CD147与MMPs、VEGF在肿瘤发生发展中相互作用的研究进展

细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子（CD147）是一种高度糖基化的跨膜蛋白,属于免疫蛋白超家族成员。CD147为多功能型蛋白,可以参与人体的多种病理生理机制,其通过调节血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）的表达参与恶性肿瘤的新生血管的生成及多重耐药性的产生。近年来随着对CD147在肿瘤发生发展中的研究不断深入,越来越多的发现使得CD147在肿瘤进展中的作用日益凸显。已经明确了其对肿瘤的进展及治疗的作用,在多种肿瘤中高表达,并随着肿瘤的恶性程度增高而增加,可以作为某些恶性肿瘤治疗的靶点。然而,CD147其他的功能包括充当T细胞的活化剂、神经识别分子和受体伴侣亲环素A的生理和病理机制还未明确。因此,有必要探索CD147在肿瘤中的特定功能,并阐明其产生机制是至关重要的。在此研究的基础上,现就CD147与MMPs、VEGF之间相互作用对肿瘤的转移和浸润的影响作一综述。     

CD147的研究进展

CD147分子是一种广泛表达于人体多种组织的跨膜糖蛋白,属于免疫球蛋白超家族。CD147在多种肿瘤细胞和组织中高表达,通过诱导基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)的分泌促进了肿瘤的浸润、转移。同时,CD147与炎症反应如类风湿性关节炎、动脉粥样硬化,以及细胞、组织的分化和发育等密切相关。简要综述了CD147参与的多种生理、病理过程。     

CD147在肿瘤发展和组织修复中的作用

CD147是一种广泛存在于细胞表面的糖蛋白,参与机体多种生理和病理的过程。CD147已被证实是一种在肿瘤细胞中高度表达的胞膜监视分子．能刺激肿瘤细胞周围的成纤维细胞及肿瘤细胞产生基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinase,MMP）。正常组织中CD147的出现和调节也伴随着MMP表达的升高。这一现象提示,CD147介导的MMP诱导作用是非肿瘤生理或病理状态下的一种常见调节机制。该文介绍在各种生理和病理状态下,CD147的不同调节机制。     

人CD147的克隆表达及其对成纤维细胞基质金属蛋白酶表达的影响

CD147可以促进基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)的表达,与肿瘤的生长和浸润有关。为了研究CD147在大肠癌中的作用,利用RT-PCR从一健康人克隆了cd147基因,测序发现该基因存在两个碱基突变,其中C634T造成了CD147跨膜区212位氨基酸由L突变为F。分别构建CD147的原核(pGEX-5x-147)和真核(pEGFP-147)表达系统,在宿主菌BL21和CCL229细胞中均获得了稳定表达。Western印迹显示原核表达产物比真核CD147分子量小,说明原核CD147缺乏糖基化。荧光显微镜显示真核CD147表达定位于CCL229细胞膜,表明突变L212F不影响CD147的膜定位。用明胶电泳检测表达的CD147对MMPs表达的影响,结果显示原核产物不能诱导MMPs表达上调,而真核产物能够明显诱导MMPs表达上调,说明糖基化对于CD147活性是必需的,真核系统能够表达具有生物功能的CD147,并且突变L212F不会影响蛋白质的活性。     

CD147与肿瘤浸润转移的生物学行为的相互关系

CD147是一种在多种组织细胞膜表面表达的跨膜糖蛋白,通过诱导基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,M M P)产生,强化胶原蛋白酶水解作用,且可以与整联蛋白(integrin)α3β1和α6β1形成复合体,促进基底膜的降解和肿瘤细胞的移出。另外CD147的过表达促进肿瘤血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的大量产生,加速肿瘤血管的生成和生长。现在就C D147在肿瘤浸润转移等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

CD147与炎症性疾病的关系

免疫球蛋白超家族的跨膜蛋白(CD147/basigin)的主要作用是通过诱导基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)的产生来促进基质的降解,在多种肿瘤中高表达,也参与多种炎症性疾病的发生发展。本文就CD147与炎症性疾病关系的研究进展做一综述。     

基质金属蛋白酶检测技术的研究进展

基质金属蛋白酶是降解细胞外基质的重要酶类。在正常生理状态下,基质金属蛋白酶参与新生血管的形成及伤口的愈合;在病理状态下它参与组织重构、恶性肿瘤转移等病理进程。通过对基质金属蛋白酶检测,可以深度了解其性质及致病机理,并进一步了解病症的恶化程度,从而进行及时检测治疗。现根据基质金属蛋白酶的功能及特性,对基质金属蛋白酶活性和表达两大方面的检测技术进行了综述,为研究人员选择合适的基质金属蛋白酶检测技术提供参考。     

CD147调控人骨肉瘤GLUT1和MMP-9表达

目的通过研究细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导剂(CD147)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在人骨肉瘤组织中的表达及临床意义,并且探讨三者之间调控关系。方法应用免疫组织化学S-P法检测55例骨肉瘤和20例骨软骨瘤组织CD147、GLUT1和MMP-9的水平;应用siRNA干扰技术,特异性下调入骨肉瘤细胞系MG-63内源性CD147 mRNA水平,使用荧光定量PCR技术检测细胞GLUT1和MMP-9 mRN水平。结果骨肉瘤CD147、GLUT1和MMP-9阳性率显著高于骨软骨瘤;骨肉瘤CD147的表达与肿瘤的软组织浸润和Ennecking分期呈显著正相关,GLUT1的表达与肿瘤的大小呈显著正相关,MMP-9蛋白表达与男性患者、肿瘤大小、肿瘤软组织浸润、组织学分级和Ennecking分期均呈显著正相关;骨肉瘤CD147和GLUT1的表达呈显著正相关;CD147和MMP-9的表达呈显著正相关;外源性下调MG-63细胞CD147表达后,细胞GLUT1和MMP-9的表达也随之下调。结论 CD147可能通过调控GLUT1和MMP-9分别参与骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移过程。     

癌相关分子CD147与肝癌靶向治疗

CD147是一种在肝癌细胞膜表面高表达的跨膜糖蛋白,能够调节肝癌细胞生长、诱导基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloprotei-nase,MMP）分泌、促进肝癌细胞侵袭和转移,并且参与肝癌血管生长和耐药性形成。以CD147为靶点的单克隆抗体治疗肝癌具有显著疗效。本文就肝癌细胞CD147的分子特点、功能与机理以及针对CD147的靶向治疗等方面研究进展作较全面的综述。     

血小板、基质金属蛋白酶与肿瘤转移

血小板除参与正常的止血过程外还具有很多病理和生理作用。血小板活化后可以分泌基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs）。MMPs属于Zn^2＋和Ca^2＋依赖的内肽酶家族,能特异性与细胞外基质成分相结合并降解细胞外基质。MMPs降解基底膜中的主要成分Ⅳ型胶原,是肿瘤转移发生必不可少的关键步骤。血小板能够与肿瘤细胞结合并促进肿瘤转移,而MMPs在血小板促进肿瘤转移过程中发挥了重要的作用。     

Human Tumor Cells Induce Angiogenesis through Positive Feedback between CD147 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I

Tumor angiogenesis is a complex process based upon a sequence of interactions between tumor cells and endothelial cells. Previous studies have shown that CD147 was correlated with tumor angiogenesis through increasing tumor cell secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, we made a three-dimensional (3D) tumor angiogenesis model using a co-culture system of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC-7721 and humanumbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. We found that CD147-expressing cancer cells could promote HUVECs to form net-like structures resembling the neo-vasculature, whereas the ability of proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs was significantly decreased in tumor conditioned medium (TCM) of SMMC-7721 cells transfected with specific CD147-siRNA. Furthermore, by assaying the change of pro-angiogenic factors in TCM, we found that the inhibition of CD147 expression led to significant decrease of VEGF and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) secretion. Interestingly, we also found that IGF-I up-regulated the expression of CD147 in both tumor cells and HUVECs. These findings suggest that there is a positive feedback between CD147 and IGF-I at the tumor-endothelial interface and CD147 initiates the formation of an angiogenesis niche.     

CD147 promotes progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via NF‐kappa B signaling

CD147/basigin (BSG) is highly upregulated in many types of cancer, our previous study has found that CD147/BSG is highly expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) stem cells, but its role in HNSCC and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of CD147 in the progression of HNSCC. Real‐time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of CD147 in total 189 HNSCC tissues in compared with normal tissues. In addition, we used proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle and apoptosis, migration and invasion as well as wound‐healing assay to determine the biological roles of CD147 in HNSCC. Then, a xenograft model was performed to evaluate tumor‐promoting and metastasis‐promoting role of CD147 in HNSCC. The results showed that upregulated CD147 expression was associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features in HNSCC. In addition, CD147 promoted proliferation, migration and reduced the apoptosis phenotype of HNSCC cells in vitro as well as tumor initiation and progression in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CD147 promoted HNSCC progression through nuclear factor kappa B signaling. Therefore, we concluded that CD147 promoted tumor progression in HNSCC and might be a potential prognostic and treatment biomarker for HNSCC.     

The role of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer protein in prostate cancer progression

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN/CD147) is a multifunctional membrane glycoprotein overexpressed in many solid tumors, and involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis. We investigated EMMPRIN expression in human prostate cancer (CaP) tissues and cells, and evaluated whether EMMPRIN expression is related to tumor progression and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression in human CaP. An immunohistochemical study using tissue microarrays of 120 primary CaPs of different grades and 20 matched lymph node metastases from untreated patients was performed. The association of EMMPRIN expression with clinicopathological parameters was evaluated. Co-immunolocalization for EMMPRIN and MMP-1, MMP-2 or MMP-9 in primary tumors was examined using confocal microscopy. Flow cytometry and immunoblotting were used to examine EMMPRIN expression in 11 metastatic CaP cell lines. Heterogeneous expression of EMMPRIN was found in 78/120 (65%) CaPs, correlated significantly with progression parameters including pre-treatment PSA level (P < 0.05) and increased with progression of CaP (Gleason score, P < 0.05; pathological stage, P < 0.01; nodal involvement, P < 0.05 and surgical margin, P < 0.05). Heterogeneous cytoplasmic MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 associated with EMMPRIN immunolabeling was observed, particularly in tumors with Gleason scores >3 + 4. Metastatic CaP cell lines, except DuCaP, expressed abundant EMMPRIN protein, indicating highly ( approximately 45 to approximately 65 kDa) and less ( approximately 30 kDa) glycosylated forms, although with no relationship to cells being either androgen responsive or nonresponsive. Our results suggest that EMMPRIN may regulate MMPs and be involved in CaP progression, and as such, could provide a target for treating metastatic CaP disease.     

Stealth siRNA against CD147 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell metastatic properties

CD147 plays a critical role in the invasive and metastatic activity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by stimulating the surrounding fibroblasts to secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Tumor cells adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is the first step to the tumor metastasis. MMPs degrade the ECM to promote tumor metastasis. The aim of this research was to investigate the inhibitory effects of stealth small interfering RNA (siRNA) against CD147 on HCC cell line (SMMC-7721) metastatic properties including invasion, adhesion to ECM, gelatinase production, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and vinculin expression. Flow cytometry (FCM) and western blot assays were employed to detect the transfection efficiency of the stealth siRNA against CD147. Invasion assays and gelatin zymography were also used to detect the effects of stealth siRNA against CD147 on SMMC-7721 cells’ invasion and gelatinase production. The effects of stealth siRNA against CD147 on FAK and vinculiln expression in SMMC-7721 cells were also detected by western blot. The results showed that stealth siRNA against CD147 inhibited SMMC-7721 invasion, adhesion to ECM proteins, MMP-2 production, and FAK and vinculin expression. These findings indicate that CD147 is required for tumor cell invasion and adhesion. Perturbation of CD147 expression may have potential therapeutic uses in the prevention of MMP-2-dependent tumor invasion.     

CD147 depletion down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-11, vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression and the lymphatic metastasis potential of murine hepatocarcinoma Hca-F cells

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN, CD147), which is a plasma membrane glycoprotein enriched on the surface of many malignant tumors promotes adhesion, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. In addition, tumor-associated CD147 also induces vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) expression. To investigate the possible role of CD147 in the mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line Hca-F with highly metastatic potential in the lymph nodes, we used an RNA interference (RNAi) approach to silence CD147 expression. The results showed that CD147 depletion in Hca-F cells resulted in the significantly decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11), VEGF-A at both mRNA and protein levels. The reduced CD147 expression also attenuated the invasive, adhesive, metastatic ability of Hca-F cells to lymph nodes both in vitro and in vivo. Our current findings reveal that the tumor biological marker CD147 functionally mediates MMP-11, VEGF-A expression and tumor lymphatic metastasis.     

Benzyl isothiocyanate suppresses pancreatic tumor angiogenesis and invasion by inhibiting HIF-α/VEGF/Rho-GTPases: pivotal role of STAT-3

Our previous studies have shown that benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) suppresses pancreatic tumor growth by inhibiting STAT-3; however, the exact mechanism of tumor growth suppression was not clear. Here we evaluated the effects and mechanism of BITC on pancreatic tumor angiogenesis. Our results reveal that BITC significantly inhibits neovasularization on rat aorta and Chicken-Chorioallantoic membrane. Furthermore, BITC blocks the migration and invasion of BxPC-3 and PanC-1 pancreatic cancer cells in a dose dependant manner. Moreover, secretion of VEGF and MMP-2 in normoxic and hypoxic BxPC-3 and PanC-1 cells was significantly suppressed by BITC. Both VEGF and MMP-2 play a critical role in angiogenesis and metastasis. Our results reveal that BITC significantly suppresses the phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 (Tyr-1175), and expression of HIF-α. Rho-GTPases, which are regulated by VEGF play a crucial role in pancreatic cancer progression. BITC treatment reduced the expression of RhoC whereas up-regulated the expression of tumor suppressor RhoB. STAT-3 over-expression or IL-6 treatment significantly induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression; however, BITC substantially suppressed STAT-3 as well as STAT-3-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression. Finally, in vivo tumor growth and matrigel-plug assay show reduced tumor growth and substantial reduction of hemoglobin content in the matrigel plugs and tumors of mice treated orally with 12 μmol BITC, indicating reduced tumor angiogenesis. Immunoblotting of BITC treated tumors show reduced expression of STAT-3 phosphorylation (Tyr-705), HIF-α, VEGFR-2, VEGF, MMP-2, CD31 and RhoC. Taken together, our results suggest that BITC suppresses pancreatic tumor growth by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis through STAT-3-dependant pathway.     

CD147 regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression, tumorigenicity, and chemosensitivity to curcumin in hepatocellular carcinoma

CD147, also named as extracelluar matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), has been proved to be involved in several aspects of tumor progression. In addition to its ability to induce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, it confers resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs. To investigate the possible role of CD147 in the mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line Hepa1-6 with no metastatic potential in the lymph nodes, we used RNA interference (RNAi) approach to silence CD147 expression. The results showed that silencing of CD147 in Hepa1-6 cells significantly impeded the expression of VEGF-A at both mRNA and protein levels. The siRNA-treated cells exhibited significantly decreased growth ability when compared with control cells. Colony formation of CD147 deficient cells was dramatically inhibited in soft agar, and tumorigenicity was reduced in nude mice. Furthermore, the downregulation of CD147 expression also sensitized cells to be more sensitive to curcumin. These results suggested that CD147 might be a potential target for therapeutic antitumor drugs.     

The genesis of peritumoral vasogenic brain edema and tumor cysts: a hypothetical role for tumor-derived vascular permeability factor.

Cerebral edema and fluid-filled cysts are common accompaniments of brain tumors. They contribute to the mass effect imposed by the primary tumor and are often responsible for a patient''s signs and symptoms. Cerebral edema significantly increases the morbidity associated with tumor biopsy, excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Both edema and cyst formation are thought to result from a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier, with consequent extravasation of water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins from altered tumor microvessels. The resultant expansion of the cerebral interstitial space contributes to the elevated intracranial pressure observed with brain tumors. Departure from the typical blood-brain barrier microvascular architecture may only partially explain the occurrence of edema and tumor cyst formation. Biochemical mediators have also been implicated in vascular extravasation. Vascular permeability factor or vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) is a protein that has recently been isolated from a variety of tumors including human brain tumors. VPFb is an extraordinarily potent inducer of both microvascular extravasation (edemagenesis) and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Its role in tumor growth and progression would therefore appear pivotal. Herein, the author presents an updated account of the investigation of VPF. Historical and clinical perspectives of the study and treatment of tumor associated edema are provided. The efficacy of high-dose dexamethasone in the treatment of neoplastic brain edema is discussed. A hypothetical role for VPF in edemagenesis is presented and discussed. It is hoped that an expanded understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the genesis of edema will ultimately facilitate therapeutic intervention.