果实类蔬菜套袋技术效果评价

田间系统研究了不同袋型的套袋效果及不同果实类蔬菜最佳套袋的时期。室内测定分析了套袋果实蔬菜的营养物含量及农药残留量。结果表明：黄瓜、番茄、西葫芦、茄子套膜袋均有显著的增产效果,分别为16．4％、11．6％、10．1％、13．7％。套纸袋除番茄外亦均有明显增产效果。套膜袋VC含量增加22．0％～152．9％。畸形瓜(果)降低11．5％～32．3％,袋体有效阻隔了化学农药对果实类蔬菜直接接触污染。套膜袋黄瓜、番茄、茄子、西葫芦中农药残留量分别降低83．3％、84．5％、79．7％、85．7％,套纸袋依次降低73．2％、79．9％、70．9％、83．1％。套袋栽培协调了病虫防治与绿色食品蔬菜生产的矛盾。     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

猕猴桃套袋技术的生态效应

提出了猕猴桃套袋技术,并在田间系统研究了套袋对猕猴桃生长发育、温湿度效应及对病虫的控制效果,室内测定分析了套袋猕猴桃的营养物含量及农药残留量。结果表明,袋型不同,其生态效应差异明显,套膜袋能显著改变温湿度条件,袋内温度升高0．7～0．9℃,相对湿度增大10．8％～11．8％．果重增加25．7％～37．7％,商品果率提高20．4％～30．1％,病虫危害率降低87．5％～90．2％,贮藏性能好,化学农药使用量减少72．2％,果实中农药残留量仅为0．31mg·kg^-1,降低90．5％,减轻了化学农药对生态环境及猕猴桃果实的污染,为绿色果品的生产开辟了新途径,具有广阔的推广应用前景,套纸袋负效应明显,果色发黄,品质差,不宜推广应用。     

不同材质果袋春夏季节套袋对黄瓜果实发育和品质的影响

以“冬冠3号”黄瓜品种为试材，于春夏生长季节（4—7月份）在日光温室中研究了白膜袋、鲜膜袋、白纸袋和黄纸袋4种套袋处理对黄瓜果实微环境、果实生长发育和营养品质及农药残留的影响。结果表明：不论晴天还是阴天，所有套袋处理的袋内光照强度降低，相对湿度增大，温度提高；白纸袋增温效果最好，鲜膜袋内相对湿度最高，黄纸袋内光照最弱。单株单瓜套袋和单株果实连续套袋试验均表明，套袋后果实鲜重增长加快，瓜长度增加，瓜皮色显著变浅。连续套袋后，单瓜重普遍提高，大头瓜率降低，但化瓜率、弯瓜率和尖头瓜率增加；游离氨基酸含量提高；维生素C含量无显著变化；叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量普遍降低；可溶性蛋白质含量白纸袋和鲜膜袋的提高，黄纸袋和白膜袋的降低，但与CK间的差异均未达到5％显著水平。套袋可有效降低果实中氧化乐果的残留量，其中黄纸袋效果最好，其次为鲜膜袋、白膜袋和白纸袋。综合考虑各指标，认为春夏季节黄瓜果实套袋栽培应优先选用白纸袋，鲜膜袋和白膜袋不适宜在该季节使用。     

套袋对油梨果实生长发育及品质动态变化的影响

以‘Pollock’油梨为试验材料,在第2次生理落果后采用无纺布袋、白纸袋、牛皮纸袋3种套袋材料对果实进行套袋处理,并定期测定油梨的果实色泽参数、果形指数、果皮色素含量以及果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪和可溶性蛋白质含量等内外品质指标的变化,探讨不同套袋材料对油梨果实生长发育过程中外观品质和内在品质的影响,为油梨高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)3种套袋材料均能显著促进油梨果实的生长,显著提升成熟果实的单果重,但对果实生长发育趋势及成熟期无显著影响。(2)无纺布套袋可显著提升油梨果实的果形指数,其余2种套袋材料效果不显著;牛皮纸袋套袋虽能显著增大果实亮度,但会使果皮变黄;白纸袋和无纺布袋可提升果实亮度,但与对照无显著差异。(3)无纺布袋和白纸袋套袋处理可显著提高油梨果皮类胡萝卜素、叶绿素及果肉可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪、可溶性蛋白质含量;牛皮纸袋套袋也可显著提高油梨果肉可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、脂肪及可溶性蛋白质含量,但也显著降低了果皮叶绿素含量和果肉Vc含量,并抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的合成积累。(4)各套袋材料还可改变油梨果皮厚度,其中牛皮纸袋可显著提高果皮厚度,无纺布袋和白纸袋则降低果皮厚度,但各材料对果肉密度均无显著性影响。(5)隶属函数法综合分析显示,各套袋处理中以无纺布袋套袋效果最佳,白纸袋次之。研究发现,3种套袋材料均可显著促进油梨果实的生长发育,改善油梨果实的外观品质及内在品质,并且以无纺布套袋综合效果最佳。     

套袋对凤梨释迦袋内温光环境和果实品质的影响

探讨凤梨释迦Annona×atemoya套袋果实发育过程中不同类型果袋袋内温度、光参数变化,以及果袋类型对果实品质的影响。结果表明,不同类型果袋内温光环境差异大,果袋类型对果实外观及固形物含量存在显著影响。内黑外黄单层袋不透光,夜间袋温较高,果实固形物含量高于白色袋及半边透明白色袋,但果色较差,呈黄白色。白色袋具有一定透光性,白天袋内温度高于内黑外黄单层袋,果实呈浅绿色,果色较好。半边透明白色袋,袋内光强最大,其果实颜色、固形物含量与白色袋未见明显差异。不同类型果袋对果实大小,单果重,以及果柄的长度和粗度均未见显著影响。     

果袋类型对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响

以‘紫金红霞’葡萄为试验材料,在果实转色前分别进行5种不同类型果袋(白色纸袋、无纺布 白纸双层袋、绿色纸袋、蓝色纸袋、棕色纸袋)套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,测定不同发育时期葡萄果实的单果重、果粒纵横径、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸,及总花色苷含量等生理指标,并利用qRT PCR技术分析不同发育时期花色苷合成相关基因的表达水平,探索不同类型果袋对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质、花色苷含量及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响。结果表明：(1)白色、蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可溶性固形物含量的升高,蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可滴定酸含量的降低。(2)套袋处理会使果实色泽指数显著降低,除无纺布 白纸双层袋未显著降低成熟期果皮中花色苷含量外,其他套袋处理均显著降低了果皮中总花色苷含量。(3)套袋处理对6个花色苷合成相关基因的表达主要表现为抑制作用,但无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期F3′H和UFGT基因的表达、白色纸袋对成熟期MYBA1、DFR和LDOX基因的表达则具有促进作用。研究发现,无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期果实的内在品质和果皮着色影响最小,可用于‘紫金红霞’果实套袋,其次为白色和绿色纸袋;蓝色和棕色纸袋可使葡萄果实的品质大幅降低,故不可用于实际生产中葡萄果实的套袋。     

套袋对越冬番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

以‘L402’番茄为试材,研究了不同材质果袋内微环境变化规律及其对果实膨大与品质的影响.结果表明：套袋可改变番茄果实发育的微环境,促进果实发育,使果实提早成熟,增加单果质量.硫酸纸袋内光照、湿度介于塑料袋与无纺布袋之间,除上午温度低于塑料袋外,下午及夜间的温度均较高,其收获时单果质量较对照增加了15.34%.但套袋果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量和糖酸比值均低于对照,说明套袋影响了果实营养品质,降低了果实风味.由于套袋阻隔了果实与农药的直接接触,除无纺布袋内果实毒死蜱含量高于对照外,硫酸纸袋及塑料袋处理的番茄果实毒死蜱残留量及高效氯氰菊酯残留量均显著低于对照.     

几种化学试剂及套袋对红肉脐橙果实品质的影响

在红肉脐橙成年树幼果期喷布NaCl、MnSO4、NaH2PO4和GA3处理,于第2次生理落果基本结束后对果实套袋。结果表明,①外观品质:GA3处理提高了果形指数,套袋后并于果实着色前拆袋或不拆袋均极显著提高了果皮的亮度和黄色度,但套袋后不拆袋也极显著降低了果皮红色度和单果重;②内在品质:NaH2PO4处理虽显著提高了可溶性固形物含量,但其和GA3处理均提高了果实酸含量并降低了糖酸比;套袋并拆袋和MnSO4处理极显著提高了可溶性总糖含量;套袋并拆袋和NaH2PO4处理还显著提高了果实VitC含量。因此,MnSO4处理和套袋并于果实着色前拆袋有利于红肉脐橙果实综合品质的提高。     

套袋对纽荷尔脐橙果实品质的影响

以纽荷尔脐橙为试材,设不同纸袋类型和拆袋时间进行套袋处理,果实成熟采收后进行品质分析。结果表明,纽荷尔脐橙适合套双层纸袋,最佳拆袋时间为采前一个月。套袋可提高果实亮度及黄色度,降低红色度,单果重有减少的倾向,果皮厚无显著差异;果实总糖与可溶性固形物含量变化不明显,总酸含量降低,糖酸比上升。综合分析表明,套袋可提高纽荷尔脐橙果实品质。     

不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果皮色泽形成的影响

研究了不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果实着色的影响,比较了不同套袋处理下果皮外观着色、叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚、花色素苷含量以及花色素苷合成相关酶活性的差异.结果表明: 发育期的黑暗处理有利于解袋后梨果皮着色;不同套袋处理中,采前解袋自然光照射下梨果皮中花色素苷含量最高,着色最好,白色纸袋次之.不同套袋处理显著影响果皮中叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚和花色素苷含量,从而影响梨果皮的外观色泽.不同套袋处理的花色素苷合成酶活性差异显著;相关性分析表明,果皮中花色素苷含量与二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(DFR)和类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性呈显著正相关,而与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性相关性不显著.     

Efficacy of a physical method for control of direct pests of apples and peaches

Two studies were conducted to test the feasibility and efficacy of using physical barriers (Maggot Barrier^® nylon mesh bags) for control of three internal pests of tree fruit (codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)) and peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller)) and three groups of external direct pests (stink bugs (Pentatomidae), plant bugs (Miridae) and birds). Two types of Maggot Barrier^® were tested (regular and heavy duty), and two methods of securing the bags: knotting the bag on itself (‘self‐ties’) and using plastic‐coated wire ‘twist‐ties’. Bags were applied to eight cultivars of both apples and peaches, selected to give a range of maturity dates. Apples were bagged when fruit was approximately 27 mm in diameter, and peaches when the fruit was approximately 36 mm in diameter. Unbagged fruits served as controls. On apples, bagging had no effect on damage due to birds, stink bugs or apple maggot (which was present only in very low numbers), but reduced codling moth damage by 20–25% compared with unbagged controls; there were no significant differences due to bag type or tie type. In apples, a significantly higher proportion of the heavy duty bags were reusable after harvest, but on peaches, which were bagged for a shorter time, there was no difference between bag types in this respect. Bagging significantly reduced the percentage of peach fruits damaged by twig borer, birds and stink bugs, but increased the percentage of fruit with skin marks; there were no significant differences between bag or tie types. In peaches, there were significant effects on the time taken to apply bags due to both tying method and differences between individual operators. Cultivar affected pest‐related damage in both fruit types, underlining the importance of appropriate cultivar choice in pest management, particularly for organic growers and home gardeners.     

Hot-water immersion quarantine treatment against Mediterranean fruit fly and Oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) eggs and larvae in litchi and longan fruit exported from Hawaii

Immersion of litchi fruit in 49 degrees C water for 20 min followed by hydrocooling in ambient (24 +/- 4 degrees C) temperature water for 20 min was tested as a quarantine treatment against potential infestations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); and oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, eggs or larvae in Hawaiian litchi, Litchi chinensis Sonnerat. The 49 degrees C hot-water immersion of litchi provided probit 9 (99.9968% mortality with >95% confidence) quarantine security against eggs and first instars. There were no survivors from 15,000 each feeding and nonfeeding Mediterranean fruit fly or oriental fruit fly third instars immersed in a computer-controlled water bath that simulated the litchi seed-surface temperature profile during the 49 degrees C hot-water immersion treatment. Litchi served as the model for longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour., a closely related fruit that is smaller and also has commercial potential for Hawaii. Modified fruit infestation and holding techniques used to obtain adequate estimated treated populations from poor host fruit, such as litchi and longan, are described. Data from these experiments were used to obtain approval of a hot-water immersion quarantine treatment against fruit flies for litchi and longan exported from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland.