白蚁的外部形态和分类系统

等翅目Isoptera(白蚁)在有翅昆虫亚纲进化的谱系中是属于一类比较原始的昆虫,与蜚蠊目Blattaria昆虫有比较密切的亲缘关系。 白蚁有翅成虫的头部形态、前后翅的等同、翅脉的复杂结构以及腹部的形态,都和低等的有翅昆虫或古代绝灭的昆虫相类似。但白蚁的生活习性和兵蚁的形态特征,在整个昆虫纲中是属于极为进化的一个类群。兵蚁的形态极为特化。双眼的退化、前后翅的     

蜚蠊目(六足总纲,昆虫纲)八种昆虫触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

获得蜚蠊目昆虫触角感受器外部形态的资料,为蟑螂的系统学研究积累一些新的基础资料.使用KYKYAMRAY 1000B型扫描电镜蜚蠊目8种昆虫触角感受器进行观察和拍照,然后进行比较分析.观察结果表明,蜚蠊目昆虫的触角均分布有毛形感器、刺形感器和锥形感器.蜚蠊目昆虫触角感受器的外部形态在科、属水平表现的差异程度与昆虫的分类地位相符合.触角感受器的形态结构也许能成为鉴别蜚蠊目科和属的有用特征.     

行为生态学(十一):昆虫社会的经济学(3)

等翅目(Isoptera)昆虫等翅目(白蚁)昆虫是昆虫纲的一个大类群,它们的行为变化多端,但全部依靠吃植物纤维为生。白蚁的经济对策同大多数社会性膜翅目昆虫有明显不同。它们的能量收益很少与采食对策相关,而主要是取决于食物的消化和利用效率。从社会比较能量学的观点看,白蚁最明显的特点是,它们常常直接居住在食物资源的内     

白蚁

白蚁又名(?),江浙一带,俗称白蚂蚁,实际上它与蚂蚁在系统发生上完全不同,白蚁属等翅目,而蚂蚁是膜翅目类的昆虫。同时两者的生活习性及对人生的关系也大不相同。但它们都是有社会组织的昆虫。白蚁种类很多,分布较广。总计全世界共     

中国蜚蠊目昆虫化石研究

蜚蠊目昆虫最早出现于中石炭世维斯发早期,是历史渊源最长的昆虫之一.Grabau在20世纪初首次开始对我国蜚蠊目昆虫化石进行研究.到目前为止,中国古昆虫学者先后共发表36篇关于我国蜚蠊目昆虫化石的分类著作,描述鉴定了10科51属169种蜚蠊化石.本文通过列表统计中国已发表定名的蜚蠊化石,分析并探讨了中国蜚蠊化石的特征、存在的问题、研究现状及前景.     

白蚁研究与进展概述

白蚁是昆虫分类系统中比较原始和古老的社会性昆虫。在长期的进化过程中,群体逐渐演变成具有不同品级和高度分工、组织严密和科学的类群。同时,随着地球的地质变迁和不断运动,白蚁的形态特征、生物学特性、以及活动行为朝着有利于种群繁衍和生存的方向发展演化,构成具有地区特色的生态类型和地理分布。因此,白蚁类群往往多用于研究和阐明一些重要的进化概念和作用。如同源、趋同现象,平行现象,退化和适应性进化等。白蚁以取食各种植物性纤维为主,营木棲、土棲和土木棲生活。从而对人类的衣食住行产生一定的影响。从地球表面的物质循环看,它在森林生态系统中,既是     

蜚蠊

蜚蠊(Blatta)是蜚蠊目(Blattaria)昆虫的通称,俗称蟑螂。本目包括蜚蠊(Blatta)和地鳖(Eupolyphaga sinensis)蜚蠊目的种类已知有7000种,而一般被称为蟑螂的种类约有2250种,我国已知有160多种。主要分布于热带地区。     

安徽室内蜚蠊名录

蜚蠊俗称蟑螂(cockroach),是多种病源体和寄生虫的传播媒介．隶昆虫纲(1nsccta)蜚蠊目(Blattaria)．世界上已知约5000种．我国已知为11科,48属,约168种．其中大多为野栖种群,主要栖息于山林田野、杂草树皮下,或钻营于乱石砖瓦之中．与人类关系不密切．与人类关系密切,具有卫生意义的主要是生活在室内的家栖性种群．     

白蚁的蚁客

<正> 白蚁是一类多型的、营社会生活的昆虫。白蚁巢内部常能发现许多蚁客(Termitophiles)。较低等的、蚁巢结构较简单的白蚁,其蚁客的种类和数量较少;而高等的、蚁巢结构复杂、特别是具有菌圃的蚁巢,其中蚁客的种类和数量也较多。 作者近年来(1975—1979)在浙江有关地区白蚁防治单位的协助下,自尖叉原白蚁、黑胸散白蚁、家白蚁、屏南象白蚁、黑翅土白蚁及黄翅大白蚁等6种蚁巢内,采集到30多种蚁客。经初步鉴定,它们隶属于节肢动物门中3个纲、9个目、16个科。其中以昆虫纲的种类最为丰     

白蚁的社会组织和社会行为

白蚁属于等翅目昆虫,共有7科2 750种,这是昆虫纲中唯一的一个目,其所有的种类都靠消化道内共生的鞭毛类、原生动物利用和消化纤维素。介绍了白蚁社会组织和社会存为的特点,比较了白蚁与蚂蚁的异同,并指出两者相似是由于趋同进化,而两者不同是由于亲缘关系相距甚远,各来自不同祖先。     

Relationships of new world phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) based on fossil evidence

The fossil record and systematics of phlebotomid sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis and arbovirus in several regions of the world, strongly support that living genera existed long before the Oligocene (38 million years, myr). A common Phlebotominae ancestor was present in the Triassic period before the separations of continents (248 myr).     

Ancestral transfer of symbionts between cockroaches and termites: an alternative hypothesis.

Closely related cellulolytic protozoa reside in the hindguts of extant woodroaches (Cryptocercidae) and termites (Isoptera). The evolutionary origin of these symbiotic relationships in the two lineages is uncertain. Transfer of protozoa between ancestors of modern Cryptocercus and termites remains a valid alternative theory to the established hypothesis of symbiont inheritance from a common ancestor. Nalepa's (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 246, 185 (1991] concerns regarding the protozoan transfer hypothesis focus on the biology of modern species, and neglect to consider the evolutionary framework of an ancestral dynamic postulated to occur among Palaeozoic insects. Legitimacy of the symbiont transfer theory removes the constraint of interpreting presence of cellulolytic protozoa as a synapomorphy between Cryptocercidae and Isoptera, with potential impact on objective resolution of dictyopteran phylogeny.     

广西地区等翅目昆虫的生态地理分布

广西地区等翅目昆虫采到并定名的种类已有１３３种。本文选择该地区具有代表性的天然林区和人工林区,对区内白蚁的生态地理分布进行了剖析。结果表明：生态地理环境不同,白蚁的种类组成、适应性及对环境的作用存在着差异。其中,黄翅大白蚁Ｍａｃｒｏｔｅｒｍｅｓ ｂａｒｎｅｙｉ、黑翅土白蚁Ｏｄｏｎｏｔｏｔｅｒｍｅｓ ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎｕｓ和小头蛮白蚁Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｅｒｍｅｓ ｄｉｍｏｒｐｈｕｓ分别是广西中亚热带、南亚热     

Effects of soil cations on the foraging behavior of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

This study examined soil cation concentration gradients around decomposing logs and determined whether Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) builds galleries in soil substrates containing those cations versus soils without, presumably in an effort to forage efficiently. Soil samples were collected at different depths and lateral distances from decomposing logs containing termites, freshly fallen logs without termites, and bare soil locations at 10 sites to determine whether cation gradients existed in a forest floor. Analyses of cation gradients were significant for potassium, calcium, and magnesium; however, only potassium showed a significant gradient where concentrations decreased with depth and lateral distance from a decomposing log. R. flavipes was then tested in laboratory bioassays to determine if they were attracted to salt cation solutions. Linear foraging distance was significantly greater in artificial K2CO3 gradients than in controls. The results from this study suggest that potassium is found in gradients around decomposing logs and that R. flavipes is attracted to this cation.     

Foraging populations and distances of the desert subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), associated with structures in southern Arizona

Mark-release-recapture studies were conducted on foraging populations of Heterotermes aureus (Snyder) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) associated with three structures in Tucson, AZ. Foraging population estimates ranged from 64,913 to 307,284 termites by using the Lincoln Index and from 75,501 to 313,251 termites using the weighted mean model. The maximum distance between monitors ranged from 26 to 65 m, with minimum total foraging distance ranging between 297 and 2,427 m. Characterizations of the cuticular hydrocarbons of foraging groups were qualitatively identical. Quantitative similarities within sites and differences among sites suggested that each site was occupied by a single colony during the sampling period. The colony at each site had a proportion of soldiers (0.135, 0.069, and 0.040) that was significantly different from the colonies at each of the other sites. From this study, we question the assumption of equal mixing of marked H. aureus foragers throughout the occupied collars around structures.     

Molecular Evidence for the Early History of Living Amphibians

The evolutionary relationships of the three orders of living amphibians (lissamphibians) has been difficult to resolve, partly because of their specialized morphologies. Traditionally, frogs and salamanders are considered to be closest relatives, and all three orders are thought to have arisen in the Paleozoic (>250 myr). Here, we present evidence from the DNA sequences of four mitochondrial genes (2.7 kilobases) that challenges the conventional hypothesis and supports a salamander–caecilian relationship. This, in light of the fossil record and distribution of the families, suggests a more recent (Mesozoic) origin for salamanders and caecilians directly linked to the initial breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. We propose that this single geologic event isolated salamanders and archaeobatrachian frogs on the northern continents (Laurasia) and the caecilians and neobatrachian frogs on the southern continents (Gondwana). Among the neobatrachian frog families, molecular evidence supports a South American clade and an African clade, inferred here to be the result of mid-Cretaceous vicariance.     

Molecular phylogeny of Asian termites (Isoptera) of the families Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae based on mitochondrial COII sequences

The families Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae are the most evolved and diverse groups of the social insects, termites (Order Isoptera), showing elaborated morphology and complex behavior. Molecular phylogeny of termites with the emphasis on these families was examined by Bayesian and maximum-likelihood analyses based on DNA sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene of 31 genera sampled in Asia (mainly Thailand and Japan) along with those reported previously. Termitidae was monophyletic and originated from within polyphyletic Rhinotermitidae. Among the four subfamilies of Termitidae, Macrotermitinae was monophyletic suggesting a single common origin of fungus-growing habit characteristic for this subfamily, and was placed in the basal position in the family. A group consisting of other subfamilies Termitinae and Nasutitermitinae, though some important groups were still untouched, was the most apical but neither Termitinae nor Nasutitermitinae formed a monophyletic lineage. It was implied that, as defense systems of the soldier castes, the appearance of snapping mandibles has occurred at a single event, but the development of nasus for chemical secretion has probably not. Our tree provides some evidence concerning contradictions in the previously proposed phylogeny of termites.     

Family-group names for termites (Isoptera), redux

Forty-eight family-group names are identified for insects among the Isoptera (termites), representing a nearly 19% increase since the last compilation less than 10 years ago. Accordingly, these names are newly catalogued, including various updates from the original summary. The name Reticulitermitidae is recognized as a nomen nudum while Caatingatermitinae is newly considered a nomen invalidum, and neither is available in zoological nomenclature. A catalogue of the suprafamilial names for Isoptera is appended. The name Xylophagodea is formally proposed for the Isoptera + Cryptocercidae clade.     

Chemotaxonomy of Subulitermes and Nasutitermes termine soldier defense secretions. Evidence against the hypothesis of diphyletic evolution of the Nasutitermitinae

The soldier defense secretions of advanced neotropical termites of the genus Subulitermes (Isoptera, Nasutitermitinae) contain diterpenes identicalto those found in Nasutitermes species, while soldiers of the primitive mandibulate nasute genera Cornitermes, Armitermes and Rhynchotermes lack diterpenoid compounds. It now appears improbable that the elongate nasus and intimately associated terpenoid defense secretions evolved from a primitive mandibulate ancestor independently along two phyletic branches. An alternate hypothesis is proposed in which morphological divergence from a common diterpene-producing ancestor may have occurred.     

Evaluation of DNA Fingerprinting, Aggression Tests, and Morphometry as Tools for Colony Delineation of the Formosan Subterranean Termite

Multilocus DNA fingerprinting, aggression tests, and morphometry were compared to evaluate their potential for the delineation of colonies of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera; Rhinotermitidae) in Hawaii. DNA fingerprinting segregates the termites from all collection sites and allows the assignment of all individuals to their original collection site. The genetic similarity of termites from different collection sites approaches the population's genetic background similarity, consequently collection sites represent independent colonies. Aggression between colonies is comparatively low and does not provide reliable colony delineation. Morphometry allows a 79% classification rate of termites to their colony of origin. No correlation among genetic similarities, aggression levels, and morphometric distances is found. Of the three investigated methods, we conclude that the genetic approach is the most useful tool for colony delineation in C. formosanus.