一种兔肠源抗菌蛋白分离纯化及其抑菌活性

目的探讨兔肠道组织抗菌有效成分的组成及其性质。方法将新鲜兔小肠组织匀浆,经高温处理,乙酸浸提后,检测抗菌活性,再经Sephadex G100和Sephadex G75凝胶柱过滤层析,收集具有抗菌活性的蛋白组分,经SDS-PAGE电泳,考马斯亮蓝染色后,为一条蛋白带,其相对分子质量约为43×103。用琼脂糖弥散法和活菌计数实验检测纯化物对9株细菌的抑菌作用。结果分离得到一种纯的兔肠源抗菌蛋白,纯化的兔肠源抗菌蛋白对9株细菌的均有明显的抑菌作用,杀菌率介于78%与98%之间,显示了较强的抗菌活性。结论初步显示了兔肠源抗菌蛋白在细菌性疫病的防治方面的应用前景。     

白星花金龟(Protaetia brevitarsis)幼虫抗菌物质的分离纯化

以药用昆虫白星花金龟(Protaetia brevitarsis)幼虫为研究对象,通过Sephadex G-50、RP-HPLC等技术分离纯化天然抗菌活性物质.经初步鉴定,该系列抗菌活性物质对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subttilis)表现出较强的抑菌活性.用MALDI-TOF MS对样品进行分析,检测到相对分子质量分别为2254.045 9、2622.4438的两种抗菌活性物质.推测这些抗菌活性物质在白星花金龟幼虫抵御微生物的侵袭中起到重要作用.     

九香虫血淋巴及其纯化蛋白抑菌活性的研究

对九香虫AsporgopuschinensisDallas血淋巴及其血淋巴蛋白质分离物的抗菌活性进行了研究,抗菌活性检测指示菌为大肠杆菌Escherichiacoli和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphilocalliesacereus。测定结果表明,九香虫血淋巴及其离心上清液都具有明显的抗菌活性。用凝胶过滤法从血淋巴蛋白分离提纯获得一种小分子肽,SDS PAGE电泳为单一带,分子量约为1～1 4 4kD。该小分子蛋白对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有抑菌作用,与血淋巴对2种细菌的抗菌性一致,表明其是九香虫血淋巴中具抗菌作用的主要物质之一。     

海洋侧孢短芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性物质初步研究

采用滤纸片和牛津杯法对分离自大连海参养殖圈海水及海底污泥的506株细菌进行了抗菌活性筛选,获得了1株抗菌活性较强的菌株HS—A465。经形态观察及生理生化实验,结合16SrDNA序列分析,确定为海洋侧孢短芽孢杆菌（Brevribacillus laterosporus）。采用薄层层析和茚三酮显色检测,在其发酵上清液中存在2种具有较强抗菌活性的代谢物质,对每一种成分进行了分离纯化和抑菌实验。结果发现,成分2和3具有显著的抑菌作用。进一步分析表明,成分2和3还具有很强的热稳定性和pH稳定性,对有机溶剂耐受性较好。根据茚三酮显色结果,可以初步推断该活性物质结构上含有游离的氨基酸,初步推断它们是直链的肽类物质。这一研究成果将为海洋抗菌活性物质的进一步开发利用提供理论参考。     

LfcinB突变基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达及其活性测定

测定LfcinB突变基因(mLfcinB)在大肠杆菌中的融合表达及其表达产物的抗菌活性。对LfcinB基因突变后进行克隆并测定序列,mLfcinB基因融合表达载体构建后并在大肠杆菌中的表达,分离提纯表达物并测定其活性。结果显示,Lf-cinB突变基因克隆后表达产物在经SDS-PAGE电泳,考马斯亮蓝G250染色可在29kD处看到预期的融合蛋白条带;对照组空质粒pGEX-4T-1经相同条件诱导后表达的蛋白为26kD。通过抑菌试验发现其对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25938具有较强抗菌活性。表明mLfcinB基因表达物具有较强的抗菌作用。     

细菌诱导对昆虫细胞系NIH-SaPe-4生长与抗菌蛋白活性的影响

离体昆虫细胞系在昆虫免疫、抗菌肽及蛋白研究和药物开发方面具有较好的应用前景。该文对双翅目麻蝇科麻蝇成虫卵巢胚细胞系NIH-SaPe-4在藤黄微球菌诱导和非诱导条件下,细胞密度和活力的变化、诱导对细胞生长的影响、抗菌活性及其活性随时间的变化关系等进行了研究,并对所得抗菌蛋白进行了初步分离纯化和稳定性评估。结果表明,诱导使得细胞密度增长减缓,活力变弱。诱导和非诱导组细胞均可产生对3种革兰氏阳性菌具有抑菌活性的抗菌蛋白,其中对藤黄微球菌的抑菌活性最明显;诱导组细胞抗菌蛋白活性出现时间、稳定期抑菌活性均大于非诱导组,诱导菌消失一段时间后抗菌活性恢复到同等水平。抗菌蛋白具有酸碱稳定性和热稳定性。2组抗菌蛋白粗提液经凝胶、反相分离纯化后均得到一种60 kDa左右的抗菌蛋白,诱导组电泳后条带亮度大于非诱导组。该研究为昆虫细胞抗菌蛋白性质、分离纯化等研究奠定了科学基础。     

灯台树内生放线菌多样性及抗菌活性评价

从云南西双版纳采集7份灯台树样品,经过表面消毒,用4种分离培养基分离得到105株内生放线菌。经16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,分布于7个科9个属。利用5种植物病原真菌指示菌对所有菌株的发酵液进行抗菌活性检测。结果显示,有12.4%、14.3%、11.4%、12.4%、8.6%的菌株分别对镰刀霉、疫霉、赤星霉、苹果炭疽、白色念珠菌有抗性。对3株具有广谱抗菌活性的菌株进行再次发酵和抗菌活性复筛,结果显示这3株的抗菌活性稳定,并可能含有生物碱类化合物。     

重组hepcidin的分离纯化及鉴定

建立了重组hepcidin的分离纯化方法,并鉴定其抗菌活性。经金属螯合初步纯化的重组蛋白在cysteine/cystine氧化还原体系中氧化形成二硫键,用变性条件下的凝胶过滤除去多聚体,稀释复性后用于肠激酶酶切反应,得到重组hepcidin。融合蛋白His-hepcidin经氧化、复性后的总收率为50%,纯度大于95%。酶切后所得重组hepcidin经抑菌圈试验检验,对枯草芽孢杆菌具有抗菌活性。LC-ESI-MS与园二色光谱检测显示重组hepcidin与天然hepcidin相对分子质量相同、二级结构相似。     

红树林链霉菌ZFSM1-146中抗菌活性物质的发现

【背景】红树林来源的放线菌蕴含着丰富的次级代谢产物资源,是挖掘小分子药物的重要来源。【目的】对红树林放线菌天然产物进行研究,分离和鉴定其中的抗菌活性化合物。【方法】采用稀释涂布平板法分离纯化红树林土壤中的放线菌,通过琼脂块法初筛和滤纸片法复筛获得具有抗菌活性的放线菌;基于16SrRNA基因序列分析和系统发育树构建确定目标放线菌种类;通过高效液相色谱法对目标放线菌的发酵产物进行分析,采用硅胶柱层析和高效液相色谱分离技术结合的活性追踪法纯化抗菌活性物质;经高分辨电喷雾电离质谱和核磁共振波谱技术鉴定抗菌活性物质的结构。【结果】从红树林土壤中筛选到一株抗菌活性较强的放线菌ZFSM1-146,16SrRNA基因序列及其基因片段构建的系统发育树分析初步确定其为抗生链霉菌(Streptomyces antibioticus);菌株ZFSM1-146可产生抗菌活性化合物1-3,化合物1-3经结构鉴定分别为放线菌素X_(Oβ)、X_2和D。经培养基初步优化,抗菌活性最强的放线菌素X2的产量约达到原来的2倍。【结论】从红树林土壤中筛选出一株可产生抗菌活性物质的抗生链霉菌ZFSM1-146,并鉴定出3个抗菌活性成分均为放线菌素类化合物,为后续进行放线菌素的产量优化和通过分子遗传手段进行结构改造提供了宝贵的菌种资源。     

云贵川湖泊芽孢杆菌分离、鉴定及抗动物病原菌活性研究

为从湖泊沉积物中筛选出对动物病原菌具有抑菌活性的芽孢杆菌Bacillus,采用纯培养方法对云贵川地区9个湖泊样品中的芽孢杆菌进行分离、16S rRNA基因序列测定和发酵,以4株常见动物病原菌作为对象,对芽孢杆菌次级代谢产物进行活性检测,筛选有抗菌活性的菌株,并对活性菌株的发酵产物进行液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析。结果显示,在9个湖泊样品中共分离出47株芽孢杆菌,筛选出13株有抗菌活性的菌株,且其产生的脂肽类抗生素对动物病原菌显示出较好的抗菌活性。本研究不仅扩大了芽孢杆菌物种资源信息库,为后续开展芽孢杆菌次生代谢产物研究奠定理论依据。同时也为开发新型动物致病菌抗生素提供了新的途径。     

物质经皮转运的唯象理论

物质经皮渗透是一个非平衡态的热力学过程,驱使物质经皮转运的动力产生了物质经皮转运的通量,文章试图用唯象理论来阐述这种关系。假设扩散池系统恒温、无化学反应：溶液为非粘性流体,双组份、局域平衡。根据Gibbs方程,建立了扩散池系统的耗散函数,导出了其质量流与质量力、体积流与体积力：实验分对照组(被动扩散)和实验组(电脉冲扩散),分别做3次并以替硝唑为模式药物。实验结果表明：(1)扩散池系统中不但存在物质的经皮渗透,而且存在溶液的体积缺失现象;(2)根据实验数据,确定唯象系数具有时变性,并且推断当时间延迟时,质量力对质量流和体积力对体积流的影响减弱;(3)溶液对流在皮肤表面产生的速度梯度可能产生体积流。结论是扩散池药物经皮渗透系统是一个非线性时变系统。     

Identification of three novel Phyllomedusa sauvagei dermaseptins (sVI-sVIII) by cloning from a skin secretion-derived cDNA library

The defensive skin secretions of many amphibians contain a wide spectrum of biologically active compounds, particularly antimicrobial peptides that act as a first line of defence against bacterial infection. Here we describe for the first time the identification of three novel dermaseptin-related peptides (dermaseptins sVI-sVIII) whose primary structures were deduced from cDNAs cloned from a library constructed from lyophilised skin secretion of the South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei. The molecular masses of each were subsequently confirmed by interrogation of archived LC/MS files of fractionated skin secretion followed by automated Edman degradation sequencing. The heterogeneity of primary structures encountered in amphibian skin antimicrobial peptides may in part be explained by individual variation-a factor essential for selective functional molecular evolution and perhaps, ultimately in speciation.     

The effects of substance P, histamine and histamine antagonists on somatostatin and gastrin release from the isolated perfused rat stomach

Secretion of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) from the isolated perfused rat stomach has been shown to be inhibited by substance P. The present study was initiated to examine the possibility that this action of substance P was mediated via release of histamine. Substance P (1 microM) reduced basal secretion of SLI in agreement with earlier studies. Neither pyrilamine nor cimetidine influenced this action. Basal immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) secretion was unaffected by substance P. Addition of pyrilamine during substance P perfusion increased IRG secretion whereas addition of cimetidine resulted in a delayed decrease on removal of both compounds. Histamine (1 and 10 microM) increased SLI secretion and reduced IRG secretion. Pyrilamine increased and cimetidine decreased IRG secretion but neither drug influenced SLI secretion. Pyrilamine had no effect on histamine-stimulated SLI secretion but inhibition of IRG secretion by histamine was converted to stimulation. Cimetidine potentiated histamine stimulation of SLI secretion and inhibition of IRG secretion. In conclusion: (1) substance P inhibition of SLI secretion is unlikely to be mediated via release of histamine. (2) The gastrin cell appears to have both H1- and H2-receptors which mediate opposite actions but H1-receptor-mediated inhibition is predominant. (3) Histamine weakly stimulates SLI secretion but there may be both inhibitory and stimulatory pathways acting via H2- and H1-receptors, respectively.     

Chondroitin fragments are odorants that trigger fear behavior in fish

The ability to detect and avoid predators is essential to survival. Various animals, from sea urchins to damselfly larvae, use injury of conspecifics to infer the presence of predators. In many fish, skin damage causes the release of chemicals that elicit escape and fear in members of the shoal. The chemical nature of the alarm substance ("Schreckstoff" in German), the neural circuits mediating the complex response, and the evolutionary origins of a signal with little obvious benefit to the sender, are unresolved. To address these questions, we use biochemical fractionation to molecularly characterize Schreckstoff. Although hypoxanthine-3 N-oxide has been proposed to be the alarm substance, it has not been reliably detected in the skin and there may be other active components. We show that the alarm substance is a mixture that includes the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chondroitin. Purified chondroitins trigger fear responses. Like skin extract, chondroitins activate the mediodorsal posterior olfactory bulb, a region innervated by crypt neurons that has a unique projection to the habenula. These findings establish GAGs as a new class of odorants in fish, which trigger alarm behavior possibly via a specialized circuit.     

Characterization of a bacteriocin-like substance produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from the Brazilian Atlantic forest.

A Bacillus strain producing a bacteriocin-like substance was characterized by biochemical profiling and 16S rDNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain has high sequence similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The antimicrobial substance was inhibitory to pathogenic and food-spoilage bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens, and Pasteurella haemolytica. It was stable over a wide temperature range, but lost activity when the temperature reached 121 degrees C/15 min. Maximum activity was observed at acidic and neutral pH values, but not at alkaline pH. The antimicrobial substance was sensitive to the proteolytic action of trypsin, papain, proteinase K, and pronase E. Except for iturins, other antimicrobial peptides have not been described for B. amyloliquefaciens. The identification of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance active against L. monocytogenes addresses an important aspect of food protection.     

Mechanism of substance P-induced liquid secretion across bronchial epithelium

The present study was undertaken to identify and determine the mechanism of noncholinergic pathways for the induction of liquid secretion across airway epithelium. Excised porcine bronchi secreted substantial and significant quantities of liquid when exposed to acetylcholine, substance P, or forskolin but not to isoproterenol, norepinephrine, or phenylephrine. Bumetanide, an inhibitor of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransport, reduced the liquid secretion response to substance P by 69%. Approximately two-thirds of bumetanide-insensitive liquid secretion was blocked by dimethylamiloride (DMA), a Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor. Substance P responses were preserved in airways after surface epithelium removal, suggesting that secreted liquid originated from submucosal glands. The anion channel blockers diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) inhibited >90% of substance P-induced liquid secretion, whereas DIDS had no effect. DMA, DPC, and NPPB had greater inhibitory effects on net HCO(3)(-) secretion than on liquid secretion. Although preserved relative to liquid secretion, net HCO(3)(-) secretion was reduced by 39% in the presence of bumetanide. We conclude that substance P induces liquid secretion from bronchial submucosal glands of pigs through active transport of Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-). The pattern of responses to secretion agonists and antagonists suggests that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mediates this process.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a nonbacteriocin antimicrobial compound from Weissella paramesenteroides DFR-8 isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

A non-proteinaceous antimicrobial substance (nonbacteriocin) produced by Weissella paramesenteroides DFR-8, an isolate from cucumber (Cucumis sativus), was purified using cell adsorption–desorption and gel permeation chromatography methods. A single peak observed in the purity check by analytical RP-HPLC strongly indicates the homogeneity of the nonbacteriocin preparation. The active substance is insensitive to proteolytic enzymes, lipase, amylase and catalase and shows a broad spectrum of activity towards food-borne/spoilage pathogens including Gram-negative organisms. The non-proteinaceous antimicrobial molecule has a molecular mass ～2.5 kDa and is thermostable up to 121 °C at pH ～4.0. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to study the interactive effect of temperature and pH on antimicrobial activity and an equation was developed to deduce the residual activity of inhibitory substance under any conditions of temperature and pH within the experimental domain. The broad inhibitory spectrum and heat stability of the antimicrobial substance advocates its application as food-biopreservative.     

An analogue of substance P with broad receptor antagonist activity

[DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]Substance P-4-11 functions as a substance P receptor antagonist in several different systems. Because some analogues of substance P can function as receptor antagonists for bombesin as well as substance P, we tested [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 for its ability to modify the interaction of various pancreatic secretagogues with their receptors in dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. [DPro4,DTrp7,9,19]Substance P-4-11 did not stimulate amylase secretion and did not alter the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide or carbachol, but did inhibit the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by substance P, bombesin or cholecystokinin. With substance P, bombesin and cholecystokinin, [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 caused a parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve for stimulation of amylase secretion with no change in the maximal response. Schild plots of these results gave straight lines with slopes that were not significantly different from unity. [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]Substance P-4-11 inhibited binding of 125I-labeled substance P, 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin and 125I-cholecystokinin octapeptide over the same range of concentrations as that in which it inhibited biologic activity of each of these peptides. Half-maximal inhibition of binding of 125I-substance P occurred with 4 microM, of 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin with 17 microM and of 125I-cholecystokinin octapeptide with 5 microM. With each radiolabeled peptide the value of Ki for inhibition of binding by [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 was not significantly different from the corresponding value of Ki calculated from the appropriate Schild plot. The present results indicate that [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 is a competitive antagonist at receptors for substance P, for bombesin and for cholecystokinin. Thus, these receptors must share a common peptide recognition mechanism even though they interact with agonists that have no obvious structural similarity.     

抗水稻黄单胞菌的苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株筛选及其 活性物质

【目的】从400株苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株中筛选出拮抗水稻黄单胞菌活性最好的菌株YBT-2532,并对其抑菌活性物质进行分离。【方法】对苏云金芽胞杆菌YBT-2532产生的活性物质理化特性进行测定。【结果】该活性物质对温度、蛋白酶、pH均不敏感,70 °C处理1 h仍保留有75%的活性;活性物质在pH 2.0?12.0较稳定;该活性物质溶于甲醇、微溶于乙醇、不溶于丙酮、二氯甲烷和氯仿。利用凝胶过滤、离子交换层析、固相萃取、高效液相色谱技术,对抑菌组分进行分离,并通过HPLC-IT-MS方法确定其分子量。纯化的活性组分是一种分子量为797.8 Da的强极性水溶性小分子。【结论】该活性物质性质与已知的来源于苏云金芽胞杆菌的抗菌活性物质不同,可能为新型抗菌物质。     

Participation of substance P in the control of renin release.

The effect of the hypothalamic undecapeptide substance P on renin secretion rate was studied in the denervated dog kidney. Intrarenal infusion of substance P at a rate of 0.2 ng/kg/min suppressed renin secretion rates from 258.5 ± 28.5 ng/min to 133.1 ± 23.2 ng/min (p<0.001). Substance P infused at this dose neither changed blood pressure nor did it affect renal cortical plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate or sodium excretion. Thus, the suppression of renin release by substance P cannot be explained by any of the known control mechanisms. It is proposed that substance P participates in the control of renin release by a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular cells.