广东罗坑自然保护区丽棘蜥的体温调节

2008年9~10月在广东省罗坑自然保护区,测定了丽棘蜥Acanthosaura lepidogaster在自然条件下的野外活动体温,实验室条件下的选择体温、热耐受性、静止状态下丽棘蜥的体温以及昼夜体温变化等热生物学指标。结果显示:在自然条件下,丽棘蜥的野外活动体温(Tb)高于基质温度(Ts)和空气温度(Ta),并与后二者呈正相关关系(Tb=2.938+0.994Ts,r2=0.926,F1,60=751.66,P0.0001;Tb=2.045+0.955Ta,r2=0.897,F1,60=523.39,P0.0001)。丽棘蜥的野外活动体温存在明显的月份间差异,但无年龄上的差异。环境温度为9~35℃的实验条件下,丽棘蜥的静止体温(Tb)与环境温度(Te)呈正相关关系:Tb=2.5446+0.8881Te(F1,73=156.34,r2=0.990,P0.001);在缺乏温度梯度的环境中,丽棘蜥的昼夜体温显著高于空气温度和基质温度(P0.05),并与后二者呈正相关关系(Tb=8.060+0.683Ta,r2=0.313,F1,70=31.86,P0.0001;Tb=9.101+0.614Ts,r2=0.258,F1,70=24.341,P0.0001)。丽棘蜥的选择体温、耐受低温和耐受高温分别是29.51℃±0.31℃、6.33℃±0.26℃和40.40℃±0.69℃。丽棘蜥的体温调节模式既有行为调节也有生理调节,但是相对于其他活动较多的蜥蜴而言,丽棘蜥的生理调节能力较弱,这可能与其运动能力比较强的行为特点有关。     

红瘰疣螈的体温调节

红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)为我国Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。本实验测定了在不同环境温度条件下红瘰疣螈体温及代谢率变化。结果表明,在10～35℃环境温度范围内红瘰疣螈体温(Tb)与环境温度(Ta)呈正相关,其直线回归方程为:Tb=3.99+0.86Ta(R2=0.99,P0.01);其代谢率(MR)在15～30℃的环境温度范围内随环境温度的升高而升高,在35℃时,其代谢率由于体温过高而急剧降低;在15～35℃之间的6个温度条件下雄性代谢率的回归方程为:MR1=0.374 1-0.355 1Ta+0.113 9T2a-0.010 5T3a(R2=0.47,P0.01,df1=3,df2=46);雌性代谢率的回归方程为:MR2=0.478 8-0.420 3Ta+0.130 4T2a-0.011 8T3a(R2=0.40,P0.01,df1=3,df2=46)。不同于内热源动物的代谢特征,红瘰疣螈的体温调节表现出外热源动物的特点:其体温受环境影响较大,体温生理调节能力较弱。     

黄腹角雉静止代谢率的研究

采用Ｋａｌａｂａｋｈｏｖ－Ｓｋｏｒｔｓｏｖ呼吸计,在不同环境温度下,测定了黄腹角雉雏鸟发育过程中的静止代谢率以及成鸟在不同季节的静止代射率。结果表明,黄腹角雉雏鸟在初始日龄时,体温随环境温度而变化,其化学性体温调节能力基本建成的日龄为９日龄。成体黄腹角雉在春,夏,秋季静止代谢率与温度间均有显著的相关性。三季的化学体温调节强度无显著差异。各季间的代谢水平也无显著差异。     

北小麝鼩的代谢产热和体温调节特征

为探讨食虫目小型哺乳动物的代谢产热和体温调节特征,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪测定了北小麝鼩在环境温度5～30℃下的静止代谢率(RMR),结果显示:在环境温度(Ta)为17.5～25℃的范围内,北小麝鼩的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为36.55±0.38℃;热中性区(TNZ)为20～25℃;基础代谢率BMR为5.46±0.23(mLO2/g.h),其中环境温度在25℃时静止代谢率最低,为4.84±0.39(mLO2/g.h)。在5～25℃环境温度范围内,热传导值保持稳定;在此温度范围内,北小麝鼩的热传导率(C)最低,平均为0.42±0.01mLO2/(g.h.℃)。总之,北小麝鼩的产热和体温调节特征为较高的BMR,中等的热传导率,较低的体温和较宽的热中性区。这些特征可能与该物种体型小、夜行性、主要以无脊椎动物为食等生活习性密切相关。     

倭蜂猴静止代谢率和体温调节的研究

通过研究倭蜂猴在不同环境温度下的静止代谢率和体温调节特征发现；倭蜂猴（Ｎｙｃｔｉｃｅｂｕｓ ｐｙｇｍａｅｃｕｓ）的ＲＭＲ为０．４９８±０．０３９６０２ｍｌ／ｈｒ．ｇ，仅为预期值的６３．７％；热中性区不明显，实测 下临界温度为３０℃；平均最低热传导为０． ０８０４±０． ００２１０２ｍｌ／ｈｒ． ｓ．℃；在室温下平均体温为３３． ８ ±０．１８℃；在冷压下体温变化较大，温调指数为０．５３５；在高温时主要以高体温和分泌唾液进行体温调节。显示典型热带原猴类动物热能代谢特征。     

笼养雌性褐马鸡的静止代谢率(RMR)

利用“中型陆生动物呼吸仪”,在不同季节的不同温度下,测定了笼养雌性褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)的静止代谢率(resting metabolic rate,RMR)。RMR与环境温度(Ta)之间可用等式RMR=A BTa CTa^2进行拟合,得到了不同季节下的特定温度(special temperature)：春季22.6℃,夏季25.9℃,秋季22.2℃,冬季20.7℃。同时得到以下结论：笼养雌性褐马鸡的RMR在冬季最高,夏季最低,春季与秋季介于二者之间。     

环境温度对爪鲵体温及能量代谢的影响

应用封闭式小动物能量代谢仪测定了爪鲵在6℃、10℃、15℃、20℃和25℃环境条件下的体温和能量代谢以及在极端环境中的耐受性,探讨环境温度对爪鲵体温及能量代谢的影响.结果表明:爪鲵体温与环境温度呈正相关,其直线回归方程为:Tb=0.6966 0.9518Ta,相关非常显著.爪鲵对极端环境温度的耐受力较弱,在32℃-35℃高温和-2℃到-6℃低温 环境中的致死体温(TbL50)分别为27.7℃±0.9165℃和2.85℃±0.1539℃.在环 境温度为6℃-25℃的范围内,爪鲵的能量代谢与环境温度呈指数回归相关,指数方程为MR=0 .7495e0.0408x,相关显著.其代谢水平随环境温度的升高而升高,不同于内热源动物的代谢特征,爪鲵的体温调节和能量代谢显示出外热源动物的特点     

东亚飞蝗耐高温能力及其体温调节行为

为明确东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis的耐高温能力和体温调节行为, 采用高温饲养、提供辐射热源和风力等方法, 对东亚飞蝗各发育期的高温耐受能力、体温（body temperature, Tb）与环境温度（air temperature, Ta）和辐射温度（radiant temperature, Tr）的关系、飞蝗对辐射热的选择行为、体温升高速率以及辐射角度和风力对体温的影响进行了研究。结果表明: 东亚飞蝗44℃下饲养, LT90 最长为326.4 h; 50℃下, LT90可达20.6 h。无辐射热条件下, Tb随Ta的上升而升高, 当Ta升至32℃, 蝗虫出现体温调节行为; Ta以0.5℃/min速率上升时, 出现体温波动的个体数占试虫总数的53.7%, Tb平均波动温差为1.15℃, 平均波动时间为5.2 min, Tb平均波动起始温度为47.2℃, 成虫致死时间略长于若虫。有辐射热条件下, 随笼顶辐射温度的逐渐升高, 飞蝗趋向选择温度相对较低的笼底, 试虫体温调节较无辐射热条件下强; 辐射角度和风力均对飞蝗的体温有显著影响。结果显示东亚飞蝗对高温的耐受能力较强, 并且具有明显的体温调节行为, 可调节体温达到最佳生理状态。     

捷蜥蜴新疆种群的生理体温调节能力

以我国新疆地区分布的捷蜥蜴(Lacerta agilis)为研究对象,于2013年5月份采集成体,在实验室内饲养和繁殖,2013年11—12月间,采用直接测量泄殖腔温度的方法研究捷蜥蜴体温的日变化节律,分析体温与头体长、体重等形态特征的相关性,探讨环境温度对不同年龄和性别个体生理体温调节能力的影响。结果表明,在18~22℃室温条件下,捷蜥蜴两性间的日平均体温无显著差异,体温具有显著的日变化节律;体温与头体长及体重均无显著相关性,与环境温度呈线性正相关,比环境温度高(0.89±0.16)℃;捷蜥蜴体温与环境温度的线性回归方程y=kx+b与y=x两条直线相交,当环境温度高于交点温度时,捷蜥蜴的体温低于环境温度,当环境温度低于交点温度时,捷蜥蜴的体温高于环境温度;幼体的生理体温调节能力较强,而雌性的生理体温调节能力较弱。尽管揭示了捷蜥蜴体温的日变化规律和同环境温度的关系,但捷蜥蜴体温的生理调节和行为调节之间的相互关系有待于进一步研究。     

根田鼠的活动代谢率

在１５～３０℃温度范围内,运用踏车呼吸室以５ｍ／ｍｉｎ,１０ｍ／ｍｉｎ和１５ｍ／ｍｉｎ的运动速度,对栖息于青海高原的根田鼠的代谢率、体温、蒸发失水进行了测定,并计算了每个温度和运动速度时的热传导率。根田鼠的体温在任一速度时,随环境温度的增加而增加,当环境温度一定时,体温随运动强度而升高,代谢率随运动速度增加而增加。活动产热在低温条件下,可能是对寒冷产热的替代,而在比较缓和的温度时,可能是对冷诱导产热的附加。温度一定时,蒸发失水随运动速度增加而增加,热传导也呈相似的变化趋势（１５℃除外）。热传导在任一运动速度下,随环境温度增加而增加。结果表明蒸发散热在高温或活动期间对根田鼠的体温调节有不可替代的作用。     

Effects of long-term captivity on thermoregulation,metabolism and ventilation of the southern brown bandicoot (Marsupialia: Peramelidae)

Thermoneutral metabolic and ventilatory parameters were measured every 3 months over 2 years for southern brown bandicoots held in captivity, and from a nearby reserve. Captive bandicoots were 130 g (9.9%) heavier than wild bandicoots. Long-term captivity had no effect on body temperature, basal metabolic rate (oxygen consumption), thermal conductance or respiratory ventilation, but there was an effect on carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio and total evaporative water loss (values were between 15 and 25% higher for captive than for wild bandicoots). Diet may be influencing these aspects of captive bandicoot physiology; the diet of captive bandicoots would be considerably different to that of wild bandicoots. Water availability seems to have a minimal effect. This study has important implications regarding physiological measurement for captive and wild mammals. For bandicoots at least, captive animals are equivalent to wild animals for some physiological parameters at thermoneutrality (body temperature, resting metabolic rate and thermal conductance), but not others.     

Active and resting metabolism in birds: allometry, phylogeny and ecology

Variation in resting metabolic rate is strongly correlated with differences in body weight among birds. The lowest taxonomic level at which most of the variance in resting metabolic rate and body weight is evident for the sample is among families within orders. The allometric exponent across family points is 0.67. This exponent accords with the surface area interpretation of metabolic scaling based on considerations of heat loss. Deviations of family points from this allometric line are used to examine how resting metabolic rates differ among taxa, and whether variation in resting metabolic rate is correlated with broad differences in ecology and behaviour. Despite the strong correlation between resting metabolic rate and body weight, there is evidence for adaptive departures from the allometric line, and possible selective forces are discussed.
The allometric scaling of active metabolic rate is compared with that of resting metabolic rate. The allometric exponents for the two levels of energy expenditure differ, demonstrating that active small-bodied birds require proportionately more energy per unit time above resting levels than do active large-bodied birds. No consistent evidence was found to indicate that the different methods used to estimate active metabolic rate result in systematic bias. Birds require more energy relative to body size when undertaking breeding activities than at other stages of the annual cycle.     

Energetics of foraging and locomotion in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus

We measured the energy requirements of platypuses foraging, diving and resting in a swim tank using flow-through respirometry. Also, walking metabolic rates were obtained from platypuses walking on a conventional treadmill. Energy requirements while foraging were found to depend on water temperature, body weight and dive duration and averaged 8.48 W kg(-1). Rates for subsurface swimming averaged 6.71 W kg(-1). Minimal cost of transport for subsurface swimming platypuses was 1.85 J N(-1)m(-1) at a speed of 0.4 m s(-1). Aerobic dive limit of the platypus amounted to 59 s. Metabolic rate of platypuses resting on the water surface was minimal with 3.91 W kg(-1) while minimal RMR on land was 2.08 W kg(-1). The metabolic rate for walking was 8.80 W kg(-1) and 10.56 W kg(-1) at speeds of 0.2 m s(-1) and 0.3 m s(-1), respectively. A formula was derived, which allows prediction of power requirements of platypuses in the wild from measurements of body weight, dive duration and water temperature. Platypuses were found to expend energy at only half the rate of semiaquatic eutherians of comparable body sizes during both walking and diving. However, costs of transport at optimal speed were in line with findings for eutherians. These patterns suggest that underwater locomotion of semiaquatic mammals have converged on very similar efficiencies despite differences in phylogeny and locomotor mode.     

Seasonal acclimatization in metabolic rate of the fan-fingered gecko,Ptyodactylus hasselquistii (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)

The resting metabolic rate of the fan-fingered gecko Ptyodactylus hasselquistii of various body masses was determined in relation to ambient temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C during winter and summer acclimatization. Oxygen consumption (ml g⁻¹ h⁻¹) decreased with increasing mass at each temperature. The intraspecific exponents of body mass in relation to metabolic rate ranged from 0.62 to 0.79. Winter-acclimatized geckos had significantly lower metabolic rates than summer-acclimatized geckos at different temperatures, especially at low temperature (20°C). The pattern of acclimatization exhibited by P. hasselquistii may conserve energy during inactivity in winter and make activity more easily achieved during active seasons.     

Gene or Size: Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature in Obese Growth Hormone‐Deficient Dwarf Mice

Objective: SMA1 mice carry a missense mutation in the growth hormone gene that leads to semidominant dwarfism and obesity. In this study, the basic thermal and metabolic properties of SMA1 mice were examined to detect metabolic alterations that can support the accretion of excess fat. Research Methods and Procedures: Basal and resting metabolic rates (RMRs) in wild‐type and SMA1 (sma1/+ and sma1/sma1) mice were determined by indirect calorimetry. Body temperature (T_b) was recorded using intraperitoneally implanted temperature‐sensitive transmitters, and body composition was determined by DXA. Results: SMA1 mice have proportionally lower basal and resting metabolic rates, higher body mass (BM)‐specific RMRs, and a higher lower critical temperature, and display a decrease in T_b by 0.4 °C in sma1/+ and 0.9 °C in sma1/sma1. Discussion: The analysis of gene effects on BM and energy expenditure in mouse mutants must consider the appropriate allometric relationship between BM and metabolic rate. With the exception of T_b, all metabolic alterations observed in SMA1 reflect reduced size.     

An experimental test of the thermoregulatory hypothesis for the evolution of endothermy

The thermoregulatory hypothesis proposes that endothermy in mammals and birds evolved as a thermoregulatory mechanism per se and that natural selection operated directly to increase body temperature and thermal stability through increments in resting metabolic rate. We experimentally tested this hypothesis by measuring the thermoregulatory consequences of increased metabolic rate in resting lizards (Varanus exanthematicus). A large metabolic increment was induced by feeding the animals and consequent changes in metabolic rate and body temperature were monitored. Although metabolic rate tripled at 32 degrees C and quadrupled at 35 degrees C, body temperature rose only about 0.5 degrees C. The rate of decline of body temperature in a colder environment did not decrease as metabolic rate increased. Thus, increasing the visceral metabolic rate of this ectothermic lizard established neither consequential endothermy nor homeothermy. These results are inconsistent with a thermoregulatory explanation for the evolution of endothermy.     

Inter-sexual differences in resting metabolic rates in the Texas tarantula, Aphonopelma anax

Intra-specific variation in life history and mating strategies can lead to differences in energy allocation and expenditure in males and females. This may, in turn, explain large-scale evolutionary patterns. In this study, I investigated the effects of body mass, temperature and sex on resting metabolic rates (RMRs) in sexually mature male and female tarantulas (Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin)), a species that exhibits extreme inter-sexual differences in life history after reaching sexual maturity. RMRs were measured as rates of CO(2) production in an open-flow respirometry system at 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C. These temperatures are typical to what this species experiences under natural conditions. In addition, a respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.92 was calculated from rates of CO(2) production and O(2) consumption in a closed, constant-volume respirometry system. As expected, RMRs increased with increasing temperature and body mass. However, after adjusting for the influence of body mass, males had substantially higher metabolic rates than females at each temperature. This higher metabolic rate is proposed as an adaptive strategy to support higher energetic demands for males during their active, locomotory search for females during the mating season.     

冷驯化对中缅树鼩产热能力的影响

在 ( 5± 1)℃条件下对中缅树 (Tupaiabelangeri)进行低温胁迫处理 ( 0～ 2 8d) ,测定其冷驯化过程中的静止代谢率 (RMR)、非颤抖性产热 (NSTmax)、冷诱导最大产热 (CIRMR)、体重、体温等生理指标 ,探讨低温对中缅树产热能力的影响。结果表明 :①冷驯化期间中缅树体重增加 ,体温降低 ,产热能力显著增强 ;②在冷驯化过程中 ,增加RMR和CIRMR是中缅树抵抗低温胁迫的主要产热模式。     

Radiant heat affects thermoregulation and energy expenditure during rewarming from torpor

The high expenditure of energy required for endogenous rewarming is one of the widely perceived disadvantages of torpor. However, recent evidence demonstrates that passive rewarming either by the increase of ambient temperature or by basking in the sun appears to be common in heterothermic birds and mammals. As it is presently unknown how radiant heat affects energy expenditure during rewarming from torpor and little is known about how it affects normothermic thermoregulation, we quantified the effects of radiant heat on body temperature and metabolic rate of the small (body mass 25 g) marsupial Sminthopsis macroura in the laboratory. Normothermic resting individuals exposed to radiant heat were able to maintain metabolic rates near basal levels (at 0.91 ml O(2) g(-1) h(-1)) and a constant body temperature down to an ambient temperature of 12 degrees C. In contrast, metabolic rates of individuals without access to radiant heat were 4.5-times higher at an ambient temperature of 12 degrees C and body temperature fell with ambient temperature. During radiant heat-assisted passive rewarming from torpor, animals did not employ shivering but appeared to maximise uptake of radiant heat. Their metabolic rate increased only 3.2-times with a 15- degrees C rise of body temperature (Q(10)=2.2), as predicted by Q(10) effects. In contrast, during active rewarming shivering was intensive and metabolic rates showed an 11.6-times increase. Although body temperature showed a similar absolute change between the beginning and the end of the rewarming process, the overall energetic cost during active rewarming was 6.3-times greater than that during passive, radiant heat-assisted rewarming. Our study demonstrates that energetic models assuming active rewarming from torpor at low ambient temperatures can substantially over-estimate energetic costs. The low energy expenditure during passive arousal provides an alternative explanation as to why daily torpor is common in sunny regions and suggests that the prevalence of torpor in low latitudes may have been under-estimated in the past.     

Incubation temperature affects growth and energy metabolism in blue tit nestlings

Because the maintenance of proper developmental temperatures during avian incubation is costly to parents, embryos of many species experience pronounced variation in incubation temperature. However, the effects of such temperature variation on nestling development remain relatively unexplored. To investigate this, we artificially incubated wild blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus L.) clutches at 35.0°, 36.5°, or 38.0°C for two-thirds of the incubation period. We returned clutches to their original nests before hatching and subsequently recorded nestling growth and resting metabolic rate. The length of the incubation period decreased with temperature, whereas hatching success increased. Nestlings from the lowest incubation temperature group had shorter tarsus lengths at 2 weeks of age, but body mass and wing length were not affected by temperature. In addition, nestlings from the lowest temperature group had a significantly higher resting metabolic rate compared with mid- and high-temperature nestlings, which may partly explain observed size differences between the groups. These findings suggest that nest microclimate can influence nestling phenotype, but whether observed differences carry over to later life-history stages remains unknown.