蚂蚁的化学通讯

化学通讯是蚂蚁的主要通讯方式,简要介绍了6种主要的外分泌腺体及其所分泌的化学信息物质(信息素)的通讯功能。     

白蚁跟踪信息素及其类似物的活性比较试验初报

自从1967年Smythe等发现某些真菌寄生过的木材中含有一种活性物质,与白蚁腹腺分泌的跟踪信息素有相似的效用以后,引起了人们探讨白蚁踪迹物质的浓厚兴趣。白蚁是一种社会性昆虫。群体间的觅食、防卫、筑巢、交哺等行为都是通过信息物质的调节来进行的。所以开展白蚁跟踪信息素及其类似物的研究,有可能为我们找出一条新的防治途径。     

植物化学通讯研究进展

 生物的信息传递是生命科学中引人入胜的研究领域之一,生物种间种内和个体内都存在着物理和化学等各种信息交流方式。植物种间种内是否通过物理信号进行通讯交流还是一个未知数,但邻近的同种或异种植物通过化学物质为媒介的通讯关系确是客观存在的。最近,愈来愈多的研究证明：许多陆生植物种可以合成并释放特定的次生物质,这些次生物质可以通过空气和土壤两种载体进行信息传递,尤其是在植物受到侵袭和寄生条件下。茉莉酮酸甲酯、水杨酸甲酯和乙烯等挥发性次生物质被确证为以空气为媒介进行植物种间和种内通讯的化学信号分子。植物根分泌的黄酮和氢醌等分子也可以经土壤媒介传递信息。由于在自然条件下植物根系分泌物的收集和活性信号分子的俘获及鉴定技术还未能突破,这增加了以土壤为媒介的植物种间和种内化学通讯关系研究的难度。但不论如何,植物的化学通讯是植物种间和种内交流的主要方式,植物间的化学通讯关系的研究还处于突破的前夜,这方面的任一研究成果都会引起世界性的关注。因此,破译植物种间和种内化学通讯密码具有重要的学术价值。     

蚜虫的化学通讯研究进展

蚜虫的化学通讯研究进展薛立平（四平师范学院生物系四平１３６０００）蚜虫的化学通讯是联系、调节各动物体活动的手段之一“－‘’。种内的动物可以通过信息素传递化学信息。种间的动物、动物和植物间也可以通过种间信息素传递信息。在长期的进化过程中,在蚜虫和蚜虫之...     

我国昆虫信息素研究与应用的进展

用昆虫信息素防治害虫是20世纪60年代以来发展的一种治虫新技术。由于具有高效、无毒、没有污染、不伤益虫等优点,国内外对昆虫信息素的研究与应用都很重视。昆虫信息素（InsectPhernmones）是同种昆虫个体之间在求偶、觅食、栖息、产卵、自卫等过程中起通讯联络作用的化学信息物质,主要有性信息素（SexPheromones）、聚集信息素（AggregationPhero－mones）、示踪信息素（TrailPheromones）、报警信息素（AlarmPheromones）、疏散信息素（EpideicticPheromone）以及蜂王情息素（QueenPhero－mones）、那氏情息素（NosanovPheromon…     

白蚁信息素研究进展

白蚁是最古老的社会性昆虫, 其社会性的维持需要信息素的相互作用。本文回顾了近年来国内外白蚁信息素研究的最新进展, 内容涉及白蚁踪迹信息素、 性信息素、 告警信息素和促食信息素的功能、 化学成分及产生信息素的外分泌腺。白蚁分泌信息素的腺体主要有背板腺、 腹板腺、 后腹板腺、 额腺和唾腺。绝大多数白蚁信息素是挥发性物质。白蚁在化学通讯上存在节俭策略, 即同一种化合物由不同的白蚁种类的不同外分泌腺分泌, 可具有不同的功能。总结了各类信息素在白蚁物种间、 同一物种的品级间和性别间的异同和作用方式, 强调了白蚁信息素的反应阈值、 最佳浓度、 有效期和物种特异性对其功能的影响。目前对白蚁信息素的研究尚处于起步阶段, 其研究成果对等翅目系统发育研究和白蚁防治具有重要的意义。文章最后展望了白蚁信息素在白蚁防治上的应用前景。     

松墨天牛化学生态学

松墨天牛(Monoohamus alternatus)是危害针叶树的重要蛀干害虫,而且是松材线虫病(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的主要传播媒介昆虫.本文综述了松墨天牛与寄主植物之间、松墨天牛种内及松墨天牛与松材线虫之间的化学生态学研究进展.在松墨天牛与寄主植物相互关系中,寄主植物中的萜烯类挥发物在松墨天牛选择取食和产卵寄主时发挥重要的调节作用,这些挥发物常常因寄主危害与否而发生改变,并对天牛表现出性别差异;寄主中的化学物质如碳水化合物、氨基酸、甾醇、磷脂和黄酮等能够刺激或驱避天牛的取食和产卵行为.松墨天牛种内通讯过程中,两性天牛的吸引、求爱和交尾等生殖行为由性信息素所引起;雌天牛分泌的产卵忌避信息素能够调节产卵刻槽的空间分布,有助于卵的分散,避免下一代幼虫对生存空间和食物的竞争.松墨天牛与松材线虫之间化学生态关系的物质基础为寄主植物、天牛及线虫产生的单萜、CO2及不饱和脂肪酸,它们调控线虫向蛹室的聚集、进入虫体和脱离虫体等行为.最后,展望了松墨天牛化学生态学的研究方向.     

水生无脊椎动物的化学通讯

水生无脊椎动物的化学通讯邱高峰，堵南山，赖伟（华东师范大学生物学系上海２０００６２）关键词水生无脊椎动物，化学通讯，信息素，利己素，利它素陆生无脊椎动物昆虫化学通讯的研究已经取得了蓬勃发展，迄今为止已被分离、纯化和鉴定的昆虫信息物质有百余种，利用昆虫...     

昆虫信息化学物质的应用进展

介绍昆虫性信息素(sex pheromone)、示踪信息素(trail pheromone)、聚集信息素(aggregation pheromone)、产卵(oviposition)和产卵忌避(oviposition deterring)信息化合物(semioche micals)和种间协同素(synomone)在害虫控制方面的最新应用进展,其中,重点介绍性信息素在害虫种群监测、大量诱捕和干扰交配3个方面的应用进展情况。与性信息素相比,人们对示踪信息素、聚集信息素、产卵和产卵忌避信息化合物和种间协同素的报道较少,但这些信息素也正在不断的被人们发现和利用。从一种昆虫信息素被鉴定出来,到其在生产当中很好应用,尚有很多问题需要解决,所以,文中对昆虫信息化学物质田间应用效果的影响因子进行分析。     

植食性金龟子信息化学物质的研究

金龟子信息化学物质包括性信息素、聚集信息素和植物源引诱剂。目前已鉴定出的性信息素大多集中于丽金龟科和鳃金龟科,犀金龟科只鉴定出了几种聚集信息素,有关植物源引诱剂方面的研究则集中于丽金龟科和花金龟科。本文总结了金龟子信息化学物质的化学结构特点,并评述了金龟子化学通讯中独特的手性性信息素相互拮抗作用及性信息素生物合成的研究。     

The effects of mating,exogenous juvenile hormone and a juvenile hormone analogue on pheromone titre,calling and oviposition in the omnivorous leafroller moth (Platynota stultana)

Mating in Platynota stultana resulted in the termination of calling, the gradual reduction of pheromone in the pheromone glands to non-detectable levels (<0.1 ng/♀) within 14 h, and oviposition of the first batch of eggs 20–24 h after copulation. Decapitation of virgin females resulted in a similar decline in pheromone titre, and also eliminated oviposition and calling. Pheromone production appears to be controlled via the head. Mating probably terminates neural or hormonal input required for pheromone production and/or removes neural or hormonal inhibition of pheromone degradation. A juvenile hormone analogue (ZR-512) and juvenile hormones I, II and III applied exogenously to virgin females elicited oviposition comparable to mated females and terminated calling within 48 h. The juvenile hormone analogue also appeared to block pheromone production in virgin females. These results suggest that juvenile hormone may be involved in the switch from virgin to mated behaviour in this species.     

A behavioural and electrophysiological study of ovi position cues for Culex quinquefasciatus

Abstract. Both the synthetic oviposition pheromone, erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexa-decanolide (0.01–80 μg) and a polluted water sample (0.01–80%) significantly increased oviposition by gravid female Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in a laboratory assay against clean water. An additive effect resulted when 0.05 μg oviposition pheromone was combined with the polluted water dilution series. Undiluted, however, both the oviposition pheromone and the polluted water sample, alone and in combination, reduced the oviposition response to control levels. A previously reported oviposition site odour component, 3-methylindole, also significantly increased oviposition at 1 × 10^_8 to 1 × 10^-7g but at 1 × 10^_7g significantly less oviposition occurred than in control treatments. The biological activities of the compounds were additionally evaluated electrophysiologically by an EAG assay. Female mosquitoes were electrophysiologically sensitive to the oviposition cues, both pheromone and habitat-related; EAG responses of males were considerably lower than of females with 3-methylindole.     

Age and experience influence patch assessment for oviposition by an insect predator

Abstract.  1. Dynamic models of optimal foraging predict that an animal's decision to accept or reject a patch depends not only on the environment and patch quality, but also on its internal state. Previous experiments have shown that the two-spot ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.), is reluctant to lay eggs in a patch of prey contaminated by the oviposition-deterring pheromone produced by conspecific larvae.
2. An experiment was conducted to test whether the internal state of an A. bipunctata female affects its oviposition response to oviposition-deterring pheromone. Firstly, the oviposition response to oviposition-deterring pheromone of young and old females was compared. Secondly, the oviposition response to oviposition-deterring pheromone of females previously exposed continuously to oviposition-deterring pheromone was compared with that of females of the same age but with no previous experience of oviposition-deterring pheromone.
3. Old females and females with previous experience of oviposition-deterring pheromone were less reluctant to lay eggs in the presence of oviposition-deterring pheromone than young and naive females. These results are consistent with the predictions of optimal foraging theory.     

Behavioural plasticity in support of a benefit for aggregation pheromone use in Drosophila melanogaster

We explored behavioural plasticity in the use of aggregation pheromone in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Based on previous field observations, we formulated two hypotheses on a benefit of using aggregation pheromone for aggregated oviposition. One hypothesis concerns a benefit to the females themselves, where reduced harassment by males can enhance oviposition rate; the other concerns a benefit to their offspring, where larvae can exploit arduous substrates more efficiently. We derive contrasting expectations on the strength of the behavioural response to pheromone for substrates that differ in nutritional quality to larvae. High quality substrates relax the strength of larval competition, which allows for stronger aggregative responses of the females, but conversely, it may yield aggregation less necessary when the benefit is related to resource exploitation by the larvae. In indoor and outdoor dual choice set-ups, we tested the behavioural responses of the adults to the aggregation pheromone with substrates of varying quality, and examined oviposition behaviour. The response of adults to the aggregation pheromone was strong and robust for low quality substrates, but significantly weaker for a high quality substrate. This supports the hypothesis on a benefit to the larvae. Females retained aggregation pheromones in the absence of oviposition substrates for at least 24 h. In the outdoor set-up, substrate with aggregation pheromone received more than three times as many eggs as control substrates, and this was directly related to the number of adults that visited each substrate. Per capita, oviposition rates were not different for differently sized aggregations, and consequently, no evidence was found in support of the hypothesis on reduced harassment. The combination of aggregation pheromone possession and a mutualistic relationship with micro-organisms for Drosophila and other insects is discussed.     

Patterns of biosynthesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons and contact sex pheromone in the female german cockroach,Blattella germanica

De novo synthesis of contact female sex pheromone and hydrocarbons in Blattella germanica was examined using short in vivo incubations. Accumulation of pheromone on the epicuticular surface and the internal pheromone titer were related to age-specific changes in hydrocarbon synthesis and accumulation in normal and allatectomized females. The incorporation of radiolabel from [1-¹⁴C]propionate into the cuticular methyl ketone pheromone fraction was positively related to corpora allata activity during two gonotrophic cycles. During peak pheromone production the total internal lipid fraction contained greater titers of pheromone than the cuticular surface, and it too exhibited a cycle internally, preceding the rise in external pheromone. This suggests that synthesis and accumulation of pheromone internally are followed by transport of pheromone to the epicuticular surface where it accumulates. Radiolabel was incorporated efficiently into both cuticular and internal hydrocarbons after the imaginal molt and until the peak of pheromone synthesis, but it declined to lower levels before ovulation and throughout pregnancy. The internal hydrocarbon titer decreased 58% after oviposition, suggesting deposition in the egg case. It remained relatively unchanged during pregnancy and increased again during the second gonotrophic cycle. In allatectomized females, hydrocarbon synthesis was reduced relative to control females until oviposition in the latter. However, subsequent rates of hydrocarbon synthesis in allatectomized females (without oothecae) exceeded the rates in sham-operated females (with oothecae). In the absence of ovarian uptake of hydrocarbons, the internal titer increased without the decline found in control females at oviposition. As internal hydrocarbons increased, so did cuticular hydrocarbons and both internal and cuticular methyl ketone pheromones. These patterns corresponded well with feeding patterns in sham-operated and allatectomized females, suggesting that pheromone production is normally regulated by stage-specific feeding-induced hydrocarbon synthesis (precursor accumulation internally) and juvenile hormoneinduced conversion of hydrocarbon to pheromone. They also suggest that both the cuticle and the ovaries might be target sites for hydrocarbon and possibly methyl ketone deposition. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Factors affecting pheromone secretion and oviposition by fertilized females of Culicoides nubeculosus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The effect of age and a blood meal on pheromone secretion by virgin and fertilized females of Culicoides nubeculosus was studied. In virgin females, the secretion varies in relation to age, the blood meal, and oviposition. In fertilized females, rate of pheromone secretion is very low after fertilization and does not seem to vary subsequently in relation to the above factors. Mating was found to accelerate oviposition. The role of seminal fluid in the decrease in rate of pheromone secretion by fertilized females is discussed.     

Oviposition Marking Behavior of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diachasma alloeum</Emphasis>, (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Parasitizing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhagoletis pomonella</Emphasis>, (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a solitary larval endoparasitoid attacking Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) species. Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) mark the surface of fruit after oviposition with an oviposition marking pheromone (OMP) which deters conspecific female flies. Herein we demonstrate that female D. alloeum wasps reared from either apple or hawthorn race R. pomenella larvae also deposit an OMP that reduces oviposition by conspecific female wasps. Significantly fewer wasps accepted fruit that had received prior wasp oviposition and OMP or OMP alone without oviposition compared with control fruit for a minimum of 7 days on both fruit types. Rinsing fruit with a 50% ethanol solution appeared to remove the OMP rendering fruit more acceptable for oviposition than marked fruit that was not rinsed. Wasps of each host race were able to detect and avoid the OMP of the sister race and fruit substrate type did not affect wasp response to the pheromone. The possibility of an internal marker deposited during oviposition is also discussed.     

Isolation of oviposition pheromone from the eggs of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis

Abstract. Semiochemical components of eggs of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. HPLC fractions were examined quantitatively and qualitatively by gas chromatography (GC). A bioassay was used to determine the oviposition attraction of gravid L. longipalpis to each of the fractions separately and a peak responsible for the semiochemical activity was identified. Gravid flies were placed in individual oviposition tubes to determine if the peak of interest was an oviposition stimulant. The active semiochemical fraction attracted gravid flies for oviposition. Furthermore, egg laying was enhanced: gravid flies exposed to the pheromone oviposited earlier and laid more eggs than control flies. GC analysis indicated that 1200 eggs (2 days old) gave a yield of 12.75 ug of active pheromone. This fraction had similar HPLC and GC retention times to caryophyllene oxide, suggesting comparable polarity and molecular weight.     

植物气味化合物对棉铃虫产卵及田间诱蛾的影响

利用触角电位技术（EAG）研究棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对17种植物气味物质的嗅觉反应,实验结果表明：棉铃虫雄蛾、雌蛾对所试各种植物气味物质均无明显的嗅觉反应差异,不同种类的气味物质能引起不同的EAG反应。对其中的几种植物气味物质进行了引诱产卵实验及田间诱蛾实验,结果表明：某些寄主植物的挥发性次生物质显示出较好的引诱产卵活性,且对棉铃虫性诱剂具有增效和协同作用。田间实验数据显示,增加了植物气味物质的棉铃虫性诱剂与单一的棉铃虫性诱剂相比差异显著。