两个雌核发育白鲢群体同工酶分析遗传标记的确定

取源于武汉两个不同渔场两尾白鲢的卵子,经紫外照遗传物质失活的鲤鱼刺激雌核发育和热休克诱导第二极体保留的基因组操作技术,获得了两个不同的人工雌核发育白鲢群体。采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳技术,分析了这两个澡同人工雌核发育白鲢群体（分别称为Ｈｙ－Ｇ１和Ｈｙ－Ｇ２）内不同个体的肝脏、肌肉组织以及红细胞中脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、要酸氢酶（ＭＤＨ０、酯酶（ＥＳＴ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）等几种同工酶的表达谱式、并与     

两种泥鳅不同核质关系下LDH同工酶基因表达的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续系统凝胶电泳方法分析了泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅不同杂交组合不同核质关系下胚发育阶段（0－145h）中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）同工酶的分化表达谱式,ＬＤＨ同工酶的基因表达随细胞质、细胞核不同及胚胎发育各个时期具有不同的个体发育谱式,以泥鳅卵子为细胞质的Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组,杂交组（Ⅱ）ＬＤＨ同工酶基因在受精后３min至原肠中期雄核基因参与表达与调控,部分基因位点比本交组（Ⅰ）启动与表达的时间要早,两组的管家酶主要来自细胞质。以大鳞副泥鳅为细胞质的Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组,各酶均以细胞质调控为主,其管家酶与泥鳅有很大不同。并具体分析和讨论了不同核质关系ＬＤＨ同工酶基因的表达和调控的时空顺序。     

泰山赤鳞鱼同工酶的研究

采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳或聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）技术研究了泰山赤鳞鱼早期发育阶段（受精后０—１２０ｈ）及成体眼、脑、心、肾、肝、肌６种组织中的ＬＤＨ同工酶分化表达谱式。结果表明：（１）赤鳞鱼在胚胎发育过程中Ｌｄｈ－Ａ基因和－Ｂ基因同时表达,形成５种不同形式的四聚体（Ｂ４、ＡＢ３、Ａ２Ｂ２、Ａ３Ｂ、Ａ４）。与大多数硬骨鱼相比,赤鳞鱼ＬＤＨ同工酶具有独特的早期个体发育谱式：在整个胚胎发育时期,Ａ亚基与Ｂ亚基的活性几乎相等。（２）赤鳞鱼的ＬＤＨ同工酶谱具有明显的组织特异性。Ｌｄｈ－Ｃ基因仅在肝脏组织表达,以向阴极迁移的分子形式（ＬＤＨ－Ｃ４）特异地表达。     

中国孤雌生殖卤虫中多倍体同工酶基因的表达

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳地,对中国孤雌生殖卤虫１０个品系的２６个多倍体单个体克隆的９种同工酶的基因表达情况、种群遗传结构以及进化关系进行了研究。在研究的９种同工酶中ＬＤＨ、６ＰＧＤＨ、ＧＤＨ为单态酶、ＭＤＨ、ＰＯＤ、ＥＳＴ、ＡＣＰ、ＡＬＰ和α－ＡＭＹ为多态酶。ＭＤＨ、ＰＯＤ重复基因不表达。为功能二倍体,ＥＳＴ、ＡＣＰ、ＡＬＰ和α－ＡＭＹ重复基因表达。,以遗传相似系数所做的聚类分析结果可以明显表     

鱼类乳酸脱氢酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术研究

本文对用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）分离鱼类乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）同工酶的技术进行了研究。结果表明：该方法优于淀粉凝胶电泳及琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析鱼类ＬＤＨ同工酶,具有较高的分辩率。     

L615白血病鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞脱氢酶同工酶的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对比研究了纯系６１５鼠和Ｌ６１５可移植性淋巴细胞型白血病鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞的葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶同工酶（ＥＣｌ．１．１．４９,Ｄ－葡萄糖－６－磷酸：ＮＡＤＰ氧化还原酶,Ｇ６ＰＤ）和乳酸脱氢酶同工酶（ＥＣｌ．１．１．２７,Ｌ－乳酸：ＮＡＤ氧化还原酶,ＬＤＨ）。并应用定量细胞化学法对ＬＤＨ和６ＰＤ全酶活性进行了测定。结果：在Ｌ６１５白血病鼠胸腺淋巴细胞中（白血病细胞占４０％）,Ｇ６ＰＤ同工酶谱显示异常,全酶活性明显增高、ＬＤＨ同工酶谱及全酶活性未发生明显变化。Ｌ６１５白血病鼠脾脏淋巴细胞中（白血病细胞占８４％）,Ｇ６ＰＤ和ＬＤＨ同工酶谱均显示异常,同时全酶活性也明显增强。提示：Ｇ６ＰＤ对白血病细胞的恶性增殖和浸润似乎更为敏感。     

泰山郝鳞鱼同工酶的研究

采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳或聚丙酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）技术研究了泰赤鳞鱼早期发育阶段（受精后０－１２０ｈ）及成体眼、脑、心、肾、肝、肌６种组织中的ＬＤＨ同工酶分化表达谱式。结果表明：（１）赤鳞鱼在胚胎发育过程中Ｌｄｈ－Ａ基因和－Ｂ基因同时表达,形成５种不同形式的四聚体（Ｂ４、ＡＢ３、Ｂ３Ｂ、Ａ４）。与大多数硬骨鱼相比,赤鳞鱼ＬＤＨ同工酶具有独特的早期个体发育谱式：在整个胚胎发育时期,Ａ亚基与Ｂ亚基     

黄鳝性逆转过程中同工酶的分析研究 Ⅰ．雌雄个体不同组织的同工酶分析

作者采用三种垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对雌雄黄鳝６种组织的乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、酯酶（ＥＳＴ）进行了研究。结果表明ＬＤＨ同工酶谱为细带型,可分为３区８条带,其迁移率为Ａ＞Ｂ＞Ｃ,其中Ｃ＿４仅出现在心、脑和肌肉中。ＬＤＨ在肝中表达甚微。ＥＳＴ同工酶显示３区７条带。黄鳝的同工酶有明显的组织特异性,在两性中的表达也存在一定的差异,这种差异ＥＳＴ比ＬＤＨ明显;肝、肾和性腺比其它组织较明显。这两种同工酶在雌性中的表达均比在雄性中强。以上反映了差别的基因活性。本文还讨论了黄鳝同工酶的遗传基础,亚基的组成以及ＬＤＨ迁移率和黄鳝演化地位的关系。     

十字花科上的链格孢属真菌同工酶凝胶电泳分析

本文报道对从国内外收集到的生于十字花科植物上的３种链格孢属真菌２１个菌株进行的１０种同工酶的聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳分析结果,这１０种酶分别是：酯酶（ＥＳＴ）、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）、近氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（ＧＤＨ）、甘露醇脱氢酶（ＭＡＤＨ）、乙醇脱氢酶（ＡＤＨ）、黄嘌呤脱氢酶（ＸＤＨ）、过氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）。对同工酶酶谱资料的聚类分析,在较高的相     

不同的下丘脑肽和神经递质对鲤鱼促性腺激素和生长激素分泌活动的影响

以１龄性腺发育中期鲤鱼为材料,采用腹腔（ｉ．ｐ）注射的方法,研究不同的下丘脑肽和神经递质对鲤鱼促性腺激素（ＧｔＨ）和生长激素（ＧＨ）分泌的影响。结果表明：促甲状腺激素释放激素（ＴＲＨ）、Ｌ－多巴（Ｌ－ＤＯＰＡ）、甲基睾酮（ＭＴ）、γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）、促黄体素释放激素类似物（ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ）和三碘甲状腺原氨酸（Ｔ３）都能显著刺激ＧｔＨ的分泌,但最大效应时间各不相同。ＴＲＨ和ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ能促进ＧＨ的分泌,Ｌ－ＤＯＰＡ、ＭＴ、ＧＡＢＡ对血清ＧＨ水平没有明显影响;Ｔ３则对ＧＨ分泌有一定的抑制作用。这说明鲤鱼ＧｔＨ和ＧＨ的分泌除了受各自的下丘脑释放因子和释放抑制因子的双重神经内分泌调控外,还受多种其它相同和不同调节因子的影响,也反映了鲤鱼ＧｔＨ和ＧＨ分泌的神经内分泌调控的复杂性。     

Some aspects of isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glucosephosphate isomerase in fish

1. The present paper reports some aspects of the isozymes of LDH, MDH and GPI in fish. 2. In Petromyzontiformes LDH is encoded by a single Ldh-A gene locus. In Myxiniformes and in most vertebrates LDH is encoded by two gene loci, A and B. A third Ldh-C locus is characteristic of the bony fishes Actinopterygii. 3. In fish the MDH isozymes are generally encoded by three gene loci Mdh-M, Mdh-A and Mdh-B. 4. In most diploid bony fish the GPI is controlled by two independent gene loci Gpi-A and Gpi-B. 5. The relationships of isozymes with evolution of vertebrates, tissual specificity, ontogenetic changes, with physiological and metabolic roles are discussed.     

Null alleles at two lactate dehydrogenase loci in rainbow trout are associated with decreased developmental stability

Previous studies with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have shown that allozymic heterozygotes have increased developmental stability, as measured by reduced fluctuating bilateral asymmetry. In this paper, we examine the phenotypic effects of null alleles at two lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) loci. If the association between allozymic heterozygosity and developmental stability is due largely to linked chromosomal segments, then we would expect null allele heterozygotes to have increased developmental stability. In contrast, heterozygotes for LDH null alleles in three populations have reduced developmental stability. This suggests that the reduction in enzyme activity at these loci is having a deleterious effect on development that is strong enough to mask any beneficial effects that may be associated with heterozygosity for these chromosomal segments. The LDH loci examined in this study are members of two different paralogous pairs of duplicate genes produced by the polyploidization of the ancestral salmonid genome. The apparent deleterious effects of these null alleles in heterozygotes could retard the possible loss of duplicate gene expression.     

Isozyme expression in F1 hybrids between carp and goldfish

Interspecific genetic differences in malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and esterase (EST) isozymes in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used to examine the allelic expressions in the hybrid between these species. A unique liver SOD and muscle LDH phenotype unambiguously identifies all presumed hybrid individuals. There was no evidence of F₂ or backcross phenotypes in hybrid individuals. Liver MDH and EST phenotypes in hybrids show a preferential expression of goldfish isozymes. Variation in the levels of carp liver MDH isozymes may result from the polymorphism of a regulatory mutation affecting isozyme expression, leading to gene silencing after duplication.This work was supported through NSERC (Canada) grants to James P. Bogart and John F. Leatherland.     

乌鳢组织内三种同工酶的研究

本研究对乌鳢９种组织内的ＬＤＨ、ＭＤＨ和ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶作了分析，结果表明，乌鳢各组织内的ＬＤＨ、ＭＤＨ有明显的组织特异性，ＬＤＨ由两个基因编码。骨骼肌中的ｓ－ＭＤＨ也有两个基因编码。ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶存在于乌鳢的多种组织中，其基因编码数有待进一步探讨。     

Functional interrelations between isozymes of dehydrogenases in the intact and denervated rabbit muscles]

A correlation is shown to exist between malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol-3-PDH activity values, lactate/pyruvate and malate/oxaloacetate coefficients, MDH and LDH isozyme spectra and kinetic properties of LDH isozymes in soluble fractions of cytoplasm from intact rabbit m. soleus (red), m. gastrocnemius (mixed) and m. quadratus lumborum (white). In denervated soleus and gastrocnemius the cytoplasmic MDH/LDH, mitochondrial MDH/LDH, MDH mitochondrial/MDH cytoplasmic activity ratios, concentrations of substrates and isozyme spectra of MDH and LDH tend to equalize. The obtained results indicate the importance of isozyme composition and total activity ratios of the dehydrogenases for regulation of pyruvate and NADH metabolic pathways.     

Genetic control of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in maize

At least six nuclear loci are responsible for the genetic control of malate dehydrogenase (L-malate: NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.37; MDH) in coleoptiles of maize. Three independently segregating loci (Mdh1, Mdh2, Mdh3) govern the production of MDH isozymes resistant to inactivation by ascorbic acid and found largely or solely in the mitochondria. A rare recessive allele found at a fourth nuclear locus (mmm) causes increased electrophoretic mobility of the MDH isozymes governed by the Mdh1, Mdh2 and Mdh3 loci.—Two loci (Mdh4, Mdh5) govern MDH isozymes that are selectively inactivated by homogenization in an ascorbic acid solution and that appear to be nonmitochondrial (soluble). Mdh4 and Mdh5 segregate independently of each other and independently of Mdh1, Mdh2 and Mdh3. However, there is close linkage between the migration modifier and Mdh4.——Multiple alleles have been found for all of the Mdh loci except the migration modifier, and electrophoretically "null" or near "null" alleles (as expressed in standardized sections of maize coleoptile) have been found for all loci except Mdh4. Duplicate inheritance commonly occurs for Mdh1 and Mdh2 and also for Mdh4 and Mdh5.——Inter- and intragenic heterodimers are formed between sub-units specified by the three loci governing the mitochondrial MDH isozymes. The same is true of the alleles and nonalleles at the two loci governing the soluble variants. No such heterodimers are formed by interactions between mitochondrial and soluble MDH isozymes.     

The isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glucosephosphate isomerase in Italian ictalurids

1. The isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glucose-phosphate isomerase (GPI) of three species of Italian ictalurids: Ictalurus sp., I. nebulosus marmoratus, and I. punctatus, were analyzed. 2. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was applied to polyacrylamide gel plates, and the isozymes revealed by means of specific histochemical staining. 3. Species-specific monomorphic patterns were found for LDH. 4. In contrast, MDH and GPI have the same patterns in I. sp. and I. nebulosus marmoratus and different patterns in I. punctatus. 5. Comparison of the isozymatic patterns of the three species clearly showed the close relationship between I. sp. and I. nebulosus marmoratus and the relative taxonomic distance of I. punctatus, and thus the early detachment of this last species from a presumptive common ancestral lineage.     

草鱼同工酶发育遗传学研究——Ⅰ.不同组织器官的同工酶分析

采用垂直淀粉凝胶电泳及特异性组织化学染色技术,研究了草鱼成体脑、眼、心、肾、肌、肝等6种组织中的6种同工酶系统(LDH、MDH、GDH、ADH、LDH、EST)的分化表达谱式。结果表明,草鱼的同工酶系统具有明显的组织特异性。与绝大多数硬骨鱼类相比,草鱼的LDH、m-MDH和ADH同工酶具有特殊的表达谱式:m-MDH和ADH均由两个基因座位编码;肾脏在LDH-A_3B与LDH-A_2B_3之间多出1条LDH酶带(LDH-X)。本文还讨论了草鱼同工酶的遗传基础和亚基组成,以及本实验的某些结果与其他作者的结果不相符的原因。     

Enzymatic urea adaptation: lactate and malate dehydrogenase in elasmobranchs

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) electrophoretic tissue patterns of two different orders of Elasmobranchii: Carchariniformes (Galeus melanostomus and Prionace glauca) and Squaliformes (Etmopterus spinax and Scymnorinus licha) were studied. The number of loci expressed for these enzymes was the same of other elasmobranch species. Differences in tissue distribution were noted in LDH from G. melanostomus due to the presence of an additional heterotetramer in the eye tissue. There were also differences in MDH. In fact, all the tissues of E. spinax and G. melanostomus showed two mitochondrial bands. Major differences were noted in the number of isozymes detected in the four compared elasmobranchs. The highest polymorphism was observed in E. spinax and G. melanostomus, two species that live in changeable environmental conditions. The resistance of isozymes after urea treatment was examined; the resulting patterns showed a quite good resistance of the enzymes, higher for LDH than MDH, also at urea concentration much greater than physiological one. These results indicated that the total isozyme resistance can be considered higher in urea accumulators (such as elasmobranchs) than in the non-accumulators (such as teleosts).     

Lactate and malate dehydrogenase in the fan-shell associated shrimp, Pontonia pinnophylax (Otto): Effects of temperature and urea

In Pontonia pinnophylax (Otto), a crustacean decapod inhabiting the mantle cavity of Pinna nobilis L. (Bivalvia: Pteriomorpha), the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity, and their electrophoretic patterns, were compared in relation to heat and urea inactivation. Activity was higher in LDH than in MDH, and the electrophoretic patterns showed a predominance of LDH-A4 and the presence of both mitochondrial and cytosolic MDH. Heat incubation reduced both enzymatic activities, but more MDH. Also all isozymes showed different heat sensitivity, with anodic forms more heat-resistant than cathodic ones, either in LDH as in MDH. Urea treatment caused also a higher inactivation of the most cathodic isozymes, but MDH appeared more resistant than LDH at 2 M urea. The high polymorphism of these enzymes suggests an adaptation of Pontonia metabolism to hypoxic conditions; moreover, the different isozyme stability grade should be functional to contrast environmental variability.