巴茅草水浸提液对3种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用

本文以发芽率、发芽速度指数、发芽指数、根长、茎长和生物量为种子萌发和幼苗生长参数,研究不同生长时期巴茅草叶片和茎秆水浸提液对白菜、生菜、水稻的化感作用。结果表明: 巴茅草叶水浸提液化感作用强于茎秆水浸提液,叶水浸提液处理后受体植物的发芽指数和生物量均显著低于茎水浸提液。枯萎期巴茅草的化感作用强于生长旺盛期。不同浓度巴茅草叶水浸提液对3种作物的化感作用存在明显的量效关系,浸提液浓度越高,巴茅草的化感抑制作用越强。巴茅草叶水浸提液对白菜和生菜各萌发指标100%抑制的浓度分别为0.075和0.10 g·mL^-1;而0.10 g·mL^-1巴茅草叶水浸提液对水稻发芽率、发芽速度指数、发芽指数的抑制率分别为13.8%、27.2%、19.3%。巴茅草叶水浸提液对白菜和生菜各生长指标100%抑制的浓度分别为0.05和0.10 g·mL^-1;而0.10 g·mL^-1巴茅草叶水浸提液对水稻根长、茎长、生物量的抑制率分别为64.6%、92.9%、21.8%。结合种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合化感指数,3种供试作物对巴茅草化感作用的敏感程度为白菜>生菜>水稻。     

阔叶丰花草与2种菊科植物之间的化感作用

阔叶丰花草是一种适用于华南果园生草控草的一年生植物。为了揭示阔叶丰花草与果园常见杂草之间的竞争关系,研究了阔叶丰花草与两种菊科植物(胜红蓟和白花鬼针草)之间的化感作用。结果表明: 10～50 mg·mL^-1的阔叶丰花草水浸液处理显著抑制胜红蓟和白花鬼针草种子萌发和幼苗生长,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的胚根长分别比对照降低57.4%～90.2%和57.3%～62.3%。胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液对阔叶丰花草种子萌发也有较强的化感效应,在50 mg·mL^-1的浓度处理下,阔叶丰花草种子几乎不能萌发。经10 mg·mL^-1阔叶丰花草水浸液处理30 d后,胜红蓟播种苗的净光合作用、株高和生物量分别比对照降低15.2%、20.6%和41.5%,白花鬼针草播种苗的生物量也出现下降趋势;但胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液处理对阔叶丰花草播种苗生长的影响均不显著。在混种条件下,阔叶丰花草的生物量与单种的水平相当,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的生物量则分别比单种降低86.0%和27.1%。与胜红蓟和白花鬼针草相比,阔叶丰花草的化感优势在于除了能抑制对方的种子萌发,也能抑制其植株生长。     

落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,25 g ·kg^-1浓度的落叶松根水浸液,125 g·kg^-1浓度的落叶松皮、枝水浸液对胡桃楸种子发芽率、发芽指数均表现出显著的促进作用（P＜0.05）;12.5 g·kg^-1和25 g·kg^-1浓度的落叶松根水浸液、12.5 g·kg^-1浓度的落叶松皮水浸液对胡桃楸幼苗苗高、地径生长的促进作用显著（P＜0.05）.高浓度的落叶松叶水浸液对胡桃楸种子萌发和幼苗生长具有明显的促进作用（P＜0.05）.而落叶松叶水浸液对胡桃楸种子发芽率、发芽指数、苗高以及地径的促进作用却随着水浸液浓度的降低,呈逐渐下降的趋势.施加落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸种子萌发以及幼苗生长的促进作用可能与树种间的化学相互作用有关.     

油菜对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

油菜是我国重要的绿肥作物,除增加土壤肥力外,对后茬作物也有一定的化感作用。本文研究了不同浓度油菜浸提液(0.025、0.05和0.1 g·mL^-1)对3种作物(燕麦、玉米和向日葵)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响。结果表明: 油菜浸提液对3种作物种子发芽率的影响不显著,但对燕麦有“低促高抑”的趋势,对向日葵有抑制的趋势。油菜浸提液高浓度处理对燕麦幼苗根和茎长、玉米幼苗茎长以及向日葵幼苗根长起抑制作用,低浓度处理对玉米幼苗根茎长起促进作用。燕麦和向日葵幼苗在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,玉米在0.025 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,显著高于对照。3个浓度下,向日葵脯氨酸含量均显著降低,玉米脯氨酸含量在浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时显著高于对照。玉米过氧化物酶(POD)活性在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时最大,向日葵POD活性在浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时最大,与对照有显著差异,其余浓度处理与对照无显著差异。油菜浸提液浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时显著降低了燕麦超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,3种作物幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与对照均无显著差异。加入油菜浸提液后,向日葵幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量在浓度为0.1 g·mL^-1时显著增加,玉米幼苗MDA含量在不同浓度处理下均显著低于对照。综合分析,油菜浸提液对向日葵的化感抑制作用最强,其次为玉米、燕麦。     

入侵植物北美车前和野胡萝卜种内及种间的化感作用

当前入侵植物种类和入侵范围均日益扩大,而多种入侵植物共同入侵同一生境的概率也逐渐增加。为探讨这些入侵植物种内和种间的化感作用以及化感作用对其竞争能力的影响,本研究以北美车前(Plantago virgica)和野胡萝卜(Daucus carota)为例,采用室内生物学测定法,分析了2种植物不同器官(根、茎或花序轴、叶)、不同浓度(CK、0.005、0.01和0.05 g·mL^-1)的水浸提液培养对其自身和对方种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,浸提液浓度对2种入侵植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响最大,且浓度、器官及物种之间存在显著交互作用。2物种各器官各浓度浸提液对二者种子萌发总体表现为抑制;中低浓度浸提液对同种植物幼苗生长有一定促进作用;高浓度浸提液尤其是野胡萝卜叶浸提液对二者种子萌发与幼苗生长均有显著抑制作用。综合化感效应指数表明,浸提液浓度越高抑制作用越强,地上部分化感效应强于地下,且野胡萝卜对北美车前的种间化感作用最强。由此可见,种内和种间化感作用是入侵植物在相同入侵地相互竞争的重要方式。     

紫茎泽兰对三种岩溶地区木本植物种子萌发的化感作用

采用生物测定法研究了紫茎泽兰叶和根水浸提液对任豆、香椿和龙须藤等三种岩溶木本植物种子萌发的化感作用。结果表明,除最低浓度(0.0125 g/mL)外,其它浓度的叶浸提液均能显著抑制香椿种子的萌发及幼苗生长,浓度越高抑制作用越大;对任豆和龙须藤种子萌发也有一定的化感作用,但抑制作用相对较弱,有时为促进作用。紫茎泽兰叶浸提液对受试植物的化感作用强于根水浸提液。     

黄土丘陵区草本群落演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用

为探索自然演替中植被群落结构与化感作用之间的关系,以黄土丘陵区自然演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿为研究对象,通过种子萌发试验,分析演替初期优势种群茵陈蒿浸提液(甲醇浸提液和水浸提液)对自身以及伴生种种子萌发以及幼苗生长的影响,从化学生态学角度解释演替初期群落结构形成的原因。结果表明,茵陈蒿浸提液对3种伴生种(铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子)的种子萌发均有显著化感作用,低浓度(0.002g/m L)时表现为促进或轻微的抑制作用,高浓度(0.2g/m L)时为较强的抑制作用;不同部位茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用不同,相比之下,地上部的抑制作用更为强烈,其浸提液均抑制铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的种子萌发,尤其在浓度为0.2 g/m L时,达到完全抑制;根系甲醇浸提液对铁杆蒿种子萌发的抑制作用要强于同浓度下的水浸提液,而地上部水浸提液对受体植物根芽的作用大于甲醇浸提液。茵陈蒿对于自身具有一定的抑制作用,表现为高浓度(0.2和0.02 g/m L)的水和甲醇浸提液抑制自身种子萌发和幼苗生长。研究结果说明化感作用可能是该地区在演替前期形成以茵陈蒿为优势种植被群落的重要原因之一。创新点:从化学生态学的角度解释了黄土丘陵区植被演替初期植物之间的关系以及群落结构形成的原因,为认识自然恢复的内在机理提供了新的视角。     

核桃叶水浸提液对棉花生长及棉花枯萎病菌的化感效应

研究了不同浓度核桃叶水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长及对棉花枯萎病菌菌丝生长的化感效应。结果表明, 不同浓度核桃叶水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长及棉花枯萎病菌菌丝生长均体现出抑制效应, 且抑制作用整体随着浸提液浓度的增高而逐渐增强。浸提液对棉花种子发芽势、发芽指数的影响要大于对发芽率的影响, 20 mg·mL^–1以上浸提液浓度处理的棉花种子发芽势与发芽指数显著(P<0.05)降低, 而30 mg·mL^–1 的浓度下对种子发芽率的抑制仍不显著。浸提液浓度大于20 mg·mL^–1 时, 棉花幼苗根的生长及根系活力开始受到强烈抑制, 当浸提液浓度大于30 mg·mL^–1时, 幼苗总叶绿素含量显著降低, 导致幼苗的鲜、干重减少。同时, 在高浓度浸提液胁迫下(>30 mg·mL^–1), 还会造成棉花植株体内MDA 含量急剧增高。不同浓度浸提液对棉花枯萎病菌菌丝的生长均有一定的抑制作用, 40 mg·mL^–1 浓度浸提液的抑菌率达到最高, 为47.9%。     

珙桐—灯台树枝和叶的水提物对白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

为了证实珙桐（Davidia involucrata）及其伴生树种灯台树（Bothrocaryum controversum）是否会通过化感作用影响其他植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长,以维持二者长期稳定的伴生关系,本研究以平武县野生珙桐及灯台树的枝、叶水提液为材料来源,以白菜（Brassica pekinensi）的种子为受体,探究2种植物的枝、叶及其混合后的5种质量浓度（0、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100 g·mL^-1）水提液对白菜的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明：①珙桐和灯台树的枝水提液对白菜种子萌发影响较小,对幼苗生长有显著促进作用且随质量浓度增加而增大（P＜0.05）。②珙桐和灯台树的叶水提液对白菜种子萌发均具有显著抑制作用（P＜0.05）,但对幼苗生长的影响各不相同。前者呈现随质量浓度增加的“低促高抑”现象,而后者呈现随质量浓度增加“抑制增加”的特点。③不同来源的枝—叶混合的水提液对白菜种子萌发均表现出显著的抑制作用（P＜0.05）,但对幼苗生长均随质量浓度增加表现出“低促高抑”特点。上述结果证实了珙桐和灯台树枝、叶水提液对同一受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用确实存在差异,树种、部位和质量浓度不同均会导致化感作用的强度和方向不同。这种现象可能是植物在群落中为了维持稳定的种间关系而长期进化的结果。     

岩生植物金发草对作物的化感效应

采用生物测定法研究金发草根、茎、叶水浸提液对水稻、小麦、油菜和莴苣等4种受体植物的化感作用。结果表明,金发草根、茎、叶水浸提液对4种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均具化感作用,且随着水浸提液浓度的增高而增强。除水稻外,小麦、油菜、莴苣的发芽速率均受金发草水浸提液的显著抑制,但对最终发芽率影响不显著,说明金发草对植物种子萌发的化感作用主要是延迟种子发芽时间;金发草对作物幼苗生长的化感作用总体上表现为促进地上部分生长而抑制地下部分的生长。受体植物不同发育期对金发草化感作用的敏感程度不同,幼苗期高于萌发期;金发草叶的化感作用最强,其综合效应分别为根与茎的2.14倍和2.56倍。     

六盘山区辽东栎的实生苗更新及其影响因子

研究了六盘山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)灌丛的种子产量、土壤种子库组成、湿沙和风干贮藏对种子寿命的影响以及动物取食子叶对种子萌发和幼苗建立的影响。结果表明, 辽东栎灌丛种子的完好率为27.51%, 被动物取食或搬运种子的比例(41.51%)显著高于其他类型种子(p < 0.01); 辽东栎次生林土壤种子库中萌发和虫蛀种子分别占35.16%和38.29%, 完好种子仅占13.65%, 捕食动物主要通过贮藏或搬运而影响土壤种子库中的种子密度。湿沙贮藏60天的辽东栎种子自动萌发率高达96.67%, 短期贮藏可加快种子的萌发进程, 提高萌发率和萌发指数, 但随着贮藏时间的延长, 种子萌发进程延迟, 萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数均不同程度地降低。排除动物取食处理的幼苗在林窗和林下生境的存活率分别为80%和83%, 而不排除动物取食幼苗在2种生境中分别仅有25%和31%能够存活, 表明子叶在幼苗建立中具有重要作用。林窗中幼苗子叶的动物取食率(85.00%)高于林下(71.00%), 子叶留存的幼苗在林窗中的存活率(6.00%)低于林下(15.50%), 而子叶被取食幼苗的存活率在两种环境中基本相等(分别为18.50%和18.00%)。     

死、活地被物对红松伴生树种天然更新影响的实验研究

 1963年在小兴安岭丰林自然保护区红松林及有关的皆伐迹地上设置了61组,325个实验样方,定期观察到1965年,以研究死、活地被物对人工播种的红松林伴生树种种子发芽和幼苗初期存活、生长的影响。实验表明死、活地被物,特别是死地被物的干湿变化剧烈,影响幼苗的成活,甚至使种子或幼根无法接触土壤,因而种粒越小,或轻而带翅,受影响越大。此外本文还指出了桦树种子的强迫休眠和延迟发芽现象。讨论了实验结果在红松林演替和人工促进天然更新中的意义。     

西双版纳季节雨林更新的研究

 根据定位试验研究和组成森林树种的生态习性,对季节雨林的更新进行了研究。结果表明雨林种子年产量高。残落物中、下层至表土2—4cm处是种子,特别优势种种子的贮存库。一年中,种子萌发,幼苗生长是雨季>雾季>干季,死亡则是干季>雨季>雾季。1—2龄苗易死,多龄苗不易死,雨季腐烂,干季干旱缺水致死,雾季叶锈病是致死的主因。年复一年的种子萌发、幼苗生长、抑制、死亡、残存、补充是该雨林更新的特征。如果除去残落物层或羽蕨层,保羽蕨层翻土,除蕨层、残落物层翻土可促进种子萌发,幼苗生长,减少死亡,由此可反映出蕨层,残落物层,表土层是影响森林更新的主要生态因子。借助乔木死亡形成林窗而繁衍的种和无须林窗繁衍的种,其幼苗经干旱后残存,可发育成顶极种及先锋种的更新苗和小树,其中顶极种更新苗在更新中起主要作用,是本雨林与典型雨林共有的特点。根据优势顶极种的更新苗和小树罕见,而常见顶极种的更新苗和小树相对地多来看,当优势顶极种消亡后,整个森林或森林片段将被那些相对多度小的常见顶极种替换,从而形成循环镶嵌更新。     

浇水频率和凋落物覆盖量对黧蒴锥种子萌发及幼苗存活的影响

黧蒴锥是华南用于人工造林和生态恢复的优良乡土树种.选取浇水频率和凋落物覆盖量两个控制因子,研究在不同的土壤湿度和凋落物覆盖量条件下,黧蒴锥种子萌发及幼苗存活和生长特征.结果表明: 凋落物对黧蒴锥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响与环境的潮湿程度相关.当浇水频率为每天1次时,凋落物覆盖会抑制黧蒴锥种子萌发和幼苗早期生长,导致种子萌发率降低、幼苗死亡率提高; 在浇水频率为2 d 1次和3 d 1次时,凋落物覆盖可以改善土壤的水分状况,有助于种子萌发和幼苗存活.凋落物覆盖还可以显著地提高幼苗的生物量.在通过播种来实现亚热带灌木林地更新时,可利用凋落物覆盖促进黧蒴锥的种子萌发和幼苗存活.     

Light limitation and litter of an invasive clonal plant,Wedelia trilobata,inhibit its seedling recruitment

Background and Aims

Invasive clonal plants have two reproduction patterns, namely sexual and vegetative propagation. However, seedling recruitment of invasive clonal plants can decline as the invasion process proceeds. For example, although the invasive clonal Wedelia trilobata (Asteraceae) produces numerous seeds, few seedlings emerge under its dense population canopy in the field. In this study it is hypothesized that light limitation and the presence of a thick layer of its own litter may be the primary factors causing the failure of seedling recruitment for this invasive weed in the field.

Methods

A field survey was conducted to determine the allocation of resources to sexual reproduction and seedling recruitment in W. trilobata. Seed germination was also determined in the field. Effects of light and W. trilobata leaf extracts on seed germination and seedling growth were tested in the laboratory.

Key Results

Wedelia trilobata blooms profusely and produces copious viable seeds in the field. However, seedlings of W. trilobata were not detected under mother ramets and few emerged seedlings were found in the bare ground near to populations. In laboratory experiments, low light significantly inhibited seed germination. Leaf extracts also decreased seed germination and inhibited seedling growth, and significant interactions were found between low light and leaf extracts on seed germination. However, seeds were found to germinate in an invaded field after removal of the W. trilobata plant canopy.

Conclusions

The results indicate that lack of light and the presence of its own litter might be two major factors responsible for the low numbers of W. trilobata seedlings found in the field. New populations will establish from seeds once the limiting factors are eliminated, and seeds can be the agents of long-distance dispersal; therefore, prevention of seed production remains an important component in controlling the spread of this invasive clonal plant.     

辽东山区长白落叶松人工林天然更新障碍分析

通过对辽东山区不同间伐强度下长白落叶松林内种子库,种子萌发,幼苗出现、成活与生长的观测,分析了长白落叶松天然更新的主要影响因素.结果表明:40年生落叶松人工林的种子雨中,有30%的种子有活力,可以满足天然更新的需要;土壤种子库的种子主要分布在枯枝落叶层,4月下旬林内种子开始萌发,6月幼苗数量达到最大,幼苗累计出现率与间伐强度(光照)之间无显著相关,只受到地被物的影响;随间伐强度的增加,幼苗平均存活率提高,但林下幼苗生长缓慢,苗高均不超过6 cm;林内当年幼苗9月全部消失,没有超过1年生的幼苗,但皆伐迹地的更新幼苗存活较多、生长良好.初步确定地被物和光照是辽东山区长白落叶松天然更新的主要障碍因子.     

Leaf litter of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kageneckia angustifolia</Emphasis> D. Don (Rosaceae) inhibits seed germination in sclerophyllous montane woodlands of central Chile

Leaf litter accumulation can have either positive, negative or neutral effects on seed germination and seedling recruitment. In montane woodlands of the Mediterranean zone of central Chile, large amounts of leaf litter accumulate beneath the crowns of the summer semi-deciduous tree Kageneckia angustifolia and no regeneration of this or other plant species has been observed beneath this tree throughout the year. In a sample plot of 5000 m² we selected ten K. angustifolia trees and measured (1) leaf litter accumulation beneath and outside canopy; (2) the effects of time elapsed since burial on viability of K. angustifolia seeds with and without a leaf litter cover; (3) field seed germination with presence or absence of leaf litter and (4) the possible chemical effects of K. angustifolia leaf litter leachates on seed germination of its own seeds and of other two co-occurring native shrubs species (Guindilia trinervis and Solanum ligustrinum). Our results show that a considerable accumulation of leaf litter occurred beneath K. angustifolia, and litter negatively affected seed viability and germination of this species in the field. Under laboratory conditions, K. angustifolia leaf litter leachates inhibited seed germination of its own seeds and of the two native shrub species. Chemical effects are likely involved in the negative effects of leaf litter on the recruitment of K. angustifolia in the montane sclerophyllous woodland of central Chile.     

小五台山天然青杨林雌雄群体的生长差异

通过对小五台山天然青杨种群的野外调查,并使用胸径与株高的异速生长模型来分析其雌雄群体间的生长差异,以探究雌雄异株植物青杨在性成熟条件和形态特征中是否存在性间差异。结果表明:(1)在青杨生长过程中,胸径随年龄呈指数型增长,而株高随年龄呈对数型增长;(2)雌雄植株的性成熟条件不同。雌株进入性成熟阶段的最低年龄和胸径都小于雄株;(3)青杨高径生长过程存在性别差异。雌株的异速生长指数显著大于雄株(P=0.024)。表明天然青杨种群中雌株一般性成熟较早,成熟后营养生长偏重于胸径增粗;而雄株性成熟较晚,营养生长偏重于植株增高。相对于雄株,雌株具有较高的树干机械强度。     

The effects of shrub patch sizes on the colonization of pioneer plants on the volcano Mount Koma,northern Japan

Vegetation recovery on Mount Koma, Hokkaido, Japan, has been slow after the catastrophic eruption in 1929, due to undeveloped soil and limited plant colonization. Nowadays, the seedling establishment is supported mostly by a nurse plant, Salix reinii forming shrub patches, facilitates the plant colonization. Although the effects of shrub patches should differ with patch sizes, the size effects have not been examined well. To examine the size effects, seed-sowing experiments were conducted on two common pioneer herbaceous species, Miscanthus sinensis and Polygonum sachalinense, in the field. The seed germination and seedling survival were monitored by the seeds sown into S. reinii patches (0.97 m²–4.12 m² in area) for 4 months during snow-free periods. Microenvironments altered by the patches were measured. Lab-experiments were performed to characterize the seed germination and seedling growth.Larger patches decreased light intensity and temperature more and increased litter and water content. The large patches promoted the seed germination of the two species. Interspecific interactions, examined by a seed mixture experiment, showed that the interaction increased the seed germination on M. sinensis and decreased that on P. sachalinense. On the lab-experiments at three temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C), M. sinensis seeds germinated more at higher temperatures and obtained higher seedlings biomass. P. sachalinense germinated the seeds more at 20 °C and grew faster at lower temperatures. The total biomass of the two species was reduced by shade that intercepted 50% of light intensity. The seed germination and seedling growth of these two species became higher on litter with 2 cm in depth than on no litter. Soil water supported seed germination when the seeds of these two species were mixed while the water reduced the growth of P. sachalinense seedlings. Therefore, the dry soils were suitable for their growths. In all the treatments, P. sachalinense seedlings showed higher mortalities than M. sinensis.In conclusion, the large patches facilitated more to the colonization of pioneer plants via seed germination and growth. Large patches acted as a nursery supporting the natural regeneration in the disturbed area by improving litter accumulation, maintaining soil water, reducing strong light and/or protecting from heat.     

桂林小花苣苔离体快速繁殖技术

对抗结核植物桂林小花苣苔(Chiritopsis repanda var. guilinensis)进行离体培养与快速繁殖技术研究。结果表明: 桂林小花苣苔叶片外植体的最适初代诱导培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L^–16-BA+0.05 mg·L^–1IBA, pH8.0; 最适继代增殖培养基为 MS+0.1 mg·L^–16-BA+0.05 mg·L^–1IBA, pH6.0, 繁殖系数7.0/35天; 最适生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg·L^–1NAA, pH6.0, 生根率为93.6%。模拟桂林小花苣苔自然生境, 在春季对生根试管苗进行大棚移栽, 成活率达90%。根据上述快繁技术, 理论上每株试管苗每年可繁殖桂林小花苣苔种苗46万株。