人工哺育下欧洲棕熊的生长与发育

人工哺育欧洲棕熊一头,喂育达4.5月。哺育期间观测其外形,体重,乳齿,行为和体温等变化。初生仔兽某些形态发育不完善。26日龄出现初生的翻倍体重;57日龄两眼全开;乳齿萌出始于67日龄,全部萌出需111日龄;60日龄能较稳步地走动。研究表明幼棕熊在食肉目中为一种晚熟动物。     

大熊猫超轻初生幼仔人工哺育初探

大熊猫是存活率较低的动物之一 ,究其原因可能与其幼仔初生体重较轻有关 ,特别是与绝大多数哺乳动物相比 ,其幼仔初生重与母兽体重差异极大 ,约为母兽体重的千分之一 [1] ,加之大熊猫育幼行为高度特化 ,其幼仔存活更为不易。自 1 990年采用人工辅助育幼方式繁殖成活大熊猫双胞胎以来 ,人工圈养条件下 ,大熊猫的育幼方式概括起来有如下 4种 :1 )大熊猫母兽自行哺育 ,这是自 1 963年至今最常用的方式 ;2 )人工辅助大熊猫母兽育幼 [2 ] ,现已存活 5对双胞胎 [3] ;3)用大熊猫初乳与羊乳混合喂养 ,全人工育幼 [4 ,5] ,目前已育成 2只大熊猫 [5] ;…     

山魈初生幼仔人工育幼

圈养山魈有10％-20％因为初产或者母性不强,或者因母体奶汁分泌少等原因,不能顺利哺育自己的后代,因此必须对被弃幼仔施行人工哺育。成都动物园分别以纯牛奶和鲜羊奶为主、配以全价奶粉和米粉饲喂被弃山魈幼仔,在育幼中注意温度、湿度的控制,1个月后,适当给予苹果、蔬菜等,3月龄后可逐渐减少奶的投喂量,增加常规饲料的投喂量,6月龄后可以停奶。本育幼过程中,在同一育幼方法的基础上,采用了两种不同的饲料配方。通过比较分析,两种饲料配方日均供给能量与体重的比例相当,山魈幼仔体重增长和体尺增长没有明显的差异,其生长发育和健康状况均良好。由此说明,该育幼方法及两种饲料配方是可行的。     

人工辅助大熊猫母兽哺乳幼仔研究

2004年大熊猫母兽“蜀庆”(谱系号480)产仔后,虽能抱仔保温但不会哺乳幼仔,经人工辅助让幼仔吃上母乳,幼仔生长发育良好。本文报道了160天内幼仔吮乳的情况,收集了幼仔日吮乳次数、吮乳时间分布、日吮乳量及其与体重的关系等资料。结果表明:1)人工辅助母兽哺乳是解决性情温顺、母性好、有乳汁,但不会哺乳的母兽哺乳幼仔问题的方法;2)大熊猫幼仔每日吮乳次数由1~6前6天的12次左右,逐渐减少并固定在48天后的2次左右;80天内,幼仔吮乳时间在每日的平均分布有4个高峰时间段和4个低谷时间段;3)0~35天间,幼仔日吮乳量(y)与日龄(x)的关系可用公式y=6.2228 x+11.184(R2=0.9258)表示,日吮乳量随日龄增长而呈直线增加,35天后幼仔日吮乳量随日龄增长波动上升;4)幼仔日吮乳量与体重比在1~19天为30.22±1.31%,处于整个育幼期的高水平,之后逐渐下降,95天后稳定在3.92±0.10%的低水平。     

上海和雅安两地不同育幼方式大熊猫幼仔生长发育的初步研究

上海作为典型的低海拔地区,气候、环境等条件均与大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca栖息地存在很大差异。为了研究在上海出生并生活的大熊猫幼仔的生长发育情况,以及与四川雅安的大熊猫幼仔生长发育是否存在差异,本文比较分析了上海、雅安两地大熊猫幼仔在母兽哺育、人工辅助育幼2种育幼方式下的体质量、体尺和其他器官的生长发育情况,并采用Chapman生长模型模拟了两地大熊猫幼仔的生长曲线。研究发现:上海大熊猫幼仔40 d、60 d和70 d的体质量显著大于四川雅安大熊猫幼仔(P <0. 05);母兽哺育的大熊猫幼仔40 d、60 d和70 d的体质量显著大于人工辅助育幼的大熊猫幼仔(P <0. 05);雄性大熊猫幼仔40 d、60 d、70 d和100 d的体质量显著大于雌性大熊猫幼仔(P <0. 05)。整体而言,大熊猫幼仔的体长增长最快,其次为腹围,尾长最慢。母兽哺育大熊猫幼仔的体尺数据稍高于人工辅助育幼,与海拔无关;而相同育幼方式下,高、低海拔组幼仔体尺之间的差异无明显规律。Chapman生长模型很好地模拟了上海和雅安两地大熊猫幼仔0～120 d的生长曲线,但2条曲线在拐点日龄、拐点体质量、最大生长率均存在一些差异。通过对两地大熊猫幼仔生长发育的差异研究,为上海地区繁育大熊猫提供了科学依据。     

圈养大熊猫母兽成功哺育双胞胎成活初探

圈养大熊猫产下双胞胎后,母兽一般难以同时哺育二仔。2003年,圈养大熊猫母兽“梅梅”同时哺育双胞胎成活,本文对该首例哺育双胞胎成活的原因进行了初步分析,认为满足母兽的营养需求、适宜的育幼环境及人工护理,特别是“梅梅”的母性好、有丰富的育幼经验、食欲强、泌乳充足等在同时哺育双胞胎成活中起着重要作用,同时对“梅梅”哺育的双胞胎与其哺育的另两只单胎幼仔的体重增长情况进行了比较,为圈养大熊猫成功哺育双胞胎,增加幼仔成活率,提供了有关借鉴信息和资料。     

幼年菲菊头蝠形态和声音发育

2006年5月31日—7月20日于桂林市郊积水洞对菲菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pusillus)幼蝠形态和叫声发育进行了研究。方差分析结果显示,幼蝠在出生后近3周内体重和前臂长增长迅速,随后增长速率变缓,且体重和前臂长增长与年龄均显著相关(年龄与体重：P=0.025;年龄与前臂长：P=0.042)。幼蝠叫声时程波动大,且均长于成年个体叫声时程,时程与年龄呈显著相关性。幼蝠在出生后3周内的叫声特征为频谱结构多样、频率波动大、谐波较多,在第3周后叫声多为FM-CF-FM叫声;幼蝠叫声第1谐波频率与年龄增长显著相关,而第二谐波频率与年龄相关性较弱;幼蝠在35天后主频率已经接近成年蝙蝠叫声频率;且前臂长与幼蝠叫声频率呈显著线性关系。     

圈养大熊猫同时哺育双胞胎行为观察

2003 年,圈养大熊猫“梅梅”首例哺育成活一胎二仔,通过对其近半年的育幼行为观察,结果发现:1) 母兽主要以同时衔2 仔、同时衔和抱2 仔二种方式将幼仔抱入怀中哺育;60 d 内, 育幼姿势以坐位为主,倦卧其次, 其它姿势更少, 其中坐位随日龄增加逐渐减少, 倦卧变化不大。2) 母兽活动时间在产仔当天最多, 之后显著下降并维持在35.2 ± 0.6% 的低水平, 47 d 后再缓慢上升到108 d 后的54.8 ± 0.9% 。3) 双胞胎幼仔间哺乳的日均次数和时间无显著差异。4) 7 d 内2 幼仔“仔在母身上” 的时间占100%, 21 ～ 23 d 后显著减少, 而“母体盖仔”、“仔在母身边”和“母仔自然分离”的时间显著增加, 但“母体盖仔” 的时间在32 d 左右后又显著减少;双胞胎分别在与母兽的此四种位置变化的时间上无显著差异。5) 母兽的活动、幼仔哺乳日均次数、“母仔自然分离”在全天的日均时间分布有峰、谷变化。6) 随幼仔活动能力的逐渐增强,幼仔离“育幼窝”的距离也逐渐增加,双胞胎幼仔离“育幼窝”的远近也有差别。7)母兽分别与其雄性双胞胎幼仔玩耍的时间有显著差异,而两幼仔自玩的时间无差异,此两双胞胎自玩和一起玩耍所用时间远大于分别与母兽玩耍的时间。该研究丰富了大熊猫育幼行为内容,并为以后的大熊猫双胞胎育幼提供了可供参考的行为资料。     

大熊猫超轻初生幼仔的成功哺育

大熊猫初生幼仔体重较轻,仅为正常母体体重的千分之一,平均144.9±40.59 g(张志和和魏辅文,2006).初生体重在70 g以下的幼仔,常被称之为超轻体重幼仔,初生体重超轻、身体瘦弱活动无力,产后无叫声或叫声小是其主要特点.对于体重超轻初生幼仔的育幼,目前有1993年对一例初生体重为61 g的幼仔,在产后两周内采用胃导管喂母初乳、之后采取人工与母兽交替哺育的方法养育存活以及2000年对一只58 g幼仔进行全人工育幼存活7 d的报道(钟顺龙和何光昕,1997,侯蓉等,2000).2006年成都大熊猫繁育研究基地的一只雌性大熊猫产下一对双胞胎,其中一仔初生体重仅51 g,经人工辅助哺育存活,该幼仔是圈养条件下育成的初生体重最轻的大熊猫.现将该例的育幼情况报道于后,以供参考.     

人工育幼豚鹿幼仔的生长发育规律初步研究

测定了成都动物园圈养种群中9只人工育幼豚鹿幼仔(2004～2007年)体重和8只豚鹿的体尺,并观察了8只豚鹿的牙齿(0～63 d)的生长情况.结果为:幼仔在0～54 d内体长、肩高、后足长、耳长和尾长以及体重都随日龄呈直线增长趋势,其中体长和肩高与幼仔的日龄显著相关(P<0.01).初生幼仔齿式2(I 0/2, C 0/0, P 0/0),2周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/0, P 2/2),7周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/2或C 1/2, P 2/2).     

幼龄华南虎三种哺育方法结果初报

华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)又称中国虎,为我国特有虎亚种,是现存5个虎亚种中最濒危的一种.它曾广泛分布于我国黄河流域以南至珠江以北的广大地区,现仅分布在福建、江西、广东和湖南交界的南岭山地林区,野外数量不足30只(韩宗先,2004),被列为国家Ⅰ级保护野生动物.IUCN(世界自然保护联盟)将其濒危等级划分为极危(CR),亦被认为是"最优先需要国际保护的动物"(IUCN,2010).     

大绒鼠幼仔的生长发育和产热特征

为阐明大绒鼠幼仔的生长发育和代谢产热特征,本实验测定了1-49 日龄大绒鼠幼仔的体重、体温、静止代谢率(RMR)和非颤抖性产热(NST)。依据逻辑斯蒂曲线的拐点(24 d),大绒鼠的体重生长可划分为加速生长相和减速生长相,幼仔的体温在19 日龄前逐渐升高,22 日龄时接近成体水平;RMR 和NST分别在28日龄、19日龄前随日龄逐渐增加,RMR 在28日龄时接近成体水平,BAT 产热活性在7 日龄内被激活。结果表明,大绒鼠胎后发育及产热能力符合晚成性动物的一般特征,即具有短的妊娠期,较少的胎仔数,较长的哺乳期,这些特征对适应横断山特殊多变的环境条件具有重要意义。     

人工育幼非洲狮、孟加拉虎、豹幼仔的生长曲线拟合比较

<正>生长曲线(Growth curve)是揭示动物生长发育规律的有效手段之一，反映动物发育指标(包括体重、体尺、体表面积等度量值)与时间之间的关系(盛志廉和吴常信，1995)。生长曲线方程大致可以分为三类：第一类是表示报酬递减规律的方程，如指数函数；第二类是描述光滑S型曲线，     

Milk intake in blue fox (Alopex lagopus) and silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) cubs in the early suckling period

Milk intake of fox cubs (2-16 days of age; body weight, 96-649 g) in ten blue fox litters and ten silver fox litters were measured by the water isotope dilution (WID) technique following a single intraperitoneal injection of tritiated water (3HHO). Litter size varied from four to 14 in blue foxes and from three to eight in silver foxes. Silver fox cubs had higher birth weights than blue foxes. Inter-species body weights and growth rates were apparently dependent on litter size and the dam's constitution. In both species growth rate increased with age and body weight (7-35 g per day). In the cubs, the biological half-life of body water turnover (BWT) rose from 1.5 days at 2-3 days of age to 2.5 days at 13-16 days of age, although a considerable scatter was seen. The mean daily milk intake of the cubs varied with body weight, from 31 to 193 g per day, whereas daily milk intake per unit of body mass remained stable at 30-35 g per 100 g body weight. The ratio of milk intake to body weight gain varied considerably among cubs, averaging 4.5 g/g during the 3-week experimental period. In suckling fox cubs, the calculated daily intake of metabolically energy (ME) corresponded fairly with the estimated energy requirements for growth and maintenance of the young. Finally, the applicability and the accuracy of the WID technique was evaluated in ten 3-week-old fox cubs, by tube-feeding with a milk replacer for 48 h, which documented that the daily rates of milk intake and water turnover can be accurately measured in suckling fox cubs by the WID technique following a single injection of 3HHO.     

Effects of food density and temperature on feeding and growth of young inland silversides (Menidia beryllina)

Food consumption and growth rates of 7–28-day-old Menidia beryllina were measured in response to natural ranges of temperature and prey availability. Feeding level, temperature and age all had significant effects on growth rate, although the effect of feeding level explained most of the variance. Feeding level also had a significant effect on gross growth efficiency, but temperature and age did not. Absolute growth rates (mg per day) increased dramatically with temperature, feeding level, and age. Variability in growth was greatest for fish feeding at the lowest feeding level. For a given fish weight, temperature had a positive effect on consumption rate, and maximum consumption ( C _max) of any treatment combination reached 75% body weight per day. Maximum growth rate was estimated at 24.6% body weight per day, and gross growth efficiency reached an estimated maximum of 0.375 at an ingestion rate of 25% body weight per day. Starved larvae lost on average 5.4% body weight per day and larvae required 6.4% body weight food consumption per day for maintenance. Multiple regressions of feeding level, temperature, and age/size on instantaneous growth rates indicated that increases in temperature increased maintenance requirements and required that fish consume a greater proportion of C _max to attain maximum growth. Growth rates decreased with increases in temperature for fish eating a specific weight of food.     

Demonstration of a quiescent period for feeding controls in the developing rat

Feeding behaviour of rats during development was assessed by weighing pups before and after a 4 h feeding session. During the first postnatal week, fasted pups gained significantly more weight than fed pups. This difference disappeared during the second week, but reappeared during the third week and persisted through the fourth week. In another series, pups were weighed at 2 and 4 h after beginning feeding. This showed that fasted pups aged 6 days compensate by suckling longer than fed pups. At 10 and 14 days of age there were no differences between fed and fasted pups at either 2 or 4 h, but from 16 days onward, fasted pups had eaten significantly more than fed pups at both times. A control experiment showed that the lack of compensation by fasted pups aged 10-14 days did not reflect lack of availability of milk. Video-analysis of suckling behaviour at ages 6, 10 and 15 days provided further evidence for lack of feeding controls during the second postnatal week: at 6 and 15 days fasted pups spent more time actively sucking than did fed pups. Whereas at 10 days, there were no differences between fed and fasted pups. It is concluded that feeding controls are present during the first postnatal week, become quiescent during the second week and reappear during the third week.     

Independent ingestion and microstructure of feeding patterns in infant rats lacking CCK-1 receptors

Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats are a strain of Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats that do not express CCK-1 receptors, developing in adulthood, hyperphagia, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We examined weight gain and meal patterns during a 30-min independent ingestion test on postnatal days 2-4 and again on days 9-11 in OLETF and LETO rat pups. OLETF pups were significantly heavier compared with their LETO controls at both ages, and they consumed significantly more of the sweet milk diet. The difference in intake can be attributed to a significant increase in meal size and duration. Number of clusters and bursts of licking within a meal were greater in OLETF rat pups, with no difference between strains in burst and cluster size. Interlick interval (ILI) was not significantly different between OLETF and LETO pups. This measure decreased on days 9-11 compared with days 2-4 in both strains. Latency to start feeding was significantly shorter on days 2-4 in OLETF vs. LETO pups, but this difference disappeared at the second test at the older age. Two- to four-day-old OLETF pups consumed a larger volume of milk during the first minute of feeding, and their initial lick rate and decay of lick rate were significantly larger compared with their LETO controls. Lack of CCK-1 receptors, or other OLETF-related abnormalities, therefore, resulted in a satiation deficit, leading to increased meal size, hyperphagia, and increased weight gain as early as 2-4 postnatal days.     

圈养大熊猫幼仔的早期体重变化

The mortality rates of captive giant panda cubs at 0 and 1 year old was 12.89% and 18.37% respectively,in order to improve survival rate and the nursing level of captive giant panda cubs,145 cubs born in 2000-2017 at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding were analyzed by grouping primarily body weight(W₀<100,100 ≤ W₀<150,150 ≤ W₀<200,W₀ ≥ 200) and gender.The results indicated that(1) the weight curves of giant panda cubs with different primarily body weights during 180d were cubic functions.(2) Gender and primarily body weight of giant panda cubs had no interaction with the weight and average growth rate during 180 d.Gender did not affect the weight and their average growth rate of cubs,but the primarily body weight had a significant impact on the weight during 98 d and the average growth rate at the ascent stage(3-6 d),high-level stage(7-13 d),decline stage(14-45 d) and stabilization stage(46-180 d). The tokinaga of physiological weight loss was(1.77±0.67) d,and the day-age which weight recovered to primarily body weight was(4.59±1.23) d.(3) The primarily body weight and gender of giant panda cubs had no interaction on the maximum weight loss,the rate of maximum weight loss,the day-age of recovery to primarily body weight,the maximum growth rate and the day-age of maximum growth rate,but affected the day of maximum weight loss together.(4) Although the primarily body weight of giant panda cubs had a significant effect on the maximum weight loss,the day of maximum weight loss,the day-age of recovery to primarily body weight,and the maximum growth rate,it did not affect the rate of maximum weight loss and the day-age of maximum growth rate.Gender of giant panda cubs did not affect the maximum weight loss,the day-age of recovery to primarily body weight,the rate of maximum weight loss,the maximum growth rate and the day-age of maximum growth rate,but it did affect the day-age of maximum weight loss.These results indicated that the lower primarily body weight was,the less weight loss(maximum weight loss) would be,the faster speed with bottoming(the day of maximum weight loss) and recovery to primarily body weight(the day-age of recovery to primarily body weight) would be at early age.In addition,the lower primarily body weight was,the greater growth intensity of unit weight would be during the various stages at increasing growth rate,maintaining a high position,decreasing and tending to stabilize.The study revealed the characteristics of captive giant panda cubs in body weight at early age,and it provided abundant references for the early rearing of giant panda cubs.     

高山姬鼠幼仔的生长发育和产热特征

根据高山姬鼠幼仔56 d 的生长资料初步分析了其生长发育规律;用电子天平测量了体重的增长过程; 用开放式呼吸仪测定了静止代谢率(Resting metabolic rate,RMR)、非颤抖性产热(Nonshivering thermogenesis, NST)以及肺皮蒸发失水(Evaporative water loss,EWL)。依据逻辑斯蒂曲线的拐点,高山姬鼠的体重生长可划分为加速生长相和减速生长相。幼仔的体温在17 日龄前逐渐升高,35 日龄时接近成体水平;静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热在17 日龄前随日龄逐渐增大,17 日龄后与体重成异速增长关系,RMR 在49 日龄时接近成体水平,NST 在6 日龄内即被激活;蒸发失水在断乳前较断乳后为高。高山姬鼠为典型的晚成性发育动物。高山姬鼠较短的妊娠期、较大的胎仔数、较长的哺乳期与其食物资源较丰富有关。     

林睡鼠幼鼠的活动规律和行为初步观察

本文通过红外线照相的方法,对发育期的林睡鼠幼鼠进行室内活动规律及行为观察,为充分了解林睡鼠越冬前的能量储备形式提供饲养参考。将鼠密度监测仪固定在饲养笼具上方,24h连续拍照,采集和分析6-9月年龄在10周内的幼鼠各种活动数据。结果显示：幼鼠一天中超过70%的时间都在窝内度过,大部分时间都蜷缩成一团少有动作;在窝外活动时间多在玩耍,如攀爬笼架。用于进食和饮水的时间不超过全天的2%。林睡鼠幼鼠主要活动时间在21:00-07:00,活动高峰在21:00-03:00之间。幼鼠出生3周后开始出窝活动,哺乳期30d后开始采食,5周后幼鼠有交配玩耍行为。随着日龄的增长,活动高峰从23：00提前到21：00,活动时间也逐渐延长,但9周龄后活动时间逐渐缩短,幼鼠的饮水进食时间与其活动的时间长短较为一致。10周体重可达成年体重的70%。研究表明,林睡鼠在夏秋季节基本是昼伏夜出动物。光照是影响其在外活动的重要因素之一。幼鼠6周后所需的饲料和水量大于成年林睡鼠,在此期间要注意饲料和水的补充。