基于最小矩形法的柑桔横径实时检测方法研究

农产品的大小是农产品分级的重要特征之一．本文以柑桔为研究对象,对利用计算机图像处理技术检测柑桔横径的方法进行了探索．研究了柑桔图像的平滑和边缘提取方法,比较了利用Sobel算子和跟踪虫（tracking bug)法所得到的柑桔边缘,发现跟踪虫法寻找边界的速度比用Sobel算子快,且不需要进行细化处理．为了适应实际生产中柑桔方向的随机性和外形的不规则性的要求,使柑桔尺寸检测的方法有更好的适应性,设计了一种利用柑桔的最小外接矩形（MER）求最大横径的方法,并在柑桔的外形尺寸检测中进行了验证,实际最大横径Dr与预测最大横径的相关性为0．9982,利用此方法估测果径的最大误差在1．30mm以内,最大相对误差为2.64％,平均相对误差为1.35％,GB／T12947-91鲜柑桔分级标准中均以5mm为分等标准差,故MER法的精度能满足实际生产中柑桔分级精度的要求．本研究结果不仅为进一步研究开发基于图像处理技术的柑桔品质检测系统打下了基础,而且可用于对其他农产品进行检测．     

中国-越南柑桔黄龙病病原16S rDNA片段的序列分析

采集广西、广东和越南的8个柑桔黄龙病样品,利用黄龙病的特异引物OI1/OI2c对其16S rDNA片段进行PCR扩增,将其扩增产物纯化、回收,进行序列测定。利用DNAstar软件、clustalw2软件和MEGA4.0软件进行同源性分析与系统发育分析。结果表明,越南黄龙病株系(Vietnam-0901和Vietnam-0905)与除广西样品GX-1001和广东样品GD-1002外所有亚洲种柑桔黄龙病病原的同源性都很高(97.6%～100.0%),而与非洲种、美洲种和土豆斑马条纹病的同源性相对较低(分别为96.0%/97.7%,94.7%/96.4%和96.2%/97.6%)。表明我国广东、广西和越南发生的HLB病原均属亚洲种,但在亚洲种之间不同地区的黄龙病病原也发生了一定变异,广西样品GX-1001和广东样品GD-1002与其它亚洲种柑桔黄龙病病原的同源性较其它亚洲种株系偏低,但聚类还是归在一个类群,表明相同地域内的黄龙病病原菌还存在一定差异。     

柑桔基因转化新方法的研究

尽管应用基因转化进行果树品种改良已日益引起重视,但是在受体的应用和转化方法上还存在着诸多困难。一方面,大多数果树尚不能从细胞或原生质体再生成完整植株,即使少数已可以再生的果树树种,也并非众多品种都能再生成功,而是存在着明显的基因型差异性。同时,还有再生植株童期过长的问题。另一方面,目前在植物基因转化中常用的两种方法即DNA直接吸入法和农杆菌介导的载体法,若以细胞或原生质体为受体,不仅存在再生困难的问题,而且再生过程费时长;若以叶盘、愈伤组织或珠心组织等为受体,既需要在转化后除去农杆菌,又需要排除转化与非转化组织的嵌合性。这些因素都大大地限制了基因转化在果树中的应用。因此,根据多年生果树的生长特点,建立一种适用的基因转化技术已成当务之急。本文采用农杆菌介导的附体腋芽转化-离体扩繁鉴定的方法,成功地将GUS基因转入沙田柚。结果证明这是一种简单、快速、高效的基因转化方法。     

柑桔黄龙病PCR快速检测技术的建立与应用

利用柑桔黄龙病病原亚洲种16S rDNA序列的特异引物,建立了依据16S rDNA基因序列扩增的有无检测柑桔黄龙病的PCR方法。该检测方法特异性强,重复性好,对大田中感病植株的检出率高,也适用于柑桔无病毒苗木的大量检测。     

柑桔分类研究的过去、现在及未来

培育优良品种是柑桔生产发展的前提。而品种改良的第一步工作就是如何充分合理地利用种质资源。这就要求对柑桔分类、属间及种间的亲缘关系、进化过程有一个明确的了解。因此,长期以来,柑桔分类及其进化研究,一直是柑桔研究工作的重点之一。     

柑桔潜叶蛾对柑桔的为害及经济阈值的研究

调查福州市郊柑桔园柑桔潜叶蛾（Ｐｈｙｌｏｃｎｉｓｔｉｓｃｉｔｒｅｌａ）在雪柑、芦柑、蕉柑、福桔４个品种上的为害情况．根据其为害特性和柑桔果实产量大小年份可能给经济阈值带来的误差,采用同一树上以秋梢为计量单位,环割被测枝条（避免枝条间养分重新分配而带来误差）的方法,研究了为害秋梢的叶片光合作用强度,当年和翌年春夏梢的生长量,翌年果实品质和重量,以及叶片被害程度与柑桔潜叶蛾幼虫密度的关系．结果表明,柑桔受潜叶蛾为害后具有一定的光合补偿及组织愈伤的补偿能力;根据福州地区１９９４年柑桔生产力,以雪柑为品种确定经济阈值为１．２１头１龄幼虫／嫩叶;缩小了经济阈值受果实产量大小年份差异而带来的误差;同时考虑品种、柑桔园水热条件、产量水平、天敌作用等多种生态因子,建立了多因子经济阈值模型     

不同离体寄主及其成熟度对亚洲柑桔木虱存活的影响

【目的】亚洲柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的虫口密度及活动与柑桔黄龙病的田间传播、流行有十分密切的关系,寻找合适的室内饲养条件能够便于观察和研究其生物学特性和传病机制。【方法】本文以九里香Murraya exotica(L.)Mant.、酸桔Citrus sunki Hort.ex Tanaka和马水桔Citrus reticulata Blanco.cv.Mashuiju 3种寄主植物不同成熟度离体梢为研究材料,(1)比较亚洲柑桔木虱卵分别在3种寄主植株和离体嫩梢上的孵化率;(2)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对各龄若虫存活率和蜕皮的影响;(3)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对成虫存活率的影响。【结果】(1)亚洲柑桔木虱在植株嫩梢上卵的孵化率高于离体嫩梢,九里香表现最明显;(2)低龄若虫在叶片未完全展开的离体嫩梢上存活率最高,而高龄若虫在完全展开的嫩梢上最高;(3)用离体成熟梢饲养柑桔木虱成虫存活率高于离体嫩梢,酸桔和马水桔离体梢饲养的存活率较九里香高。【结论】用寄主植物离体梢饲养的亚洲柑桔木虱卵孵化率和若虫、成虫存活率都较高而且较稳定,该方法可用于这种木虱的室内繁殖中。     

番茄成熟度与其电学参数关系的研究

以5个成熟度的金棚一号番茄果实为材料,在126 Hz~5 MHz频率范围内,利用平行板电极系统研究了8个电参数与番茄成熟度的关系,从而筛选反映果实成熟度的评价电指标.结果表明:500 kHz~5 MHz是测定番茄果实电指标的最佳频率段;在最佳频率范围内,随着番茄成熟度的增加,果实的复阻抗值逐渐减小,而其相对介电常数值持续增加;在番茄的转色期,其损耗系数具有最大值,而复阻抗相角具有最小值.研究发现,在合适频率下复阻抗和相对介电常数可以作为辨别番茄果实成熟度的合适电参数,而损耗系数和复阻抗相角可以作为辨别其转色期的指标.     

偏振态显微成像技术用于细胞热损伤检测的研究

本文采用偏振态显微成像系统对生物细胞热损伤进行监测。选取洋葱细胞、绿萝细胞作为实验样品,对洋葱细胞、绿萝细胞进行热损伤,通过比较细胞在热损伤前后的偏振态图像及其相应的偏振特性的变化,分析热损伤细胞的偏振特性变化而获得相关信息。实验结果表明,偏振态显微成像技术对于鉴别正常细胞和热损伤的细胞并评价细胞的损伤程度非常有效,比显微光强成像更清晰地反映了细胞形态结构发生的变化,在生物样品的特性研究及疾病诊断方面都有独特的优势,为鉴别与评价细胞损伤程度提供一种快速的、无损的、有效的新方法。     

柑桔果实鲜重和体积增长的研究

用Logistic方程描述了3个甜橙Citrus sinensis品种,椪柑C.reticulata,3个温州蜜柑C.unshiu品种果实鲜重和体积的增长过程,指出在生长日期t=a/b时,生长速度达到最大值Kb/4,在所观察的品种中这一时期是在8月底到10月初之间,甜橙品种果实鲜重与体积的增长基本同步,而宽皮柑桔果实体积增长高峰期比鲜重增长高峰期要延后10天左右,这种增长过程的差异导至了两者果实结构紧宽的差异。     

一种快速序列比较方法及其在PCR扩增产物判定中的应用

根据影响对序列比较速度的二个重要因素：１．启动硬盘读写时间。２．对盘检索定位和数据译码时间。提出相应的改进措施。达到提高比较速度的目的,并对ＰＣＲ扩增产物的判定为例,说明方法成功地应用于未知序列判定。     

提高柑桔茎尖微型嫁接成苗率研究

砧木枳壳、酸桔、福桔、酸橙,柠檬在不同天龄与接穗“红江橙”进行嫁接试验。结果表明,他们最适于嫁接的时问分别为14、16、23—25、16、19天;接穗为三叶原基时,相应最高成苗率为75.0％、76.5％、50.0％、57.1％、66.7％。接穗是四叶原基时,成苗率可达100％。还试验了一些技术措施如嫁接技术、方式,接穗、砧木管理等与嫁接成苗率的关系。嫁接试管苗经自来水浸泡一天,100 ppm萘乙酸处理一小时,移植于新土:珍珠岩(7:3)的混合土中.在适宜的温度下,成活率达80～90％以上。     

柑橘衰退病毒基因组的简单重复序列分布分析

柑橘衰退病毒（Citrus tristeza virus,CTV）属于长线性病毒科（Closteroviridae）,是目前已知植物病毒中基因组最大的病毒,其引起的柑橘衰退病对全世界的柑橘产业造成着严重影响。本文以在GenBank登录的32条全长CTV基因组序列为材料,分析简单重复序列（Simple Sequence Repeats,SSRs）在其基因组序列中的分布情况。研究结果显示,在所有的CTV基因组中均有SSRs的分布,SSRs重复次数较少,二型SSRs占主导地位,未在CTV基因组序列中发现五型和六型SSRs。在32条基因组全长序列中仅在5条序列中发现四型SSRs。这是首次以柑橘病毒为材料进行的SSRs分析研究。     

计算机视觉在植物显微结构观测中的应用

植物显微结构计算机视觉技术的研究已得到人们的重视 ,本文综述了计算机视觉在植物显微结构中几个重要方面的研究进展 ,包括计算机视觉的形成和发展 ,计算机视觉在植物显微结构中的应用和目前植物显微结构计算机视觉系统的组成和原理。     

Color vision of the budgerigar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Melopsittacus undulatus</Emphasis>): hue matches,tetrachromacy, and intensity discrimination

Budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus, were trained to discriminate monochromatic lights from mixtures of two comparison lights. The addition of small amounts of UV (365 nm) to blue or yellow lights dramatically changed the color for the birds. Hue matches showed the birds to be dichromatic both at long wavelengths (only P565 and P508 active) and at short wavelengths (only P370 and P445 active because of screening of P508 and P565 by cone oil droplets). In mid-spectrum (only P445 and P508 active), a hue match was achieved, but the results were more complicated because two opponent neural processes were activated. All observed hue matches were in quantitative agreement with calculations of relative quantum catch in the pairs of participating single cones and point to the presence of a minimum of three opponent neural processes. For the hue matches at mid- and short wavelengths, the calculations also predict peak values of absorbance of the cone oil droplets associated with P508 and P445. Relative intensity of the training light affected difficult matches at long but not short wavelengths, likely due to achromatic signals from the double cones. With suitable training, birds could make intensity discriminations at short wavelengths, where the double cones have diminished sensitivity.     

Encoding brain network response to free viewing of videos

A challenging goal for cognitive neuroscience researchers is to determine how mental representations are mapped onto the patterns of neural activity. To address this problem, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers have developed a large number of encoding and decoding methods. However, previous studies typically used rather limited stimuli representation, like semantic labels and Wavelet Gabor filters, and largely focused on voxel-based brain patterns. Here, we present a new fMRI encoding model to predict the human brain’s responses to free viewing of video clips which aims to deal with this limitation. In this model, we represent the stimuli using a variety of representative visual features in the computer vision community, which can describe the global color distribution, local shape and spatial information and motion information contained in videos, and apply the functional connectivity to model the brain’s activity pattern evoked by these video clips. Our experimental results demonstrate that brain network responses during free viewing of videos can be robustly and accurately predicted across subjects by using visual features. Our study suggests the feasibility of exploring cognitive neuroscience studies by computational image/video analysis and provides a novel concept of using the brain encoding as a test-bed for evaluating visual feature extraction.     

Computer vision analysis of somatic embryos of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] for assessing their ability to convert to plants

Apical and axial shoot tips of sweet potato were cultured to produce somatic embryos that mature and develop into plants in basal nutrient medium. However, the lack of high regeneration efficiency is an impediment to the use of somatic embryos to produce synthetic seeds. Conversion experiments with mature embryos over a 20-day period revealed that 80–90% of the embryos formed roots but only 40–50% formed shoots. Using computer vision and canonical or Fisher discriminant function (CDA) analysis along with conversion results, it was possible to correctly classify competent embryos 40–50% of the time based on size features, 50–60% of the time based on shape features, and 55–60% of the time based on color features. Non-competent embryos were correctly classified 65–75%, 55–60%, and 70–75% of the time based on size, shape, and color, respectively. These results can be used effectively to identify and select competent embryos for improved regeneration efficiency. Received: 2 January 1997 / Revision received: 21 January 1998 / Accepted: 12 February 1998     

A comparison of shoot-forming and non-shoot-forming somatic embryos of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] using computer vision and histological analyses

Diagnostic structural features for competence to form shoots were tested among sweet potato embryos by combining morphological image capture (using a computer vision system) with anatomical analyses (using light microscopy). Five major morphological variants (`perfect', `near perfect', `limited/no meristematic activity', `disrupted internal anatomy', and `proliferating') were identified among torpedo- and cotyledonary-stage embryos. Among these, only the first two were found to be competent for conversion into plantlets. Lack of organized shoot development in somatic embryos of sweet potato was associated with the following abnormalities: lack of an organized apical meristem, sparcity of dividing cells in the apical region, flattened apical meristem, and multiple meristemoids and/or diffuse meristematic activity throughout the embryo. Diagnostic separation of most shoot-forming and non-shoot-forming torpedo and cotyledonary embryo variants was achieved. Received: 27 January 1997 / Revision received: 28 January 1998 / Accepted: 12 February 1998