干热河谷印楝和大叶相思人工林根系生物量及其分布特征

以元谋干热河谷10年生印楝和大叶相思为研究对象,采用分层挖掘法对印楝纯林、大叶相思纯林及印楝×大叶相思混交林根系生物量及其分布特征进行研究.结果表明:印楝×大叶相思混交林根系总生物量为2.707 t/hm2,介于印楝纯林(2.264t/hm2)和大叶相思纯林(3.405 t/hm2)之间.混交林内主根总生物量为1.057 t/hm2,为印楝纯林和大叶相思纯林的69.9％和69.7％,而除粗根外,混交林内其它径级的侧根(中根、小根和细根)生物量均介于印楝纯林和大叶相思纯林之间,分别为印楝纯林的228.7％、120.1％、450.0％,为大叶相思纯林的71.3％、65.8％和48.8％.干热河谷印楝和大叶相思人工林根系在土壤表层分布比例大,尤其足0-0.2 m土层内,其根系生物量占根系总生物量的63.6％-76.3％.根系垂直累积生物量与土壤深度可用二次方程拟合,拟合方程的二阶导数表明,垂直方向上,印楝纯林根系分布较混交林均匀,而混交林较大叶相思纯林均匀.     

云南松林的根系生物量及其分布规律的研究

利用平均标准木机械布点法测定了云南省永仁林业局云南松不同龄组林分的根系生物量及其沿土壤剖面深度的分布规律.结果表明,林分根系总生物量随林龄而增加,幼龄林(15～17年)的根系生物量为8.50 t·hm^-2,中龄林(30～32年)为11.70 t·hm^-2,成熟林为(＞62年)18.91 t·hm^-2.在不同龄组林分中,粗根(＞10mm)生物量差异最大(1.5～12.3 t·hm^-2),而中根(5～10 mm)(1.4～1.6 t·hm^-2)及小根(＜5 mm)(5.3～6.2 t·hm^-2)的生物量差异最小.根系生物量沿土壤深度迅速减少,约93%的根系生物量集中分布在0～30 cm土层中,深土层(30～115 cm)的根系生物量仅占7%左右.     

马尾松-阔叶树混交异龄林生物量与生产力分配格局

在25年生的马尾松林下分别套种1年生火力楠、闽粤栲、苦槠、格氏栲、青栲和拉氏栲幼苗,经过16a的培育后形成了郁闭的针阔混交异龄林。应用分层平均标准木收获法,建立相对生长方程,对上述6种混交林及马尾松纯林的生物量与生产力分配格局进行了研究。6个混交林的林木总生物量分别为216·41、260·06、221·92、221·65、246·13t/hm2及201·04t/hm2,而马尾松纯林的生物量为204·37t/hm2;其中地上部分占81·4%~83·7%,林分之间差异较小。在混交林中,处于主林层的马尾松生物量占林分总生物量的比例为73·5%~85·4%。在各林分生物量组成中,干材生物量最大,占总生物量的56·4%~64·8%,其它组分所占的比例依次为根(16·3%~18·6%)>枝(9·0%~16·9%)>皮(4·9%~7·3%)>叶(1·1%~4·3%)。生物量的空间结构在马尾松纯林和混交林之间存在明显差异,混交林中0~9m高度的生物量分配比例(67·1%)明显大于马尾松纯林(53·7%);混交林中,在2~3m高度就出现了枝、叶的分布,而马尾松纯林中则出现在13~14m。混交林中,阔叶树根系的生物量主要集中于0~40cm土层,占根系总生物量的74%~99%,60cm以下土层则根系分布很少,而马尾松的根系则主要分布于土壤表层(0~20cm)和60cm以下土层,分别占总生物量的26%和49%。各混交林分的净初级生产力为10·60~15·25t/(hm2·a),而马尾松纯林的生产力仅7·34t/(hm2·a)。林分净初级生产力(NPP)与光合器官/地上部分生物量比(X1)、细根生物量/地下部分生物量比(X2)存在显著的非线形关系:NPP=5·5745+1·1985X1+2·6479X22。在所研究的林分中,细根(d<2mm)生物量占林分总生物量的平均比例为0·2%,但细根生产力占林分净生产力的平均比达2·9%。     

宁夏大罗山4种主要植被类型的细根生物量

采用根钻法,分析了宁夏大罗山4种主要植被类型(青海云杉纯林、油松纯林、落叶灌木和荒漠草原)0～40 cm土层的细根生物量、土壤含水量和土壤容重,并对50 a、70 a和100 a 3种树龄的青海云杉纯林细根生物量进行了研究.结果表明: 4种植被类型的细根生物量集中分布在0～20 cm土层,大小顺序为油松纯林>青海云杉纯林>落叶灌木>荒漠草原,其中油松纯林显著高于其他3种植被类型;不同树龄青海云杉纯林细根生物量表现为70 a > 100 a > 50 a,且其活细根和死细根生物量分配比例无显著性差异;4种植被类型下0～40 cm土壤含水量的大小表现为:青海云杉纯林>油松纯林>落叶灌木>荒漠草原;土壤容重则呈相反的规律,并与细根生物量呈极显著负相关.     

西南桦纯林与西南桦×红椎混交林碳贮量比较

用乡土树种培育优质大径材已成为南亚热带满足林产品需求和生态保护的重要途径,如何通过优化森林经营模式提高人工林生态系统碳储量已成为关注的重点.对广西凭祥伏波林场13年生西南桦纯林、12年生西南桦×红椎混交林生态系统的碳素密度、碳贮量及其分布特征进行了比较研究.结果表明:(1)西南桦与红椎不同器官碳素密度变化范围分别为481.11-600.79 g/kg和451.24-543.42 g/kg,与中国南亚热带地区其他树种的碳素密度接近.相同树种不同器官之间以及不同树种相同器官之间的碳素密度差异显著(P＜0.05).西南桦纯林与西南桦×红椎混交林灌木层的平均碳素密度分别为437.15 g/kg和436.98g/kg,混交林草本层平均碳素密度比纯林高,差异性显著(P＜0.05).西南桦纯林土壤各层碳素密度均高于西南桦×红椎混交林,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).(2)西南桦×红椎混交林乔木层碳贮量(29.144 t/hm2)略高于西南桦纯林(28.541 t/hm2),混交林生态系统碳储量(276.486 t/hm2)比纯林生态系统碳储量(305.514 t/hm2)低.西南桦纯林、西南桦×红椎混交林植被层碳贮量分别占其生态系统碳贮量的9.64％和10.58％,凋落物层分别占生态系统碳储量的0.19％和0.56％.(3)西南桦纯林和西南桦×红椎混交林土壤碳贮存主要集中在0-20cm土层,且随土层深度增加而减少.西南桦纯林土壤层(0-60cm)碳贮量(275.488 t/hm2)明显高于西南桦×红椎混交林土壤层(0-60cm)碳贮量(245.688 t/hm2),分别占其生态系统碳贮量的90.17％和88.86％.(4)西南桦×红椎混交林乔木层碳素年净固定量(2.428 t·hm-2·a-1)高于西南桦纯林乔木层碳素年净固定量(2.196 t·hm-2·a-1),表明混交林比纯林的碳固定速度快.     

桤柏混交林根系的研究

研究了桤柏混交林和柏木纯林的根系组成、根系形态特征和根量分布,并比较了这两种林型根系的生物量、生产力和氮元素在根库中的积累与分布规律。结果表明,不同物种、同一物种在不同林型中根系的重量、组成、形态和分布有较大差异。在桤柏混交林中,桤木根系分布线,侧根发达,细根相对比例少;柏木根系分布较深,在不同土层分布较均匀,吸收根和细根相对含量较高。与混交林相比,柏木纯林根系主要集中在０￣４０ｃｍ土层中,吸收根     

川西山地主要人工林种群根系生物量与生产力

采用标准地法,对四川西部山地主要人工林的根系进行了研究,结果表明(1)用D2H估测单株林木根系生物量的适合模型均以幂函数模型为最佳,所筛选统计模型的相关系数较高,在0.94～0.99之间;(2)根系总生物量大小排序为日本落叶松＞峨眉冷杉＞四川红杉＞川西云杉,分别为37.832、24.907、18.320t/hm2和15.982 t/hm2,各级根的生物量占总根量的比例各不相同;(3)根系生物量集中在分布土层0.00～40.00cm,川西云杉占97.88%,四川红杉占96.78%,峨眉冷杉占95.65%,日本落叶松占99.72%;尤其在0.00～20.00cm土层分布的根最多,分别占77.13%,77.13%,65.02%和80.66%;在0.00～20.00cm,20.00～40.00cm和40.00～60.00cm的各层根系生物量分配比例,川西云杉为34121,四川红杉为2461,峨眉冷杉为1571,日本落叶松为63141;(4)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系的生物量密度分别为10.782t/(hm2·m),8.230t/(hm2·m),14.546 t/(hm2·m)和13.211 t/(hm2·m);(5)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系生产力分别为0.57、0.83、0.71 t/(hm2·a)和1.64 t/(hm2·a).     

杉木光皮桦混交林效益的研究

对桂西北杉木光皮桦混交林和杉木纯林的对比研究表明,35年生杉桦混交林的立木蓄积量为441.087 m3*hm-2,比杉木纯林高3.6%。混交林枯枝落叶层现存量及其N,P,K,Ca,Mg等元素的质量浓度分别为13.18 t*hm-2,158.3,6.1,16.5,86.3和32.3 kg*hm-2,分别比杉木纯林高9.7%,76.7%,69.4%,96.4%,83.2%,17.0%。混交林地(0～100 cm)土壤容重为0.81～1.22 g*hm-3,比杉木纯林低1.0%～8.0%,而土壤孔隙度,通气度和持水量分别比杉木纯林高2.0%～3.9%。土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、有效磷和速效钾分别比杉木纯林高5.5%～49.8%。     

不同树龄橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林细根生物量的垂直分布和年内动态

用根钻法对幼树期(5a)、初产期(9a)和旺产期(16a)3个树龄橡胶树细根( <2 mm)生物量变化、垂直分布及动态变化进行研究.结果表明:5、9、16a橡胶林0～60cm土层内细根总生物量分别为2056.18、1557.42、1174.90kg · hm-2.细根的生物量与橡胶树不同生长或生产期有密切的关系,但幼龄橡胶树细根生物量还容易受环境的影响而改变.橡胶树细根总生物量80%左右分布在0～40cm土层,细根生物量随着土层深度的增加而减少,回归模型分析以指数方程y＝a · ebx(a、b均为常数)拟合效果较好.通过不同月份细根生物量比较,发现橡胶树细根生物量年动态变化呈"双峰型",5a、9a橡胶树峰值分别出现在4月份和8月份;16a橡胶树则出现在6月份和10月份,对环境因子的响应具有一定的滞后性.不同树龄橡胶树表层细根生物量年内变化不一致,其它土层细根生物量年内变化也呈"双峰型",土层越深,变化越趋于缓慢.     

广西大青山南亚热带马尾松、杉木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征

选取广西大青山3个13年生马尾松、杉木混交林样区,研究其生态系统的碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明,混交林中两个树种的碳素含量各异。马尾松干、根、枝的碳素含量较高,分别为58·6%、56·3%、51·2%,叶和皮含量较低,变化幅度为46·8%~56·3%。各器官中按碳素含量的高低排列顺序为:干>根>枝>皮>叶;杉木皮、叶、干的碳素含量较高,分别为52·2%、51·8%、50·2%,碳素含量从高到低依次为:皮>叶>干>根>枝。从两个树种各器官碳总含量来看,马尾松要高于杉木。灌木层、草本层及地表凋落物层碳素平均含量分别为44·1%、33·0%及48·3%。土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为1·45%~1·84%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层(0~20cm)土壤碳素含量较高。针叶混交林乔木层生物量(t·hm-2)为85·35~101·35,平均为93·83,且均以马尾松生物量居多(占75·7%~82·6%)。混交林生态系统碳库的空间分布序列为土壤层>植被层>凋落物层。植被层的碳贮量平均为51·91t·hm-2,占整个生态系统碳总贮量的29·03%;乔木层碳贮量占整个生态系统的23·90%,占植被层碳贮量的97·7%。乔木层碳贮量中,马尾松占的比例较大,为65·39%。碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系,树干的碳贮量均最高,马尾松、杉木的树干碳贮量分别占各自碳贮量的53·23%、55·57%,树干的碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的54%。其次,两个树种根也占较大比例,树根碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的19·22%。马尾松、杉木枝、皮在各自碳的贮量中分配不同,马尾松枝占的比例要大于皮,而杉木则相反;凋落物层碳贮量平均为3·25t·hm-2,仅占1·82%;林地土壤层(0~60cm)碳贮量是相当可观的,平均为123·43t·hm-2,占69·02%。马尾松、杉木混交林年净生产力为11·46t·hm-2·a-1,有机碳年净固定量为5·96t·hm-2·a-1,折合成CO2的量为21·88t·hm-2·a-1。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.