用GGE双标图及隶属函数综合分析山西小麦地方品种抗旱性

以7个山西小麦地方品种和2个对照品种为试材,测定了其在大田正常供水及水分胁迫条件下的形态和生理指标,并计算各指标性状抗旱系数;再利用GGE双标图在主成分分析的基础上,分析各指标性状间的相关性及其与品种抗旱性的关系;最后利用隶属函数与抗旱指数相结合的方法对小麦品种的抗旱性进行综合评价.结果表明:影响小麦品种抗旱性的主要形态及生理指标包括穗下节长、株高、节间长、叶面积、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)和相对电导率;各单项抗旱指标间存在不同程度的相关性,各指标对不同品种抗旱性的影响不同,这是造成小麦品种抗旱性差异的主要原因.依据抗旱性可将参试品种划分为3类,即抗旱型、中间型和敏感型,从中选出两个高抗旱小麦地方品种白和尚头和竹杆青,其抗旱性与对照抗旱型品种晋麦47相似,可作为小麦抗旱育种的亲本材料.     

外源5-ALA与CaCl_(2)对露地栽培芍药生理及观赏品质的影响北大核心CSCD

该研究以露地栽培芍药品种‘大富贵’为材料,在叶面喷施100 mg·L^(-1)5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)与4%CaCl_(2)后,4~7月份考察芍药叶片的质膜稳定性、抗氧化酶系统活性、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数以及观赏品质的变化,探究外源5-ALA和CaCl_(2)对高温胁迫下露地栽培芍药的抗逆生理生化机制,为缓解芍药夏季高温伤害提供技术依据。结果显示:(1)5-ALA与CaCl_(2)处理组的芍药植株花期、花径和花朵鲜重较对照组均显著增加。(2)与对照相比,5-ALA与CaCl_(2)处理后的芍药叶片能够维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,较低的O^(-)·_(2)产生速率和MDA含量,以及较高的细胞叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))和气孔导度(G_(s))。(3)与叶面喷施CaCl_(2)相比,喷施5-ALA对露地栽培芍药‘大富贵’抗逆生理生化指标和观赏品质的改善效果更佳。研究表明,外源5-ALA与CaCl_(2)处理均可增加芍药的叶绿素含量和抗氧化能力,增强光合作用能力,降低膜脂过氧化水平,有效改善夏季露地栽培芍药‘大富贵’的观赏品质,并以100 mg·L-15-ALA的改善效果更佳。     

谷子孕穗期抗旱指标筛选

为研究谷子孕穗期在干旱环境的形态、生理、生化性状变化趋势,筛选谷子孕穗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以20个谷子品种为试验材料,在模拟干旱棚中分析了谷子孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下形态和生理、生化指标的变化。试验表明:单穗重、单穗粒重、株高、穗下茎长、千粒重与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期抗旱性的形态指标;叶绿素含量、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量和超氧化岐化酶活性(SOD)4个指标与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期的生理、生化指标。通过主成分分析确立了千粒重、单穗重、叶绿素和SOD等4个指标的相对值为谷子孕穗期抗旱性综合指标,以抗旱指数为因变量,4个综合指数为自变量建立的回归方程对供试品种的抗旱性进行预测具有高的准确性。     

观赏芍药幼胚不定芽离体诱导研究

通过对芍药幼胚离体培养,可以有效缩短芍药的育种周期。本文以‘粉玉奴’、‘朱砂判’、‘团叶红’三个芍药品种不同采收期的种子为材料,研究不同胚发育时期、不同外殖体类型、消毒方式及启动培养基配方对芍药不定芽诱导的影响。结果表明,‘朱砂判’和‘团叶红’较适合胚培养成苗的发育时期分别为花后50和70 d;‘朱砂判’的合子胚相比于带胚乳胚,更适于启动和成苗培养;外殖体消毒的最佳方法为将心皮用70%酒精处理30~60 s,再用2%NaClO消毒20 min,之后取出胚珠用2%NaClO处理10 min;适宜的启动培养基配方为1/2MS+1.0mg·L~(-1)IAA+0.5 mg·L~(-1)GA_3。     

花生抗旱性鉴定指标的筛选与评价

为确定鉴定花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)抗旱性指标体系, 综合评价花生品种(系)的抗旱性, 在人工控水条件下, 通过盆栽试验, 测定了29个花生品种(系)苗期和花针期的株高、分枝数、生物累积量、叶片含水量和光合色素含量等与抗旱性有关的13个表观形态性状和生理性状的指标, 采用抗旱系数法和隶属函数值法, 对各指标性状进行了水分胁迫下的抗性评价和鉴定。结果表明, 29个花生品种(系)可划分为抗旱性较强、中等、较弱和不抗旱4类, 其中‘唐科8号’、‘冀花2号’、‘大唐油’、‘花育25号’、‘花育17号’、‘鲁花14号’、‘丰花1号’ 7个品种(系)具有较强的抗旱能力; 苗期同一品种(系)的主茎高、分枝数和生物累积量等形态指标和光合色素等生理指标的隶属函数值均有较大差别, 苗期各指标隶属函数值与品种(系)抗旱性无显著相关关系, 苗期单一形态指标不能作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标; 但苗期抗旱性综合评价值(D)与抗旱系数间存在显著相关关系, D的大小可作为抗旱性的鉴定指标。花针期形态指标和生理指标D值间, 以及各类指标D值与抗旱系数间均存在显著或极显著的相关关系, 此期植株形态指标、生理指标隶属函数值以及综合D值均可作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标。     

高羊茅叶片表皮蜡质含量与其抗旱性的关系

以14个高羊茅品种为试验材料,在田间试验中对干旱高温胁迫下的叶片表皮蜡质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等生理指标测定分析。结果表明,干热胁迫下高羊茅品种间的叶片表皮蜡质含量和水分利用效率均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);叶片蜡质含量与综合抗旱性和水分利用效率的等级相关系数分别为0.78(P<0.01)和0.68(P<0.01);蜡质含量越高的品种,其叶片气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度越低,水分利用效率越高,但所有品种的水分利用效率绝对值都较低。研究发现,在干热胁迫时,高羊茅叶片表皮蜡质可通过对气孔导度的调节来减少气孔蒸腾,提高水分利用效率,最终提高其抗旱性;表皮蜡质含量可以作为高羊茅品种抗旱性鉴定的一个新指标。     

不同大豆品种抗旱性综合评价

选用10个不同生态类型的大豆品种,在盆栽和大田条件下进行抗旱性研究.在正常供水与水分胁迫条件下,分别测定并分析了开花结荚期与品种抗旱性有关的多项生理生态指标.把大豆各性状的抗旱系数作为衡量各单项抗旱能力大小的指标,用主成分分析将各单项抗旱系数综合成几个新的、相互独立的综合指标,再利用隶属函数求出综合指标的隶属值,可以较准确地评价各大豆品种（系）的抗旱性.通过该方法评选出两个高抗旱大豆品种晋大74号和晋大53号,评定结果符合生产实际.     

多元统计分析方法在万寿菊品种抗旱性评价中的应用

利用主成分分析法、隶属函数法和聚类分析法,对9个万寿菊品种16个生理指标的抗旱性进行综合评价.结果表明： 不同品种万寿菊的16个生理指标变化程度不同,其中脯氨酸(Pro)、H₂O₂和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)对干旱胁迫的敏感性最大,而且部分抗旱系数之间显著相关;4个主因子代表16个生理指标抗旱性88.6%的数据信息,‘珍妮’和‘金门’、‘鸿运’、‘珍妮’、‘拳王’分别在4个主因子上的抗旱性最强;9个品种的抗旱性综合评价值大小为：‘珍妮’>‘金门’>‘鸿运’>‘拳王’>‘巨人’>‘大英雄’>‘小英雄’>‘迪阿哥’>‘发现’;聚类分析将9个品种分为3类,其中‘金门’、‘珍妮’、‘鸿运’和‘拳王’属于抗旱品种.     

甘薯抗旱初步鉴定及渗透胁迫对抗氧化生理指标的影响

选用抗旱性有差异的6份甘薯栽培品种为试验材料,在田间鉴定抗旱性的基础上,通过室内PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫,测定胁迫下与抗旱性相关的9个生理生化指标,采用抗旱指数和隶属函数相结合的方法筛选与抗旱性密切相关的生理生化指标,对其抗旱性进行评价。结果表明:经田间抗旱鉴定,广薯87和徐薯22的抗旱性强,日紫0602和宁紫薯1号的抗旱性差;在PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫下,甘薯叶片NOS、CAT、T-AOC和T-SOD活性随着PEG浓度增高,其活性增强;Pro、MDA、Prot和T-AA含量也增加;尤其在25%PEG-6000胁迫处理24 h,甘薯叶片NOS、T-AOC、Pro的相对值与抗旱指数呈显著正相关,RWC相对值与抗旱指数呈极显著正相关,这4个指标的加权隶属函数值D与抗旱指数呈显著正相关(r=0.8944);因此,可用这4个指标的D值对甘薯抗旱性进行初步鉴定。     

应用PV技术对7种针阔叶幼树抗旱性的研究

为进一步探讨PV(Pressure-Volume)技术在树木抗旱性研究中的应用前景,比较成、幼龄树木的抗旱性差别,在对樟子松等7种成龄树木抗旱性生理指标研究的基础上,对其幼树的抗旱性进行了研究。结果表明,对成、幼龄树木一年生小枝用PV曲线所测得的诸水分状况参数随年生长发育进程的的变化规律是一致的;用嫩枝生长初期和枝条完全木质化时期两个阶段的水分参数比较树木的抗旱性、具有较大的可靠性和实用性;幼树在嫩枝生长初期的抗旱性较成树弱,当新枝完全木质化之后,二者的抗旱性基本相近。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.