有机肥对陇东黄土旱塬冬小麦产量和土壤养分的调控效应

以冬小麦'陇鉴301'为材料,在大田条件下于2005～2008年在甘肃陇东旱塬研究了不同有机肥料对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:不同化肥有机肥料配施处理对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量有明显的调控效应,并以氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施处理表现最佳,其籽粒产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量最高.与单施化肥对照相比,氮磷化肥配施生物有机肥处理3年平均籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别显著增加17.53%和16.42%,3年平均土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别提高11.4%、8.9%、0.2%、19.7%.因此,氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施可以有效改善陇东黄土旱塬区农田土壤肥力,提高冬小麦水分利用效率,显著增加冬小麦产量,可能是该区农田目前最佳的施肥方式.     

保护性耕作对农田土壤水分和冬小麦产量的影响

保护性耕作是提高土壤蓄水保墒能力并增加作物产量的重要农艺措施之一.基于河南省长期定位试验2011-2016年数据,分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作、免耕和深松处理)对土壤水分、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 2011-2016年免耕和深松耕作处理下冬小麦拔节期平均相对保墒率分别为7.3%和-0.68%,且免耕较传统耕作显著提高了冬小麦拔节期0～60 cm土壤贮水量.与传统耕作相比,免耕提高了冬小麦拔节期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期0～100 cm土壤平均含水量,而深松耕作并未明显提高冬小麦拔节期土壤平均含水量.此外,免耕较传统耕作能够显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,尤其在较干旱年份其增产效果更优.因此,免耕的蓄水保墒及增产效果在较干旱年份明显优于深松耕作.     

渭北旱塬保护性耕作对冬小麦-春玉米轮作田蓄水保墒效果和产量的影响

通过2007—2010年田间定位试验,研究了平衡施肥、常规施肥和无肥(或低肥)条件下,免耕、深松和翻耕处理对渭北旱塬冬小麦-春玉米轮作田土壤贮水量、作物产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和纯收益的影响.结果表明:休闲期免耕处理蓄水保墒效果最好,深松次之,翻耕最差;轮作田生育期内免耕和深松处理0~200 cm平均土壤贮水量分别较翻耕提高6.7%和1.9%;各施肥条件下作物产量、WUE和纯收益均以深松处理最高,且以平衡施肥深松处理表现最好,2007—2008年冬小麦、2009年春玉米、2009—2010年冬小麦产量分别为6909、9689、5589 kg.hm-2,WUE分别为18.5、25.2、23.0 kg.hm-2.mm-1,纯收益分别为5034、5045、7098元.hm-2.因此,平衡施肥与深松组合处理的蓄水保墒和增产增收效果最好,是渭北旱塬冬小麦-春玉米轮作田较适合的施肥耕作模式.     

渭北旱塬小麦产量和土壤水分对保护性耕作的响应模拟

在模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型长周期定量模拟研究了1980—2009年渭北旱塬连作麦田夏闲期深松、免耕和翻耕等保护性耕作对冬小麦产量和土壤水分的影响.结果表明:在30年模拟研究期间,不同耕作方式下渭北旱塬冬小麦产量和年度耗水量呈波动性下降趋势,深松处理产量和水分利用效率最高,30年平均值分别为3.33 t·hm-2和8.50kg·hm-2·mm-1,其次为翻耕,免耕效果最差;深松处理麦田年度耗水量稍高于免耕和翻耕,冬小麦田0~3 m土层土壤有效含水量呈现强烈的季节性波动降低趋势,免耕处理蓄水保墒效果最好,0~3 m土层土壤有效含水量平均为89.5 mm,深松次之,翻耕最差.麦田0~1 m土层土壤湿度随季节降水呈波动性变化,1~3 m土层土壤湿度较为稳定,不同耕作处理间差异不大.长期连作小麦田深松处理的产量和水分综合效应最好,为渭北旱塬麦田最适宜的保护性耕作模式.     

水肥空间组合对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,用分层土柱试验法研究了不同土层水分、氮、磷空间组合对冬小麦不同生育时期光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:与0～90cm土层整体湿润相比,上干下湿(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)水分处理显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)和籽粒产量.2种水分条件下,氮磷配施处理对叶片SPAD、Pn和小麦籽粒产量的影响最为显著,其次是施磷处理,而施氮处理影响不显著.不同土层施氮在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势相同,均表现为0～90cm土层施氮小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量显著高于0～30、30～60和60～90cm土层施氮.不同土层施磷在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势也相同,表现为0～90cm土层施磷小麦叶片SPAD、Pn和籽粒产量与0～30cm土层施磷间差异不显著.不同土层氮磷配施在2种水分处理下表现不同:整体湿润条件下0～90cm土层施肥处理的小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量最高,与0～30cm土层差异不显著,但二者均显著高于30～60和60～90cm土层处理;上干下湿条件下各土层施肥处理间小麦叶片SPAD差异不显著,0～90cm土层施肥处理小麦叶片Pn和籽粒产量显著高于30～60cm土层施肥处理,30～60cm土层施肥处理显著高于60～90cm土层施肥处理和不施肥处理.表明在2种土壤水分条件下,氮磷配施时仍应施入0～30cm土层.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响 Ⅰ.有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦玉米轮作定位试验,研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化.结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量.长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理.长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近.23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是:全磷增量剖面分布可为3层———耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增-亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层.速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响Ⅰ．有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦-玉米轮作定位试验。研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化．结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量．长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理．长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近．23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是：全磷增量剖面分布可为3层——耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增一亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层．速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱．     

长期不同施肥处理对苹果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

通过连续7年(2003-2010年)的田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥处理\[不施肥对照,CK;不施N肥只施PK肥,PK;不施P肥只施NK肥,NK;不施K肥只施NP肥,NP;单施NPK化肥,NPK;单施有机肥(猪粪),M;化肥有机肥配施(化肥有机肥氮各占一半),NPKM\]对渭北旱塬富士苹果产量、品质及果园土壤养分含量变化的影响.结果表明: 施肥可以提高苹果产量,连续7年不同施肥处理苹果平均产量较对照提高14.4%～63.8%,各处理苹果年平均产量顺序为:NPKM＞NPK≥M＞NP≥NK＞PK＞CK.NPKM、M、NPK处理随着试验时间的推移,果实可溶性糖、维生素C、可溶性固形物含量呈上升趋势,NPKM、M处理不同年际间波动相对较小;NPKM处理糖酸比5年较对照提高了30.9%,维生素C含量提高了17.5%.长期合理施肥有利于提高土壤有机质,NPKM、M处理0～20 cm土层有机质含量提高幅度最大,分别提高了28.8%和29.3%. NPK、NPKM、M处理土壤各层速效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较试验前均有显著提高,NPK处理0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层速效氮含量分别提高了22.7%、37.3%和53.4%.与NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的土壤速效磷含量提高了18.7%,且不同处理土壤速效磷含量上层显著大于下层.
     

水肥不同层次组合对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）氮磷养分有效性和产量效应的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土样,用分层土柱试验法研究了不同层次水分、氮、磷组合对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)氮磷养分有效性和产量效应的影响.结果表明,不同土层水肥处理的氮磷养分有效性和产量效应差异显著.氮素养分有效性在4.73%～41.19%之间,磷素养分有效性在4.11%～13.58%之间.对氮素养分有效性,单施氮整体湿润时(0～90cm土层湿润)较上干下湿(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)低4.87%,而氮磷配施在整体湿润时较上干下湿高6.38%,差异均达显著水平;对磷素养分有效性,氮磷配施时,在整体湿润时较上干下湿增加5.01T(p<0.05).从不同施肥土层看,氮素养分有效性均以0～90cm土层施肥处理最高;对氮磷配施处理,在上干下湿时分别比0～30cm、30～60cm和60～90cm土层施肥处理高9.5%、10.1%和20.2个%;对磷素养分有效性,整体湿润处理,以0～30cm土层施肥显著高于其它土层施肥处理.单施氮或磷,上干下湿时氮磷养分的产量效应均高于整体湿润处理,但氮磷配施时均以整体湿润处理较高;从不同土层施肥看,氮素养分的产量效应以0～90cm土层施肥最高;磷素养分的产量效应则表现为0～90cm与0～30cm土层施肥处理显著高于30～60cm和60～90cm土层施肥处理.分析0～90cm土层残留硝态氮和有效磷累积量可以看出,不同处理土壤残留硝态氮含量存在显著差异,上干下湿时CK、单施氮、单施磷和氮磷配施土壤残留硝态氮分别比整体湿润相应施肥处理增加125.8%、20.1%、21.9%和2.1%;不同处理有效磷差异性不及硝态氮明显.整体看,在两种水分状况下,均以0～90cm和0～30cm土层施肥有利于提高氮磷养分对冬小麦的有效性和产量效应,减少硝态氮和有效磷在土壤中的残留累积.考虑到生产上的可操作性,仍以施入0～30cm土层最适,说明即使在上干下湿情况下,保证上层有效养分供应仍具重要作用.     

免耕对北方旱作玉米土壤水分及物理性质的影响

通过2006—2008年的田间试验,研究了北京地区免耕与传统翻耕条件下土壤水分的时空动态及其对土壤相关物理性质的影响.结果表明：研究期间,免耕和翻耕地0～100 cm土层的土壤贮水量随时间及降水变化的趋势一致,但免耕地的土壤贮水量在不同时刻以及不同降雨条件下均高于翻耕地,增幅在2.7%～30.3%,降雨相对充分条件下土壤贮水量的增量有所增加,但免耕在相对缺水的地区更值得推广;免耕地0～100 cm土层的平均土壤含水量明显高于传统翻耕,增幅在3.4%～12.8%,其中表层（0～20 cm）和底层（80～100 cm）的水分增量明显高于中间层次,最高增量可达22.2%;免耕覆盖的耕作方式可通过降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度、促进土壤水稳性团聚体的形成等作用来提高土壤的保水能力和水分利用效率,进而促进作物增收.与对照相比,免耕3年后土壤水分利用率和春玉米产量分别较传统翻耕提高13.3%和16.4%.     

Studies on the effects of insulin and acetylcholine on activation of glycogen synthase and on glycogenesis in hepatocytes

The addition of insulin (4.0 × 10^?11 M) or acetylcholine (10^?6 M) to isolated hepatocytes stimulated glycogen accumulation and this stimulation was more pronounced when the medium glucose was raised from 50 to 300 mg percent. Studies with [¹⁴C]-glucose showed a two-fold stimulation in glycogen synthesis by the addition of insulin (4.0 × 10^?11 M) or acetylcholine (10^?6 M). A sixteen percent increase in the activity of glycogen synthase was observed in cells incubated for 10 minutes with insulin (4.0 × 10^?11 M) or acetylcholine (10^?6 M), whereas at one hour incubation a 40 percent increase in activity was observed with the same concentration of insulin or acetylcholine. The effects of insulin and acetylcholine were not additive.     

Thoughts on the origin and nature of life and intelligence on earth

Believing, for good reasons, that our Universe engenders the occurrence of Life, it is probable that Life appeared more than once on young planet Earth. The universality of our genetic code indicates though, that only one line produced a population that was cellular, autopoietic, responsive intelligently (i.e., to its advantage) to its environment, and capable of reproduction. Its evolution took time during which other intermediate or incipient forms of life disappeared. Trying to retrace ab initio the preceding chemical evolution on our young planet, we may not repeat the chemistry which led to our line. One can argue that it may be profitable to attempt to construct artificial life forms using the kind of building blocks that we learned to know through studying the chemistry of our life. Independently, computers are being built, or are planned, which possess memory that can be used appropriately (intelligently), and which to some extent can repair and reproduce themselves. Such Life does not depend on our biochemistry. However, these machines do perform as yet only partly along the lines of our human intelligence which is guided by self-awareness and a sense of individual integrity, and are thereby not equipped to search for Understanding and Self-expression.     

Effect of inhibition of MAO and COMT on intrarenal dopamine and serotonin and on renal function

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and/or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), enzymes involved in the degradation of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), on intrarenal DA and 5-HT, as reflected in the renal interstitial fluid (RIF) microdialysate and urine, and on renal function. Inhibition of MAO selectively increased RIF 5-HT from 3.16 +/- 0.38 to 8.03 +/- 1.83 pg/min (n = 7, P < 0.05), concomitant with decreases in mean arterial blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (2.09 +/- 0. 18 to 1.57 +/- 0.22 ml/min, n = 7, P < 0.05). Inhibition of COMT significantly increased RIF DA (3.47 +/- 0.70 to 8.68 +/- 1.96 pg/min, n = 9, P < 0.05), urinary DA (2.00 +/- 0.16 to 2.76 +/- 0.26 ng/min, n = 9, P < 0.05), and absolute excretion of sodium (6.42 +/- 2.00 to 9.82 +/- 1.62 micromol/min, n = 10, P < 0.05). Combined inhibition of MAO and COMT significantly increased RIF DA, urinary DA, and urinary 5-HT, which was accompanied with increases in urine flow rate, and absolute (3.03 +/- 0.59 to 8.40 +/- 1.61 micromol/min, n = 9, P < 0.01) and fractional excretion of sodium. We conclude that inhibition of MAO selectively increases RIF 5-HT. COMT appears to be more important than MAO in the metabolism of intrarenal DA. Physiological increases in intrarenal DA/5-HT induced by inhibition of their degrading enzymes are accompanied with significant alterations of renal function.     

乙醇与乙醛对心脏的影响及其可能机制的探讨

通过研究乙醇、乙醛对离体心脏和神经干的影响,探讨乙醇、乙醛对心脏作用的可能机制.用不同浓度的乙醇和乙醛处理牛蛙蛙心灌流标本和坐骨神经标本,用BL-420 系统对给药前后心脏的心率和振幅以及神经干最小刺激强度作记录.乙醇和乙醛可以引起神经兴奋性的改变从而影响神经冲动的传导,而且其影响具有明显的量效依赖关系,低浓度的乙醇和乙醛能使神经的兴奋性增加,高浓度则降低;乙醇对心脏的心率和振幅均有抑制作用,低浓度的乙醛对心脏心率和振幅有促进作用,高浓度的乙醛对心脏造成不可恢复的损伤.乙醇、乙醛对心脏的影响效果不同,但两者均可直接影响及通过神经而间接影响心脏的活动.     

Effect of polyphenols on shoot and root growth and on seed germination

The effect of high concentrations of the simplest polyphenols on extension growth of maize (Zea mays L.) shoot ooleoptile segments, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) roots, and on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed germination, was studied. Quinone formation in the process of plant incubation in polyphenol solutions was proved. The data obtained are presumably explained by the important part that is played by the quinoid products of phenol oxidation in the ability ofo- andp-biatomic phenols to inhibit growth.     

Effects of age and gender on success and death of mountaineers on Mount Everest

Increasing numbers of climbers are attempting Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth. We compiled interview data and computed the probabilities of summiting and of dying as a function of climber age and gender (2211 climbers, spring season) for the period of 1990-2005. Men and women had similar odds of summiting and of dying. However, climbers older than 40 years have reduced odds of summiting, and those older than 60 years have increased odds of dying, especially when descending from the summit. On Mount Everest, phenotypic selection appears blind to gender but favours young mountaineers.     

Effects of GA3 and IBA on rooting and on the sprouting of buds on stem cuttings of Ipomoea fistulosa

Both IBA and GA₃ enhance rooting, IBA being more effective particularlyat a concentration of 100 mg/liter as compared to 10 mg/liter.IBA decreases while GA₃ increases the sprouting of buds, withboth effects increasing with concentration. GA₃-caused promotionof rooting appears to be due to an increased synthesis of auxinand to an adequate supply of mobilized food materials. ¹ Present address: Department of Biology, University of Missouri,St. Louis, U.S.A. (Received January 26, 1972; )