巧用昆虫盒

在生物实验教学中,使学生通过昆虫盒盒盖的凸透镜,能仔细地观察到昆虫体的各个构成部分（如蛾类的触角,蜻蜓的复眼等）,也能解决多年来一直不好解决的问题：自制昆虫标本的保存和使用。具体做法如下：１　标本的制备１）　用泡沫塑料制标本合　将１．５ｃｍ厚的白色泡沫塑料切削成比昆虫盒内径小２～４ｍｍ的圆形标本台（直径约７ｃｍ）。２）将昆虫标本用大头针固定在制好的标本台上,注意虫体两端不能超过标本台的边缘,防止标本碰在盒壁上将其损坏。３）另在标本台距昆虫标本２～３ｃｍ处,插一大头针。用于装、取标本时手拿着方便。…     

昆虫趋光行为的光胁迫假说

趋光性是昆虫的固有行为特征之一,被广泛的应用在害虫物理防治中。本文综述了几种主流的昆虫趋光性假说,着重介绍了昆虫在趋光过程中的行为反应、受光胁迫后生理应激和补偿效应,提出了昆虫趋光行为的光胁迫假说,以期为昆虫趋光性理论研究提供新的思路。     

用漆筒·衬衫盒·仙人掌刺制作昆虫标本

制作昆虫标本所需最基本器材有毒瓶、展翅板和昆虫针等等。我根据农村中学的特点，采用一些简便易行的办法，制作昆虫标本，收到了很好的效果。１　用漆筒作毒瓶　找一个密封性很好的空油漆筒或其它铁皮筒，如较大的茶叶听或油墨听等，将捉到的昆虫用三角纸包置于筒中，选用现在市场上流行的各种气雾杀虫剂的任意一种，如飞毛腿、克星、全无敌等，狠喷１～２次，立即将盖子封严，过１０～２０ｍｉｎ打开检查。如果没死再喷再闷。方法既简便，对人又非常安全，而且每次处死的标本量大。２　用衬衫盒作标本盒，泡沫塑料作展翅板　现在出售衬衫…     

鳞翅目昆虫生殖器装片方法的小改进

制作鳞翅目昆虫针插标本的生殖器常将整个腹部取下,用NaOH溶液处理后,分离生殖器装片。这样针插标本就失去了腹部。为了保留腹部,或将标本重新还软,或将腹部取下还软,解部后再用虫胶粘回去。但这样做效果不好,鳞粉磨损太大,不易恢复旧观。我们做了一些小改进,取得了较好的效果。 1.在干制的展翅标本稍加还软后,固定在泡沫塑料制成的展翅板上,使标本在操作过程中不会移动; 2.从生殖器与生殖前节间腹侧膜上,由后向前插入一昆虫针;再用一锋利的刀片将生殖节前两节的侧膜沿尾虫针割开一裂口;     

在昆虫普查和测报中利用黑光灯的几点意见

<正> 黑光灯能诱到很多有趋光性的昆虫,是普查昆虫强有力的手段之一。同时也可做为预测预报的依据。但是目前有很多单位对诱到的昆虫在记载方法上多是印一张表,左边是虫名,上边为日期,由1号至31号,将诱到的昆虫种类、数量逐日记在表内。在1个月内每天诱到虫种不同,不认识的昆虫可能更多,照这样下去,经过8个月的诱集,年终对每种昆虫很难进行系统总结,浪费了人力、物力。为了克服这些问题,我们采取了以下措施,提出来供参考。     

用“聚氨酯泡沫塑料”制作昆虫模型

<正> 在讲授昆虫课时,除利用实物标本,挂图外,就是利用教具模型进行直观教学,使学生能比较全面深刻地掌握所学的知识。我们过去所用的模型多是用泥或石膏做的,这样的教具非常沉重,不便携带且易损坏。如我们用泥制做的体长、宽、厚为34×5×4cm=680cm~3鳞翅目幼虫模型其重量为1,050g;而用聚氨酯泡沫塑料(绷板)制做的47×6.5×5cm=     

过塑制作昆虫标本的简易方法

过塑制作昆虫标本的简易方法《生物学通报））１９９３年第６期登载了林晓生的“过塑法制作鳞翅目昆虫标本”一文。在上述方法的启发下,我们改用电熨斗过塑制作昆虫标本,此方法简便、价廉,在标本的保存及展示上有同于上法的优点,现介绍如下：门）把采集来的昆虫按所需...     

应用聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂制作昆虫标本

昆虫标本的保存方法,到目前为止,还不是十全十美。干制的针插昆虫标本,保存上有种种困难,天气潮湿容易生霉,保存不好常可被害虫蛀食。液浸标本也有许多不便,保管不善,存液挥发殆尽,易引起标本干缩损坏;用瓶装、用橱藏,都需要较多的设备和占用较大的面积。采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂把昆虫标本包埋起来,利用它的透明度,做成一种人造的化石标本,既便于观察又能永久保存,不怕生霉不怕虫蛙,特别是用来作为教学材料,还可避冤标本的损耗。最近我们用聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂试制昆虫标本已初步获得一些结果,加以介绍,希读者指正。 材料 聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(俗称有机玻璃)是由甲基丙烯酸甲脂聚合而得,甲基丙烯酸甲脂通常由氢氰酸、丙酮、     

泡沫塑料制教具

用泡沫塑料可制多种教具。 1.制展翅板。选取平整方形泡沫塑料板一块和直而光滑的铁丝一段。将铁丝弯成“L”形,置铁丝“L”形下端于火中烧红热,取出即在泡沫塑料平面上烙一下,面上就出现一条小凹沟。凹沟大小可人工控制。为了适用昆虫身体大小不一。在平面上烙上多条大小不一的凹     

北京国家体育场周边趋光性昆虫物种多样性及优势度分析

2005年7月20日到8月15日通过灯光诱捕对北京国家体育场周边的趋光性昆虫做了物种多样性调查,分析了其优势度。结果表明:国家体育场周边的趋光性昆虫包含10目42科112种,以鞘翅目和鳞翅目数量最大;青革土蝽和黄鞘婪步甲为优势种;在8月6日优势种和所有昆虫的总体数量出现一个高峰。     

Influence of killing method on Lepidoptera DNA barcode recovery

The global DNA barcoding initiative has revolutionized the field of biodiversity research. Such large‐scale sequencing projects require the collection of large numbers of specimens, which need to be killed and preserved in a way that is both DNA‐friendly and which will keep voucher specimens in good condition for later study. Factors such as time since collection, correct storage (exposure to free water and heat) and DNA extraction protocol are known to play a role in the success of downstream molecular applications. Limited data are available on the most efficient, DNA‐friendly protocol for killing. In this study, we evaluate the quality of DNA barcode (cytochrome oxidase I) sequences amplified from DNA extracted from specimens collected using three different killing methods (ethyl acetate, cyanide and freezing). Previous studies have suggested that chemicals, such as ethyl acetate and formaldehyde, degraded DNA and as such may not be appropriate for the collection of insects for DNA‐based research. All Lepidoptera collected produced DNA barcodes of good quality, and our study found no clear difference in nucleotide signal strength, probability of incorrect base calling and phylogenetic utility among the three different treatment groups. Our findings suggest that ethyl acetate, cyanide and freezing can all be used to collect specimens for DNA analysis.     

一种野外采集和毒杀鞘翅目昆虫的方法

介绍了一种野外采集毒杀鞘翅目昆虫的方法。在塑料瓶或玻璃瓶内放少许卫生纸 ,滴入乙酸乙酯使瓶内的卫生纸浸湿 ,采集到的甲虫放入瓶内毒死 ,再转移至 75 %的酒精内保存。用此方法处理的甲虫能长时间保持肢体柔软、干净 ,雄性个体的外生殖器很容易拉出 ,从而优于氰化钾毒瓶和酒精直接浸泡的毒杀方法。     

Preservative fluid and storage conditions alter body mass estimation in a terrestrial insect

Body mass is a frequently used trait in ecological and evolutionary research. In the present study, I demonstrate that sampling and storage conditions affect wet and dry weights in an insect predator, Anchomenus dorsalis (Pontoppidan) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Live beetles were placed in one of five preservative fluids for 1 month to simulate sampling by pitfall traps. Sodium chloride solution, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol + detergent, and propylene glycol caused significant increases in both wet and dry weights compared with control (short‐term frozen) specimens, whereas formaldehyde did not. In a separate experiment, four methods of long‐term (6 months) sample storage (freezing, ethanol, propylene glycol, and ethyl acetate vapour) all caused significant changes in wet weight compared with the control treatment. The dry weight of the specimens preserved in ethanol decreased significantly in contrast to the long‐term frozen specimens and those in propylene glycol and ethyl acetate vapour, whose dry weight did not differ significantly from the control specimens. The combination of formaldehyde as the preservative fluid and freezing as the storage method thus appears to be an optimal combination for studies in which the body mass of dead insects is considered.     

Role of pollination in yield and physicochemical properties of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Very little is known about pollination and its effects on the yield and physicochemical properties of flowering plants in tropical countries. Wind and insect pollinators are among our natural resources because pollination is the most important ecosystem service performed by wind and insects, and is vital to the socio-economic status of human beings. In this experiment, different pollination methods for tomato plants were examined. Self-pollination was encouraged by covering the plants with a plastic sheet. Wind and insects were excluded from these plants, and thus only self-pollination was possible. The experiment occurred during the flowering stage. Wind-pollinated plants were covered with a muslin cloth, which excluded insects, and only wind could pass through the cloth. For insect pollination, plants remained uncovered, allowing free access to insects to pollinate the flowers. At fruit maturity, when fruits were completely red, fruits from each treatment were harvested on the same date and under the same conditions. Results illustrated the substantial importance of insects as pollinators of tomato crops. Open field had greater tomato yield and positive effects on physicochemical properties on fruit than under self and wind pollination.     

昆虫标本馆建设与昆虫系统学的未来

昆虫标本馆是昆虫标本的保藏、研究和科学教育的实体,代表国家或者区域水平,致力于研究昆虫多样性、揭示昆虫进化规律,为国民经济建设持续发展服务。昆虫系统学研究是昆虫标本馆研究人员的主要任务,它的发展与昆虫标本馆的建设唇齿相依。本文阐述了昆虫标本馆的功能与作用,建设昆虫标本馆的重要性和迫切性;展望了昆虫系统学的未来以及昆虫系统学发展的机遇。     

乙酸乙酯对果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的麻醉效应研究

麻醉是果蝇实验中最基本的操作,乙醚是最常用的麻醉剂。但因为乙醚是二类易制毒化学品而被国家控制使用。报道一种容易获得的试剂——乙酸乙酯对果蝇的麻醉效果。实验采用的麻醉室大小为125cm3,每处理20~30只果蝇,乙酸乙酯剂量为40、80、120μL,以同等剂量的乙醚为对照,每个实验重复4次,用所有果蝇完全麻醉后20min及120min时的未苏醒率为指标评估麻醉效果及安全性。结果表明:乙酸乙酯对果蝇具有麻醉作用;麻醉时乙酸乙酯开始起效应的时间略晚于同等剂量的乙醚,但使果蝇完全麻醉的时间却比同等剂量的乙醚略短或相接近;麻醉持续的时间则长于同等剂量的乙醚。乙酸乙酯麻醉的果蝇,90%以上的果蝇均在120min内苏醒,表明在这些剂量范围内是安全的。乙酸乙酯完全可以替代乙醚用于果蝇的麻醉。     

A novel method for the quantitative extraction of juvenile hormones from insects including the silverfish, Thermobia domestica

An improved procedure for extraction of juvenile hormones (JH) from large quantities of insects is described. It consists of the following steps. The lyophilised insects are homogenized in cold methanol and, after storage overnight, the debris is removed by filtration and the methanol is evaporated. For the next two steps the residue is dissolved in ether and by adding either methanol in the first step, or acetone in the second step, a precipitate is formed which is removed by filtration. With this method, 2 to 7 times less lipids are extracted than with usual methods involving ether or ethyl acetate, but more than 99.5 per cent of the JH is extracted at least in H. cecropia. The JH activity of the extracts is at least 10 times higher than extracts prepared with ether or ethyl acetate alone.     

Wheat in bins and discharge spouts,and grain residues on floors of empty bins in concrete grain elevators as habitats for stored-grain beetles and their natural enemies

Wheat stored in upright concrete bins at seven grain elevators in central Kansas was sampled intermittently for insects over a 2.5-yr period by collecting samples from the upper half of the grain mass, from the discharge spout at the base of the bins, and from residue remaining in empty bins before the 2000 wheat harvest. Samples were taken from the grain mass with a power vacuum sampler (PV) and from the discharge spouts (DS) by dropping grain onto the reclaim belt beneath the bins. The density and species distribution in the residue samples were compared with those found in the DS samples and samples from the grain mass (PV). Cryptolestes spp. dominated the insect populations in all types of samples, constituting >40% of all insects in the PV samples in three of five time periods and >60% of all insects in DS samples in four of the five time periods. Cryptolestes spp. was an early colonizer, being found in the grain mass shortly after new grain was added. Rhyzopertha dominica appeared to be slower to colonize grain and grain residue, but sometimes developed large populations (i.e., 2.4 +/- 0.7 adults/kg between July and December 2000). Sitophilus spp. weevils often were present in grain masses, were often abundant in grain in the discharge spouts (i.e., 11.1 +/- 2.9 adults/kg between July and December 2000), and were abundant in grain residue in empty bins in May/June 2000 (5.3 +/- 0.7 adults/kg). Differences in density and species distribution of insects in grain in the upper part of the grain mass and those in the discharge spouts indicated that the populations were not closely related. Grain in discharge spouts usually was densely infested, and parasitic wasps, natural enemies of several of the beetles, were found when the density of the pest insects was greater than approximately 10/kg. The population of natural enemies appeared to increase when the density of pest insects increased after a lag of about one month, and decreased when the population of pest insects decreased. Grain in discharge spouts appeared to provide an incubation chamber for pest insects, and removing this grain periodically should reduce the resident populations. Residue in empty bins often was densely infested compared with samples from the grain masses. Cleaning the empty bins before refilling with newly-harvested wheat resulted in a significantly-reduced density of pest insects in discharge spouts later, and the effect lasted at least 12 wk after filling.     

Cost and risk analysis of heat and chemical treatments

An economic evaluation of newly developed methods for disinfesting empty grain storage bins by heat treatment will be a useful tool for decision-making by grain storage managers. An economic empirical model of heat treatment and chemical applications was developed using minimization of costs at a target risk level associated with the grain-damaging insects Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Risk was measured as a deviation below a target mortality goal (Target MOTAD). Insect mortality and air temperature during heat treatment were evaluated for empty storage bins with a full drying floor, along with a similar evaluation of insect mortality for two application rates of a contact pyrethroid insecticide, cyfluthrin 20% active ingredient (AI) wettable powder. A high-output propane heater (29 kW) had the lowest cost and risk level of all heating systems and produced 100% mortality in 2 h for the three insect species at all test locations. An electric duct-heater system (18 kW) also produced 100% mortality at all test locations after 40 h, but it had significantly higher costs. The other heating system configurations in the study had significantly higher risk levels of insect mortality, and the electric systems were not cost-effective. Both chemical rates had low costs and risk levels, with high mortality results.     

昆虫血淋巴的收集技术与方法

血淋巴是昆虫生理生化研究的重要材料之一。文章分析归纳各类昆虫血淋巴的不同收集方法、收集前的昆虫准备以及收集后血淋巴的预处理,并结合该试验室研究阐述在收集昆虫血淋巴过程中的一些问题和经验,为能有效提取血淋巴提供一定的方法支持。