密度对四季竹地上生物量分配格局及异速增长模式的制约性调节

为了给四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum)高效培育的林分结构建立提供理论依据,对立竹胸径基本一致的4种立竹密度(24600 ～ 29800株·hm-2,D1;37500 ～ 42600株·hm-2,D2;46500 ～ 52800株·hm-2,D3;76500～ 85500株·hm-2,D4)四季竹纯林进行了1～3 a立竹地上生物量积累、分配与异速生长模式的研究.结果表明:四季竹立竹构件生物量分配比例秆＞叶＞枝.随着立竹年龄增大,不同密度的四季竹林立竹秆、枝、叶生物量和地上生物量及叶/枝、叶/秆、枝/秆构件生物量比总体上均呈增大趋势,且2 a、3 a立竹显著高于1 a立竹,枝、叶生物量分配比例呈升高趋势,而秆生物量分配比例呈下降趋势.随着立竹密度增大,1～3a立竹地上生物量、构件生物量总体上呈“∧”型变化,D1～D3密度时逐渐升高,D4密度时显著下降,各年龄立竹枝、叶生物量分配比例降低,而秆生物量比例增大,叶/枝、叶/秆、枝/秆生物量比总体上1 a立竹呈倒“N”型变化,2 a、3 a立竹呈下降趋势.叶-枝构件生物量符合近等速增长模式,异速生长指数随密度的增大而小幅度下降,叶-秆、枝-秆构件生物量符合简单异速增长模式,异速生长指数随密度的增大分别呈升高、先升高后降低的变化趋势.研究表明,当超出一定密度时(D2密度以上),四季竹立竹生物量分配更趋向于支撑构件(秆),以促进立竹纵向生长来获取更多的光资源;46500～ 52800株·hm-2是试验四季竹林立竹生物量高效积累和有效分配的密度.     

不同密度下沙地樟子松碳、氮、磷化学计量及养分重吸收特征

以樟子松纯林为对象,研究了6种密度(490、750、1110、1550、1930、2560株·hm^-2)下不同器官(当年生叶、一年生叶、当年生枝、一年生枝和细根)的C、N、P化学计量特征及叶片N、P重吸收效率。结果表明:随着林分密度增加,当年生和一年生叶C含量及当年生和一年生枝P含量呈降低趋势(1550株·hm^-2除外),当年生枝、一年生枝和细根C含量、各器官N含量及当年生叶、一年生叶和细根P含量呈先升高后降低趋势,在1550株·hm^-2密度下最高;当年生叶、一年生叶和细根C∶N、当年生叶和枝C∶P以及当年生叶、当年生和一年生枝N∶P呈先降低后升高趋势,一年生叶和枝C∶P呈升高趋势;凋落叶C含量先增加后降低,N含量呈升高趋势,P含量先降低后升高;叶片N重吸收效率下降,P重吸收效率先升高后降低,N重吸收效率:P重吸收效率呈下降趋势。因此,随樟子松林分密度增加,N限制减弱,P限制增强。当林分密度为1550株·hm^-2时,养分更多分配到叶片和细根,促进高生长,为樟子松人工林适宜经营密度。     

四季竹立竹表型可塑性的林分密度效应

为了给优良的观赏和夏秋笋用竹种四季竹的丰产林分密度建立提供理论依据,开展了四季竹纯林4种林分密度(17500～27500株·hm-2,D1;37500～42500株·hm-2,D2;55000～62500株·hm-2,D3;72500～82500株·hm-2,D4)的分株构件因子调查,并对立竹主要形态特征因子进行了主成分分析。结果表明:随着林分密度的增大,四季竹立竹胸径和相同胸径下的节间长分别呈"∧"和"∨"形变化,极值分别出现在D3和D2密度。相同胸径下的立竹冠幅和枝盘数均呈"∨"形变化,并且最小值都出现在D2密度;立竹枝长和残枝率均呈倒"N"形变化,枝长最大值和残枝率的最小值均出现在D3密度。林分叶面积指数呈"∧"形变化,最大值出现在D3密度;立竹单叶面积与林分密度呈显著正相关。相同胸径下的立竹全高、胸高壁厚、枝下高和枝夹角、单叶质量、比叶面积在不同林分密度间无显著差异。经主成分分析,立竹表型形态与秆形构件关系最为密切,其次为枝条构件,最后是叶片构件。经通径分析,各林分密度立竹表型综合得分大小顺序为:D3D4D2D1。在试验林立竹胸径条件下,D3是四季竹无性系生理整合成本和效益的密度阀值,是分株形态良好建成的适宜林分密度。     

油松与榆树人工林植物-凋落叶-土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

以科尔沁沙地油松与榆树人工林为对象,比较植物器官(叶、枝和细根)、凋落叶和土壤(0～10、10～20、20～40 cm 土层)的C、N、P含量及其计量比,分析2树种叶片N、P重吸收效率,探讨油松与榆树人工林养分循环特征.结果表明:油松各器官C、N、P含量为493～577、6.34～17.22、0.66～1.91 g·k...     

河距对连香树雌雄植株分布、形态和叶片N、P重吸收效率的影响差异

近年来,河岸带植被的分布及其生物多样性的维持机制成为研究热点,然而目前对河岸带雌雄异株濒危植物的生态适应机制的研究较少。以河岸带专性濒危树种连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)为研究对象,比较不同河岸距离下雌雄植株的数量、形态、叶片N、P重吸收效率及土壤水分、全N、全P的差异及相关性。结果表明:河距的增加显著降低了雌株的数量,而对雄株的数量影响不大,进而降低了种群的性比(雌/雄)。离河岸带远的地方,连香树种群性比显著偏雄(雌雄性比为0.289;χ2=4.57,P0.05),且雄株株高、成熟叶N含量、叶P重吸收效率均显著高于雌株,而在距河岸近的地方以上指标在性别间均无显著差异。雄株叶N重吸收效率、雌株的叶P重吸收效率与其叶片养分、土壤因子相关性较强。且连香树(尤其是雌株)的株高与叶片N、P重吸收效率均呈显著正相关。这些结果表明,连香树对河距的适应性响应具有性别差异,且雌雄植株叶片的N和P重吸收效率对其植物、土壤因子的响应不同。雌株对河岸生境的依赖可能限定了该种群的分布。     

模拟氮沉降条件下木荷幼苗光合特性、生物量与C、N、P分配格局

设置模拟氮沉降的控制试验,以NH4NO3作为外加氮源,设计CK(0kg N hm-2·a-1)、LN(50 kg N hm-2·a-1)、MN(100 kg N hm-2·a-1)、HN(150 kg N hm-2· a-1)4个处理,历时9个月,测定木荷(Schima superba)幼苗的光合特性、生物量和C、N、P含量及其分配格局对氮沉降的响应.结果表明:(1)木荷幼苗的最大净光合速率和光饱和点随着氮处理水平增加呈先增加后减小的特点,在中氮处理下极显著增加(P＜0.01).氮处理降低了幼苗的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,光补偿点在低氮处理下显著降低(P＜0.05),暗呼吸速率在低中氮处理下极显著降低(P＜0.01),高氮处理下显著降低(P＜0.05).未见氮处理对表观量子效率产生显著影响.(2)氮处理促进了木荷的全株生物量以及各部分生物量的增长.随着氮处理水平的增加,叶重比呈升高的趋势,而根重比和根冠比呈降低的趋势,在高氮处理下叶重比的增加和根重比、根冠比的降低都达到了显著水平(P＜0.05).(3)氮沉降促进各器官N含量的增加,在高氮处理下根和茎中N含量极显著增加(P＜0.01),叶中N含量显著增加(P＜0.05).而各器官C含量随着氮沉降程度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在中氮处理下根和茎中C含量极显著增加(P＜0.01),叶中C含量显著增加(P＜0.05).但各器官P含量变化趋势各不相同,随着氮的增加,根中P含量是呈先增加后降低的趋势,而茎和叶中P含量是呈降低的趋势.氮沉降一定程度上降低了木荷各器官的C/N比值而增加了N/P比值.     

不同林龄和密度对马尾松人工林凋落叶养分变化的影响

该文选择广西南宁市横县镇龙林场的4种林龄(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林)和4种密度(低密度林、中低密度林、中高密度林和高密度林)马尾松人工林共8种林分作为研究对象,分析了未破碎和破碎两个不同降解阶段的凋落叶C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量学特征。结果表明:(1)不同林龄中,凋落叶初始C、N含量在过熟林和成熟林中较高,P含量没有显著变化,且C∶N比值和C∶P比值从幼龄林到成熟林逐渐升高,说明较高林龄马尾松对N和P重吸收较低,而较低林龄马尾松对N和P重吸收较强,需要较大。(2)不同密度林中,随着林木密度的增加,凋落叶初始C含量逐渐升高,N含量无显著变化,P含量降低;高密度林凋落叶的初始C∶P比值和N∶P比值较高,说明高种植密度下马尾松可能对N和P养分的需求较大,P重吸收较强。(3)不同林龄和不同密度马尾松林的破碎凋落叶C含量、C∶N比值、C∶P比值和N∶P比值比未破碎凋落叶的低,N和P含量较高,说明凋落物在降解过程中出现N和P养分的富集现象。(4)中林龄和较高种植密度的马尾松破碎凋落叶与未破碎凋落物的C含量差值最大,C∶N比值和C∶P比值较低,说明这两种林分的凋落叶C的降解速率可能较大。上述结果说明,中龄林和中高、高密度林的马尾松可能对N和P养分的需求较大,重吸收效率较高,且凋落叶C的潜在分解速率较高,可能利于有机碳较快进入土壤中。     

木兰科6种植物叶片碳氮磷化学计量关系及氮磷养分重吸收特征

木兰科植物是常用的园林绿化观赏树种, 研究其叶片碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)计量比和N、P养分重吸收特征, 对于理解和预测树木在人工林中生态功能的发挥至关重要。该研究以木兰科6个树种为研究对象, 于2019年7月和2019年11月至翌年1月分别采集成熟叶和新鲜凋落叶, 测定叶片中C、N、P含量及其计量比, 并分析了6个树种的N、P重吸收特征。结果表明: 成熟叶(凋落叶)C、N和P含量在各树种间存在差异, 其含量变化范围分别为444.73－498.03(389.25－589.33), 9.97－19.51(4.76－8.41)和1.01－1.95 g·kg-1(0.40－1.86 g·kg-1); C含量在各树种间变化范围较小, N、P含量在树种间变化范围较大, N∶P比值在成熟叶和凋落叶中均小于全国陆地植物叶片平均值14.4, 说明木兰科植物的生长受N限制; 常绿树种和落叶树种间成熟叶C、N含量和C:N存在显著差异(p <0.05), P含量、C∶P和N∶P无明显变化(p >0.05), 凋落叶C、P含量和N∶P存在显著差异, N含量和C∶N、C∶P无明显变化; 成熟叶片中的N∶P比与C、N、P含量及其各计量比间均存在显著或极显著相关, 说明N、P间的耦合作用对C物质的积累和在生态系统中的循环及养分利用效率起着重要作用。对叶片中N、P的重吸收在树种间存在差异, 其中落叶树种对N的重吸收显著高于常绿树种, 对P的重吸收则是常绿树种明显高于落叶树种。研究结果有助于加强对木兰科植物的科学施肥养护管理, 加深其在特定区域生态系统中C、N、P循环的理解。     

长期施用不同肥料对红哺鸡竹林叶片碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响

为了给笋用竹林土壤合理补充养分提供科学依据,以红哺鸡竹(Phyllostachys iridescens)为对象,开展了长期施用不同肥料(生物有机肥、复合肥、菜籽饼肥和不施肥(对照))竹林2年生立竹叶片C、N、P化学计量学特征的研究。结果表明:叶片C、N、P含量分别为514.26～582.77、18.25～30.20、1.20～1.75mg·g-1,施肥竹林均极显著或显著高于对照竹林,以施菜籽饼肥竹林叶片C含量最高,施生物有机肥竹林叶片N、P含量最高;叶片C:N、C:P分别为18.71～35.02、304.41～458.52,总体上施肥竹林较对照竹林极显著降低,施肥竹林N、P养分利用效率显著降低;叶片N:P为15.28～17.12,相对稳定,施肥竹林与对照竹林无显著差异;叶片N、P含量呈极显著正相关,N含量与N:P相关性不显著,而P含量与N:P呈极显著负相关。     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮添加对镉污染下两种树木叶片元素含量及回收率的影响

选择造林树种大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)为对象,采用开顶生长箱(open-top chamber,OTC)构建实验林,探讨镉(Cd)胁迫及其与大气CO2浓度升高、氮(N)添加的复合作用对2种树木叶片N、P养分利用策略和Cd积累特征的影响。试验设5个处理：对照(CK)、加Cd[10 kg Cd/(hm²·a)](Cd)、加Cd与加CO2 (700μmol/mol)(Cd C)、加Cd与加N[100 kg N/(hm²·a)](Cd N)、加Cd加CO₂加N (Cd CN)。处理约2.5 a后,测定两树种的成熟叶和衰老叶中N、磷(P)和Cd含量。结果表明,不同处理对两树种叶片P含量及P回收率均无显著影响,但显著影响叶片N含量及N回收率;Cd N处理下两树种叶片N含量升高;Cd和Cd N处理下樟树叶N回收率显著降低。Cd、Cd C、Cd N和Cd CN处理下两树种叶片Cd积累浓度及樟树成熟叶中的Cd/N和Cd/P升高。大叶相思叶片N、P回收率显著高于樟树...     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.     

Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises

Pericytes, the mural cells of blood microvessels, have recently come into focus as regulators of vascular morphogenesis and function during development, cardiovascular homeostasis, and disease. Pericytes are implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy and tissue fibrosis, and they are potential stromal targets for cancer therapy. Some pericytes are probably mesenchymal stem or progenitor cells, which give rise to adipocytes, cartilage, bone, and muscle. However, there is still confusion about the identity, ontogeny, and progeny of pericytes. Here, we review the history of these investigations, indicate emerging concepts, and point out problems and promise in the field of pericyte biology.