆虫传毒机制的研究正受到越来越广泛的关注。本文综述了近年来该领域内的相关研究进展, 包括昆虫传播植物病毒的传毒方式、 影响传毒效率的因素、 传毒机制特别是昆虫体内与病毒传播可能相关的受体等。     

Isolation and characterisation of mutants of GroEL that are fully functional as single rings

A key aspect of the reaction mechanism for the molecular chaperone GroEL is the transmission of an allosteric signal between the two rings of the GroEL complex. Thus, the single-ring mutant SR1 is unable to act as a chaperone as it cannot release bound substrate or GroES. We used a simple selection procedure to identify mutants of SR1 that restored chaperone activity in vivo. A large number of single amino acid changes, mapping at diverse positions throughout the protein, enabled SR1 to regain its ability to act as a chaperone while remaining as a single ring. In vivo assays were used to identify the proteins that had regained maximal activity. In some cases, no difference could be detected between strains expressing wild-type GroEL and those expressing the mutated proteins. Three of the most active proteins where the mutations were in distinct parts of the protein were purified to homogeneity and characterised in vitro. All were capable of acting efficiently as chaperones for two different GroES-dependent substrates. All three proteins bound nucleotide as effectively as did GroEL, but the binding of GroES in the presence of ATP or ADP was reduced significantly relative to the wild-type. These active single rings should provide a useful tool for studying the nature of the allosteric changes that occur in the GroEL reaction cycle.     

GroEL的耗能分子伴侣机制

双环结构Gro EL及其辅分子伴侣Gro ES是目前研究得最深入的分子伴侣.然而,Gro EL/Gro ES帮助蛋白质折叠的一些关键理化机制,尤其是水解ATP,Gro EL发生构象改变,能否主动调节蛋白质错误折叠中间体的构象,以促进错误折叠中间体的复性,仍然存在争议.结合本研究组近年的工作,作者着力介绍Gro EL促进蛋白质折叠的主动解折叠机制.     

GroEL分子伴侣研究进展

大肠杆菌的GroEL是同型寡聚复合体,由14个相对分子质量58×103亚基组成背靠背的双环结构。它在新生蛋白质的正确折叠和组装以及在热或化学逆境下变性蛋白质的恢复过程中起重要作用。同时,在大肠杆菌的跨膜转运及插入细胞质膜方面都起重要作用。这些活动依赖于GroEL与底物蛋白的疏水片断的相互作用。综述了Hsp60分子伴侣系统中研究得比较清楚的GroEL的晶体结构、功能及作用机理等方面的研究进展。     

病毒与分子伴侣

分子伴侣与病毒生命活动密切相关,从病毒复制的起始、转录的进行、翻译的完成到病毒粒子的装配成熟,甚至病毒在宿主体内的转运都有分子伴侣的参与。随着病毒与分子伴侣相互关系研究的深入,产生了抗病毒的又一可能途径。     

An expanded protein folding cage in the GroEL-gp31 complex

Bacteriophage T4 produces a GroES analogue, gp31, which cooperates with the Escherichia coli GroEL to fold its major coat protein gp23. We have used cryo-electron microscopy and image processing to obtain three-dimensional structures of the E.coli chaperonin GroEL complexed with gp31, in the presence of both ATP and ADP. The GroEL-gp31-ADP map has a resolution of 8.2 A, which allows accurate fitting of the GroEL and gp31 crystal structures. Comparison of this fitted structure with that of the GroEL-GroES-ADP structure previously determined by cryo-electron microscopy shows that the folding cage is expanded. The enlarged volume for folding is consistent with the size of the bacteriophage coat protein gp23, which is the major substrate of GroEL-gp31 chaperonin complex. At 56 kDa, gp23 is close to the maximum size limit of a polypeptide that is thought to fit inside the GroEL-GroES folding cage.