水杨酸在植物抗病中的作用

水杨酸是一种重要的能激活植物抗病防卫反应的内源信号分子。本文首先介绍了水杨酸的基本性质及水杨酸在植物抗病中的作用,然后从水杨酸与水杨酸结合蛋白的相互作用以及水杨酸介导的信号传导途径与非水杨酸介导的信号途径等方面初步探讨了水杨酸诱导植物抗病性的作用机制,最后总结了研究水杨酸作用机制对植物抗性生理和抗性分子生物学发展的意义。     

植物抗病信号转导途径

植物抗病信号转导途径的研究一直是植物病理学关注的热点,近年来国内外不少实验室正在大量分离与植物抗病有关的突变体,克隆与抗病调节有关的基因并研究其功能。实验表明,一些植物抗病信号途径中的正、负调节因子及不同信号转导途径之间形成复杂的调控网络。在着重对R基因介导的抗病信号途径、细胞程序化死亡、水杨酸信号途径、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径和诱导系统抗性途径研究进展加以综述的同时,对各抗病信号途径之间信号交换的复杂性进行了讨论。     

水杨酸在植物抗病反应中的作用

介绍最近几年来有关植物体内水杨酸（salicylicacid,SA）水平的调控、SA在植物抗病反应中的作用及其机制、SA信号传导途径等方面的重大研究进展.     

植物抗病信号转导途径

植物抗病信号转导途径的研究一直是植物病理学关注的热点,近年来国内外不少实验室正在大量分离与植物抗病有关的突变体,克隆与抗病调节有关的基因并研究其功能。实验表明,一些植物抗病信号途径中的正、负调节因子及不同信号转导途径之间形成复杂的调控网络。在着重对R基因介导的抗病信号途径、细胞程序化死亡、水杨酸信号途径、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径和诱导系统抗性途径研究进展加以综述的同时,对各抗病信号途径之间信号交换的复杂性进行了讨论。     

植物抗病机制及信号转导的研究进展

植物的抗病机制是植物病理学研究的重点。随着分子生物学的不断发展,人们对植物与病原之间的互作机制有了更多的了解。综述了近年来植物抗病分子机制方面的研究进展,同时阐述了钙离子、活性氧、水杨酸、茉莉酸\乙烯、一氧化氮及异源三聚体G蛋白等信号分子介导的信号转导途径在诱导植物防卫反应中的作用,并对今后的研究前景进行了展望。旨为病害防治提供思路。     

玉米不同组织过氧化氢酶水杨酸敏感性的差异和外源水杨酸处理提高 …

水杨酸（ｓａｌｉｃｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ,ＳＡ）介导的植物抗病反应不仅要求高水平的水杨酸,而且要求有效的ＳＡ信号传导机制或途径,研究结果表明,玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）植株的内源ＳＡ水平低,不同玉米组织的过氧化氢酶表现出对ＳＡ敏感性的差异,玉米叶的过氧化氢酶活性对ＳＡ敏感,而玉米根的过氧化氢酶活性对ＳＡ很不敏感,玉米过氧化氢酶同功酶基因的表达呈组织特异性,在玉米叶片内存在一个类似烟草和拟南芥的有效信号感     

水杨酸诱导植物抗病性的新进展

水杨酸是一种重要的能激活一系列植物抗病防卫反应的内源信号分子.首先介绍了水杨酸在植物抗病性中的作用,并从水杨酸与过氧化氢及其代谢酶类相互作用的角度初步探讨了水杨酸诱导植物抗病性的分子机理,最后概述了目前这一领域中需要进一步研究的若干问题.     

植物防循御反应中水杨酸与茉莉酸的“对话”机制

水杨酸和茉莉酸是介导植物防御反应的两种重要信号分子。它们的生物合成途径迥然不同、对PRs以及防御反应的诱导方面具有相对独立性;虽然两者之间存在若干相互拮抗现象,但它们在介导植物防御反应中却又表现出一定的协同效应。本文综述了两者关系研究中的一些新进展,并提出该领域亟待解决的有关问题,以期为了解、调控和利用植物防御反应提供理论依据。     

SGTl在植物抗病反应中的功能研究进展

SGTl是多种植物抗病基因介导的抗病信号途径的必要组件。SGTl基因的突变或沉默会导致多种植物R基因介导抗病性的丧失。另外,SGTl还参与调控植物的非宿主抗性（non-host resistance）。SGTl主要作为分子伴侣或调控泛素化对植物抗病反应进行调控。本文综述了SGTl蛋白结构、SGTl在不同植物抗病反应中的重要性与作用机制,并对SGTl在植物抗病基因工程中的应用潜力进行讨论。     

SGT1在植物抗病反应中的功能研究进展

SGT1是多种植物抗病基因介导的抗病信号途径的必要组件.SGT1基因的突变或沉默会导致多种植物R基因介导抗病性的丧失.另外,SGT1还参与调控植物的非宿主抗性(non-host resistance).SGT1主要作为分子伴侣或调控泛素化对植物抗病反应进行调控.本文综述了SGT1蛋白结构、SGT1在不同植物抗病反应中的重要性与作用机制,并对SGT1在植物抗病基因工程中的应用潜力进行讨论.     

Signalling in Rhizobacteria-Induced Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract: To protect themselves from disease, plants have evolved sophisticated defence mechanisms in which the signal molecules salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene often play crucial roles. Elucidation of signalling pathways controlling disease resistance is a major objective in research on plant-pathogen interactions. The capacity of a plant to develop a broad spectrum, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) after primary infection with a necrotizing pathogen is well-known and its signal transduction pathway extensively studied. Plants of which the roots have been colonized by specific strains of non-pathogenic fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. develop a phenotypically similar form of protection that is called rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR). In contrast to pathogen-induced SAR, which is regulated by salicylic acid, rhizobacteria-mediated ISR is controlled by a signalling pathway in which jasmonic acid and ethylene play key roles. In the past eight years, the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana was explored to study the molecular basis of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR. Here we review current knowledge of the signal transduction steps involved in the ISR pathway that leads from recognition of the rhizobacteria in the roots to systemic expression of broad-spectrum disease resistance in aboveground foliar tissues.     

Salicylic acid-independent plant defence pathways

Salicylic acid is an important signalling molecule involved in both locally and systemically induced disease resistance responses. Recent advances in our understanding of plant defence signalling have revealed that plants employ a network of signal transduction pathways, some of which are independent of salicylic acid. Evidence is emerging that jasmonic acid and ethylene play key roles in these salicylic acid-independent pathways. Cross-talk between the salicylic acid-dependent and the salicylic acid-independent pathways provides great regulatory potential for activating multiple resistance mechanisms in varying combinations.     

水杨酸诱导植物抗性的研究进展

水杨酸是一种重要的内源信号分子,能够激活一系列植物抗性防卫反应.为了研究这种抗性反应,对水杨酸诱导植物抗病性、抗旱性、抗盐性及与乙烯作用的新进展作了概述,并从水杨酸与过氧化氢及其代谢酶类相互作用的角度探讨了水杨酸诱导植物抗性生理的分子机理.     

Arabidopsis thaliana cdd1 mutant uncouples the constitutive activation of salicylic acid signalling from growth defects

Arabidopsis genotypes with a hyperactive salicylic acid-mediated signalling pathway exhibit enhanced disease resistance, which is often coupled with growth and developmental defects, such as dwarfing and spontaneous necrotic lesions on the leaves, resulting in reduced biomass yield. In this article, we report a novel recessive mutant of Arabidopsis, cdd1 (constitutive defence without defect in growth and development1), that exhibits enhanced disease resistance associated with constitutive salicylic acid signalling, but without any observable pleiotropic phenotype. Both NPR1 (NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1)-dependent and NPR1-independent salicylic acid-regulated defence pathways are hyperactivated in cdd1 mutant plants, conferring enhanced resistance against bacterial pathogens. However, a functional NPR1 allele is required for the cdd1-conferred heightened resistance against the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Salicylic acid accumulates at elevated levels in cdd1 and cdd1 npr1 mutant plants and is necessary for cdd1-mediated PR1 expression and disease resistance phenotypes. In addition, we provide data which indicate that the cdd1 mutation negatively regulates the npr1 mutation-induced hyperactivation of ethylene/jasmonic acid signalling.     

Oxidative burst and cognate redox signalling reported by luciferase imaging: identification of a signal network that functions independently of ethylene, SA and Me-JA but is dependent on MAPKK activity

Recognition of avirulent microbial pathogens activates an oxidative burst leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), which are thought to integrate a diverse set of defence mechanisms resulting in the establishment of plant disease resistance. A novel transgenic Arabidopsis line containing a gst1:luc transgene was developed and employed to report the temporal and spatial dynamics of ROI accumulation and cognate redox signalling in response to attempted infection by avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Strong engagement of the oxidative burst was dependent on the presence of functional Pst hrpS and hrpA gene products. Experiments employing pharmacological agents suggested that at least two distinct sources, including an NADPH oxidase and a peroxidase-type enzyme, contributed to the generation of redox cues. The analysis of gst1 and pal1 gene expression in nahG, coi1 and etr1 plants suggested that engagement of the oxidative burst and cognate redox signalling functioned independently of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and ethylene. In contrast, studies using a panel of protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and in-gel kinase assays in these mutant backgrounds suggested that a 48 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity was required for the activation of gst1 and pal1 in response to redox cues. Thus the engagement of a bifurcating redox signalling pathway possessing a MAPK module may contribute both to the establishment of plant disease resistance, and to the development of cellular protectant mechanisms.     

The Root Hair Assay Facilitates the Use of Genetic and Pharmacological Tools in Order to Dissect Multiple Signalling Pathways That Lead to Programmed Cell Death

The activation of programmed cell death (PCD) is often a result of complex signalling pathways whose relationship and intersection are not well understood. We recently described a PCD root hair assay and proposed that it could be used to rapidly screen genetic or pharmacological modulators of PCD. To further assess the applicability of the root hair assay for studying multiple signalling pathways leading to PCD activation we have investigated the crosstalk between salicylic acid, autophagy and apoptosis-like PCD (AL-PCD) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The root hair assay was used to determine rates of AL-PCD induced by a panel of cell death inducing treatments in wild type plants treated with chemical modulators of salicylic acid synthesis or autophagy, and in genetic lines defective in autophagy or salicylic acid signalling. The assay demonstrated that PCD induced by exogenous salicylic acid or fumonisin B1 displayed a requirement for salicylic acid signalling and was partially dependent on the salicylic acid signal transducer NPR1. Autophagy deficiency resulted in an increase in the rates of AL-PCD induced by salicylic acid and fumonisin B1, but not by gibberellic acid or abiotic stress. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase-dependent salicylic acid synthesis pathway contributed only to death induced by salicylic acid and fumonisin B1. 3-Methyladenine, which is commonly used as an inhibitor of autophagy, appeared to influence PCD induction in all treatments suggesting a possible secondary, non-autophagic, effect on a core component of the plant PCD pathway. The results suggest that salicylic acid signalling is negatively regulated by autophagy during salicylic acid and mycotoxin-induced AL-PCD. However, this crosstalk does not appear to be directly involved in PCD induced by gibberellic acid or abiotic stress. This study demonstrates that the root hair assay is an effective tool for relatively rapid investigation of complex signalling pathways leading to the activation of PCD.