可持续生计目标下的生态旅游发展模式——以河北白洋淀湿地自然保护区王家寨社区为例

由于"保护自然"和"社区受益"两大特征,生态旅游常作为缓解保护区与社区居民生计之间矛盾与冲突的手段和工具,它的作用体现于:1)能够为当地社区提供一种更具可持续性的生计方式;2)鼓励社区居民更直接的参与到保护区自然资源和环境的保护中去。基于可持续生计框架,建立了当生态旅游作为生计策略时,生计结果和生计资本的评价指标体系。以河北白洋淀湿地自然保护区王家寨社区作为调查对象,从农户角度入手,通过问卷调查结合访问的方法,一方面针对已将旅游作为生计策略的社区农户进行生计结果的评估,得出结论:在各利益相关者间收入分配的合理性、社区各项设施和服务质量的改善,以及对居民的环境教育方面,白洋淀旅游均未发挥其应有的作用;另一方面针对社区中生计策略未涉及旅游成分的农户进行生计资本的评估,发现在金融资本、人力资本、社会资本三方面存量不足,因此限制了对旅游发展的参与。     

广东珠海荷包岛生态旅游资源分析及规划

在对广东省珠海市荷包岛的生态环境资源和社会人文资源进行详细调查的基础上,分析了其生态旅游资源特色和旅游环境承载力,认为淡水资源是荷包岛开展生态旅游的限制因子. 同时依据在生态旅游规划中的生态保护、社区参与和因地制宜的原则将荷包岛划分成西部(大脑山)生态保护区、中部生态旅游利用区和东部旅游开发保留区等3个功能区.并对岛上的旅游线路、旅游活动和相关旅游设施建设等进行了初步设计.     

国外生态旅游对当地社区生计的影响研究综述

生态旅游因具备实现生物多样性保护和减轻贫困双重目标的潜力,成为全球学术界关注的焦点。鉴于生态旅游在影响社区生计方面的研究争议,论文综览国外大量相关文献,在界定生态旅游内涵的基础上,从经济影响、社区参与、能力建设、社会文化和公共设施4个方面系统梳理国外生态旅游对目的地社区生计的影响。研究发现旅游发展对目的地生计的影响存在不确定性,社区资源控制权、旅游收益规模、地方介入旅游产业供应链能力、自身能力、旅游管理等因素对旅游扶贫效应起着关键性作用。最后,对当前研究展开评述并对未来研究提出三点展望,以期为中国未来生态旅游影响研究和生态旅游开发提供借鉴和指导。     

湿地生态旅游研究进展

湿地富有生物多样性和文化多样性,具有较高的旅游价值、环境教育功能及社区参与功能,湿地生态旅游体现了旅游经济与湿地保护的可持续协调发展,目前已引起国内外政府和学者的普遍关注. 本文对国内外相关研究理论和实践进行了总结,对湿地生态旅游的研究意义、进程、内容、方法和结果等进行了综述,并对湿地生态旅游研究进行了展望,以期推动湿地生态旅游研究的发展,为湿地及相关旅游区的资源开发、环境保护和科学管理提供参考.     

四川唐家河国家级自然保护区生态旅游发展战略研究

本文根据对唐家河国家级自然保护区及其周边社区的实地调查和走访,筛选出极高遇见率的森林食草类和雉类以及面积最大、集中成片的野生紫荆花林（Cercis chinensis Bge.）等两大生态旅游资源特色,分析了生态旅游利益相关者的需求,提出了生态保护优先、环境教育、游客容量动态控制、引导和培育生态旅游目标市场、促进经济社会科学和可持续发展等唐家河自然保护区发展生态旅游的五个原则和“牛羚山岗、紫荆花谷、自然殿堂、休闲胜地-牛羚（Budorcus taxicolor）等珍稀野生动植物生态旅游目的地”的生态旅游主题定位,以及分区管理和利用、生态旅游产品价格和营销、游客环境教育、游客影响监测、游客数量动态控制、生态旅游管理和经营等战略。     

国内外生态旅游研究的问题及进展

从生态旅游的概念和内涵入手,介绍了国内外生态旅游研究的主要问题和进展,包括自然区保护、区域经济发展、政府组织和非政府组织的作用、主办社区、旅游业和游客等6个方面。针对国内生态旅游研究中存在问题,从方法、广度、深度和层次4个角度,提出国内生态旅游研究的具体思路和方向。     

浅谈国际观鸟旅游

<正>"生态旅游"的概念最早由世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)特别顾问海特尔(Hetor)于1983年首先提出。1984年4月,在《美国鸟类》的旅游广告中首次以书面的形式使用了生态旅游一词。其原意是指在强调教育目的的基础上到那些相对受到较少干扰和污染的区域进行自然旅行。     

云南碧塔海自然保护区科考旅游科学内涵探析

21世纪,生态旅游成为世界旅游发展的潮流,国内外自然保护区或自然遗产地依据独特的自然景观优势而成为生态旅游的主要对象.科考旅游是生态旅游的重要组成部分,是一种高品位的生态旅游活动[1],是自然保护区的重要功能之一.根据自然保护区的自然生态环境状况和景观资源类型,能否充分挖掘旅游地的科学文化内涵,满足游客探索大自然奥秘的好奇心,往往决定着生态旅游开发的成效[2].     

自然旅游地居民自然保护态度的影响因素——中国九寨沟和英国新森林国家公园的比较

居民的自然保护态度对自然旅游地的自然保护与旅游可持续发展至关重要,自然旅游地居民自然保护态度的影响因子及影响方式,已经成为自然旅游地管理的重要内容,但相关研究薄弱。以中国九寨沟和英国新森林国家公园(New Forest National Park,NF)为例,根据实地问卷调查数据,从两地居民的人口属性、旅游环保期望、旅游环境影响感知及旅游环境伦理观与其自然保护态度关系的角度,进行定量比较研究。研究发现:(1)两地居民的自然保护态度受不同因子的影响,存在明显的中外差异;(2)人口属性特征如性别、年龄、居住年限、教育水平及旅游业参与情况对新森林国家公园社区居民的自然保护态度没有影响;但性别、旅游业参与情况却影响九寨沟居民的自然保护态度,女性及旅游业参与者更支持对九寨沟进行自然保护;(3)新森林国家公园居民的自然保护态度受其旅游环保期望及旅游环境伦理观的影响:旅游环保期望较高、持保护主义环境伦理观的新森林国家公园居民,更有可能支持对新森林国家公园进行自然保护;(4)九寨沟居民的自然保护态度不受其旅游环保期望及旅游环境伦理的影响,但受其旅游环境影响感知的影响;居民的旅游环境影响感知越消极,越支持对九寨沟进行自然保护。     

全域旅游发展背景下旅游用地概念及分类——社会生态系统视角

随着全域旅游的实施,旅游用地的内涵和外延在不断拓展,旅游用地的综合性、复合性、多效益性以及空间分布的叠加性日益增强。传统的旅游用地概念内涵不清,分类支离破碎,过分强调功能,缺乏系统时空结构的阐述,导致旅游用地规划难以与其他规划相协调,资源可持续利用和区域整合发展受阻,旅游用地概念和分类面临严峻挑战。在分析旅游用地概念及分类现状,探讨存在的弊端和问题的基础上,基于旅游用地社会生态系统时空结构分析对全域旅游背景下旅游用地进行了概念界定和分类。设旅游用地为一级类,下设资源系统用地、用户系统用地、基底系统用地、相互联系用地4个二级类,资源管理用地等20个三级类用地和地文景观用地等53个四级类。并对全域旅游背景下旅游用地的概念及分类进行了讨论,认为:社会生态系统理念涵盖了全域旅游的全部内涵,重视系统的层级、结构、功能、演进和相互联系,利于构建不同时空阶段的旅游用地类型的用地结构标准,促进旅游用地的规范化、分类化管理,旅游用地的时序化和动态化预测和引导;重视生态功能和社会效益,有利于旅游用地生态环境质量和综合效益的提升;涵盖核心景区及外围要素,有利于解决景区与社区的矛盾,促进全域旅游的开展和区域可持续发展;强调旅游用地的复合性、综合性,有利于旅游规划与其他规划的融合。     

生态旅游观的发展及其应用

综述了生态旅游观的发展及其应用。分析不同的生态旅游观及其对社会环境的正面和负面效应。探讨生态旅游的深刻内涵,强调生态旅游应从概念化向观念化转变,说明正确的生态旅游观对生态旅游开发者和管理者的意义。     

In pursuit of ecotourism

Ecotourism is expected, by the tourism industry and academics, to grow rapidly over the next 20 years. Much has been written about ecotourism, often with missionary zeal, but there is little consensus about its definition. It is argued here that conservationists and protected area managers should adopt a definition of ecotourism which contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity and an appropriate definition is suggested.Ecotourism is not merely an alternative to mass tourism, nor is it the only alternative. The literature on nature tourism and the environmental impacts of the industry dates back to the late 1970s. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and it has an increasing impact on protected areas. Our understanding of these mechanisms, their ecological impacts and our capacity to manage tourism in protected areas lags behind the growth of tourism to protected areas.A rapid growth in nature tourism and tourism to protected areas has coincided with a shift in protected area management strategies towards integrated development. Tourism is one means available to protected area managers seeking to increase the economic value of a protected area and to offer sustainable opportunities for economic development to local people.This paper argues that potentially conflicting commercial, protected area and development interests all contribute to the emergence of ecotourism and have been doing so for many years. Ecotourism needs to be tightly defined if it is to benefit conservation. Protected area managers should consider how they can take control of nature tourism to the parks they manage and convert it into ecotourism for the benefit of conservation and the livelihoods of local people.     

The logical basis of phylogenetic taxonomy

Phylogenetic taxonomy, like modern Linnean taxonomy, was modeled on a phylogenetic tree rather than a cladogram and, like its predecessor, perpetuates the use of morphology as a means of recognizing clades. Both practices have generated confusion in graphical representation, operational terminology, and definitional rationale in phylogenetic taxonomy, the history of which is traced. The following points are made: (1) cladograms, rather than trees or hybrid cladogram-trees, provide the framework for the simplest graphical depiction of phylogenetic definitions; (2) a complete notational scheme for phylogenetic definitions is presented that distinguishes symbolic notation from shorthand and longhand versions; (3) phylogenetic definitions are composed of three components (paradigm, specifier, qualifier) arranged in two fundamental patterns-node and stem; (4) apomorphies do not constitute a fundamental definitional pattern but rather serve to qualify a stem-based definition (as do time and geographic range); (5) formulation of phylogenetic definitions involves three heuristic criteria (stability, simplicity, prior use); (6) reasoned definitional revision is encouraged and better defined (textual substitution, first-and second-order revision); and (7) a database, TaxonSearch, allows rapid recall of taxonomic and definitional information.     

世界生态旅游区划

生态旅游区划是揭示全球尺度生态旅游资源与生态旅游业空间布局的重要手段,有助于从整体上把握世界生态旅游的发展。本文在探讨生态旅游区划定义与理论依据的基础上,提出生态旅游区划的理论基础是地域分异规律与生态学原理,并根据全局谋划、综合分析、主导因索、与行政区协调、兼顾自然区划等原则。将世界生态旅游地域系统划分为6个生态旅游洲、29个生态旅游大区、71个生态旅游区以及若干生态旅游地。文章还对各洲的生态旅游特点进行了阐述。     

Evaluating ecotourism in natural protected areas of La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, México: ecotourism or nature-based tourism?

In natural protected areas, ecotourism could provide the impetus andeconomic investment for improved conservation of species and habitats. However,few studies have attempted to characterise sustainable ecotourism and positiveexamples of ecotourism are still rare. This study conducted a series ofinterviews at the local, regional, and national level in order to identifygeneral feeling and concerns of government and non-government institutions withrespect to ecotourism. Questionnaires were used to assess the extent offulfillment of ecotourism principles by tour operators in protected areas of LaPaz Bay. Government and non-government institutions interviewed expectedecotourism to be a means for regional development, a conservation strategy andcompatible with conservation activities. Ecotourism operators surveyed were morelikely to be considered ecotourism ventures, reaching on average 10 indicators( 3, n = 14), and were found to be providing, insome way, benefits to the conservation of the area. Current ecotourismactivities may provide benefits for conservation, but are not comparable to thecosts involved in the conservation of the protected areas concerned. Hence,current ecotourism activities have not met the expectations of the protectedarea managers. The role that ecotourism can play as a conservation strategydepends on the strategies designed by protected area managers to take touroperators to share the costs and benefits of environmental services.     

自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物的影响

目前中国的很多自然保护区开展了生态旅游,但这类活动对野生动物的影响研究却十分薄弱,因此十分有必要在介绍欧美、澳洲学者的研究进展基础上,针对我国的研究现状,提出该领域的研究方向、监测和管理策略.自然保护区的生态旅游活动主要有野生动物观赏、徒步行走、摄影、野外宿营、山地车或雪地车、电动或机动艇游湖、溪涧漂流、环境教育、社区访问等,旅游活动类型、范围、强度、时空分布等是影响对野生动物干扰大小的主要因素.生态旅游对野生动物的影响包括直接影响(个体的行为反应和生理指标改变、繁殖力降低、种群分布和物种组成的改变等)和间接影响(生境破坏、外来种散布和环境污染等).国外生态旅游对鸟类的影响研究较多,主要集中鸟类的惊飞反应、取食、能量消耗、繁殖等方面;对兽类影响的研究主要集中在行为、生理指标改变、种群数量等方面.我国未来的研究应注重收集基础性研究数据和深入探讨一些理论与应用问题,要运用多种技术手段对自然保护区野生动物的行为、生理、种群动态、物种多样性、生境质量、游客的时空分布、态度和行为等进行长期监测,而后将其结果应用到野生动物、生境以及游客的管理决策中去.另外,研究中应重视自然科学和社会科学的多学科交叉融合.     

The Market Triumph of Ecotourism: An Economic Investigation of the Private and Social Benefits of Competing Land Uses in the Peruvian Amazon

Annual revenue flow to developing countries for ecotourism (or nature-based tourism) could be as large as US$ 210×10¹², providing an enormous financial incentive against habitat loss and exploitation. However, is ecotourism the most privately and/or socially valuable use of rainforest land? The question is rarely answered because the relevant data, estimates of profits and fixed costs, are rarely available. We present a social cost-benefit analysis of land use in an ecotourism cluster in the Tambopata region of Amazonian Peru. The net present value of ecotourism-controlled land is given by the producer surplus (profits plus fixed costs of ecotourism lodges): US$ 1,158 ha⁻¹, which is higher than all currently practiced alternatives, including unsustainable logging, ranching, and agriculture. To our knowledge, this is the first sector-wide study of profitability and producer surplus in a developing-country ecotourism sector and the first to compare against equivalent measures for a spectrum of alternative uses. We also find that ecotourism-controlled land sequesters between 5.3 to 8.7 million tons of above-ground carbon, which is equivalent to between 3000–5000 years of carbon emissions from the domestic component of air and surface travel between the gateway city of Cusco and the lodges, at 2005 emission rates. Ecotourism in Tambopata has successfully monetized the hedonic value of wild nature in Amazonian Peru, and justifies the maintenance of intact rainforest over all alternative uses on narrow economic grounds alone.     

生态旅游发展的成功要素分析--对国内外25个生态旅游发展案例的定量研究

生态旅游发展的5个成功要素包括：1)一体化发展;2)规划与循序渐进的发展;3)教育与培训;4)当地利益最大化;5)评价与反馈等。遴选国内外较为成功的25个生态旅游发展案例,定量分析这些案例的5个成功要素及24个发展战略,帮助认清目前生态旅游发展中存在的问题,如生态旅游发展未与当地的社会、经济、文化及环境发展一体化;缺乏较为完善的生态旅游规划与管理方案;缺乏有效的与生态旅游成功发展相关的教育与培训机制、方案、纲要;没有充分重视当地居民的利益;缺乏有效的生态旅游效应评价与信息反馈机制。     

Definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy: critique and rationale

A general rationale for the formulation and placement of taxonomic definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy is proposed, and commonly used terms such as "crown taxon" or "node-based definition" are more precisely defined. In the formulation of phylogenetic definitions, nested reference taxa stabilize taxonomic content. A definitional configuration termed a node-stem triplet also stabilizes the relationship between the trio of taxa at a branchpoint, in the face of local change in phylogenetic relationships or addition/deletion of taxa. Crown-total taxonomies use survivorship as a criterion for placement of node-stem triplets within a taxonomic hierarchy. Diversity, morphology, and tradition also constitute heuristic criteria for placement of node-stem triplets.