雪豹饲养与繁殖的初步研究

雪豹(Panthera uncia Schreber)是典型的高山动物,终年生活在气候寒冷、光照充足、海拔3200-5300米的高寒山区。我国主要分布在青海、西藏、新疆、甘肃、四川等省区。现已列为我国一类保护动物。 据世界动物园年刊统计,1967年以前,在全世界33个动物园中供观赏的雪豹共有46只(不包括我国数字),其中仅有15只是在人工饲养条件下出生的(苏联考纳斯动物园,1968)。1983年我国各地动物园供观赏的雪豹共35只。尽管在北京、上海、大连、银川、烟台、乌鲁木齐、西宁等7个动物园中均有雌雄配对的雪豹,但繁殖问题一直未获解决。     

三十年前他与雪豹数次相遇

“一只肚子圆鼓鼓的雪豹突然出现在我们眼前．朝着我们呲牙裂嘴．低声怒吼．但是它却一动不动．我感到很奇怪……”     

果子狸年产两胎及人工哺幼初步试验

果子狸在野生条件下一年产一胎。在人工驯养条件下 ,为了提高果子狸的繁殖力 ,我们进行了年产两胎的试验和幼狸人工哺育的初步试验 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法1 1　试验动物　年产两胎试验用母狸由湖南省野生动物救护繁殖中心果子狸驯养繁殖基地提供。人工哺育研究用幼狸为年产两胎试验的母狸所产的第一胎仔狸。1 2　催情药物　选用三合激素作为受试母狸第 2次发情交配的催情药物。1 3　方法1 3 1　年产两胎试验　选择 2 2只于 4月～ 5月初产第一胎的母狸 ,仔狸分别于不同的日龄进行人工哺育 ,5天以后母狸注射三合激素 1 5ｍｌ/只 ,并…     

用消毒鲜牛奶全人工哺育美洲狮幼仔的试验初探

用消毒鲜牛奶先后2次对出生后即遭母兽遗弃的美洲狮幼仔进行全人工哺育。初步探讨了取出幼仔进行人工哺育的时机,人工乳的配制,幼仔的疾病防治以及保健护理等技术问题,并取得了试验成功。     

山魈初生幼仔人工育幼

圈养山魈有10％-20％因为初产或者母性不强,或者因母体奶汁分泌少等原因,不能顺利哺育自己的后代,因此必须对被弃幼仔施行人工哺育。成都动物园分别以纯牛奶和鲜羊奶为主、配以全价奶粉和米粉饲喂被弃山魈幼仔,在育幼中注意温度、湿度的控制,1个月后,适当给予苹果、蔬菜等,3月龄后可逐渐减少奶的投喂量,增加常规饲料的投喂量,6月龄后可以停奶。本育幼过程中,在同一育幼方法的基础上,采用了两种不同的饲料配方。通过比较分析,两种饲料配方日均供给能量与体重的比例相当,山魈幼仔体重增长和体尺增长没有明显的差异,其生长发育和健康状况均良好。由此说明,该育幼方法及两种饲料配方是可行的。     

大熊猫超轻初生幼仔人工哺育初探

大熊猫是存活率较低的动物之一 ,究其原因可能与其幼仔初生体重较轻有关 ,特别是与绝大多数哺乳动物相比 ,其幼仔初生重与母兽体重差异极大 ,约为母兽体重的千分之一 [1] ,加之大熊猫育幼行为高度特化 ,其幼仔存活更为不易。自 1 990年采用人工辅助育幼方式繁殖成活大熊猫双胞胎以来 ,人工圈养条件下 ,大熊猫的育幼方式概括起来有如下 4种 :1 )大熊猫母兽自行哺育 ,这是自 1 963年至今最常用的方式 ;2 )人工辅助大熊猫母兽育幼 [2 ] ,现已存活 5对双胞胎 [3] ;3)用大熊猫初乳与羊乳混合喂养 ,全人工育幼 [4 ,5] ,目前已育成 2只大熊猫 [5] ;…     

动物园掠影

北京动物园前身是皇家苑囿乐善园,也是中国开放最早,饲养动物最多的动物园之一,距今已有100余年的历史。北京动物园在野生动物的饲养繁殖和人工哺育方面都颇具成果。     

两种脱矿体系制备人工龋损的病理学比较

目的评价两种不同脱矿体系在人牙釉质与牛牙釉质形成人工龋样损害的情况,确定模拟早期龋实验研究的脱矿系统。方法两种脱矿体系：部分饱和酸缓冲溶液和酸性凝胶溶液,分别在人牙釉质与牛牙釉质制备人工早期釉质龋损,采用偏振光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察实验人工龋的组织病理学变化。结果部分饱和的酸缓冲体系制备的人工龋损都具有完整的表层和表层下脱矿,牛牙釉质除了脱矿深度大于人牙釉质外,其它病理学特点都类似于人牙釉质,与早期自然龋损相似。而凝胶液脱矿体系形成的人工龋损不管是人牙还是牛牙都没有明显的表层结构,实验牙表面多出现被腐蚀或溶解。结论部分饱和的酸缓冲液脱矿系统形成的人工龋损病理学变化更接近于自然龋;与人牙具有相似化学组成的牛牙很适合代替人牙来检测脱矿和再矿化的效果。     

幼龄华南虎三种哺育方法结果初报

华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)又称中国虎,为我国特有虎亚种,是现存5个虎亚种中最濒危的一种.它曾广泛分布于我国黄河流域以南至珠江以北的广大地区,现仅分布在福建、江西、广东和湖南交界的南岭山地林区,野外数量不足30只(韩宗先,2004),被列为国家Ⅰ级保护野生动物.IUCN(世界自然保护联盟)将其濒危等级划分为极危(CR),亦被认为是\"最优先需要国际保护的动物\"(IUCN,2010).     

两种鹅掌楸繁殖成效的比较

通过交配设计结合花部性状调查对鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chktense Sarg.)与北美鹅掌楸(L.tulipifera Linn.)的繁殖资源分配与繁殖成效进行了比较.结果表明,鹅掌楸通过增加繁殖器官的数目以提高繁殖成效,而北美鹅掌楸则通过提高繁殖器官功效来保障繁殖成效.根据不同交配组合的子代出苗率分析表明,鹅掌楸总体的雄性繁殖成效高于北美鹅掌楸,而雌性繁殖成效低于北美鹅掌楸.     

Development of primers to characterize the mitochondrial control region of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia)

The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a rare carnivore living above the snow line in central Asia. Using universal primers for the mitochondrial genome control region hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), we isolated a 411‐bp fragment of HVR1 and then designed specific primers near each end of this sequence in the conserved regions. These primers were shown to yield good polymerase chain reaction products and to be species specific. Of the 12 snow leopards studied, there were 11 segregating sites and six haplotypes. An identification case of snow leopard carcass (confiscated by the police) proved the primers to be a useful tool for forensic diagnosis in field and population genetics studies.     

黄曲条跳甲人工饲养技术改进

通过室内人工饲养建立实验种群,是开展黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)各种研究的基础,解决其幼虫阶段的人工饲养技术是建立其实验种群的关键。介绍经改进后的黄曲条跳甲室内人工饲养技术,该方法简单易行,可以方便地获取试虫的不同虫态;采用小菜苗法和萝卜薄片堆叠法室内饲养黄曲条跳甲幼虫,最高存活率可达90%以上。     

Inducing pluripotency in somatic cells from the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), an endangered felid

Induced pluripotency is a new approach to produce embryonic stem-like cells from somatic cells that provides a unique means to understand both pluripotency and lineage assignment. To investigate whether this technology could be applied to endangered species, where the limited availability of gametes makes production and research on embryonic stem cells difficult, we attempted generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from snow leopard (Panthera uncia) fibroblasts by retroviral transfection with Moloney-based retroviral vectors (pMXs) encoding four factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and cMYC). This resulted in the formation of small colonies of cells, which could not be maintained beyond four passages (P4). However, addition of NANOG, to the transfection cocktail produced stable iPS cell colonies, which formed as early as D3. Colonies of cells were selected at D5 and expanded in vitro. The resulting cell line was positive for alkaline phosphatase (AP), OCT4, NANOG, and Stage-Specific embryonic Antigen-4 (SSEA-4) at P14. RT-PCR also confirmed that endogenous OCT4 and NANOG were expressed by snow leopard iPS cells from P4. All five human transgenes were transcribed at P4, but OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG transgenes were silenced as early as P14; therefore, reprogramming of the endogenous pluripotent genes had occurred. When injected into immune-deficient mice, snow leopard iPS cells formed teratomas containing tissues representative of the three germ layers. In conclusion, this was apparently the first derivation of iPS cells from the endangered snow leopard and the first report on induced pluripotency in felid species. Addition of NANOG to the reprogramming cocktail was essential for derivation of iPS lines in this felid. The iPS cells provided a unique source of pluripotent cells with utility in conservation through cryopreservation of genetics, as a source of reprogrammed donor cells for nuclear transfer or for directed differentiation to gametes in the future.     

A select panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for individual identification of snow leopards (Panthera uncia)

Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive endangered carnivores found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia. New methods for identifying and counting snow leopards are needed for conservation and management efforts. To develop molecular genetic tools for individual identification of hair and faecal samples, we screened 50 microsatellite loci developed for the domestic cat (Felis catus) in 19 captive snow leopards. Forty‐eight loci were polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from two to 11. The probability of observing matching genotypes for unrelated individuals (2.1 × 10^?11) and siblings (7.5 × 10^?5) using the 10 most polymorphic loci was low, suggesting that this panel would easily discriminate among individuals in the wild.     

利用人工饲料养蚜虫的技术

对利用人工饲料饲养蚜虫的方法、人工饲料类型及其组成做了介绍．概述了利用人工饲料饲养蚜虫的效果．并结合献报道和作本人经历．讨论了影响蚜虫人工饲料饲养效果的关键因子及改进方法。     

卵形刺甲的生物学和人工饲养

对卵形刺甲Platyscelis obvatus sp.nov.Ren的生物学和人工饲养进行初步研究。结果表明,该虫3年发生1代,世代重叠明显,3月上旬至5月下旬产卵,卵期20~45d,以幼虫和成虫越冬;人工饲养易于进行,可选用麦麸为其主要饲料成分,对于幼虫的饲料加入适量的酵母可收到良好的效果;成虫产卵量受性别比例影响明显,高比例的雄虫可显著提高产卵量;幼虫的生长与虫口密度密切相关,过高或过低皆不利于幼虫的生长。     

用甘蓝苗连续饲养小菜蛾的技术

室内实验结果表明 :在 ( 2 5± 1 )℃、相对湿度 5 0 %～ 70 %、光周期 1 6L∶8D条件下 ,用甘蓝苗(BrassicanapusL .)饲养小菜蛾PlutellaxylostellaL .可取得较好的饲养结果 ,连续饲养多代种群未出现退化现象 ,能够得到大量发育整齐的供试虫源。在低温 ( 4℃ )条件下 ,卵冷藏 7d ,孵化率 77 8% ,蛹冷藏 1 5d化蛹率 86 9% ,冷藏后卵和蛹的发育等与各自的对照基本一致 ,可以较好地调控小菜蛾发育进度 ,便于取得虫龄基本一致的虫源。     

Sighting frequency and food habits of the leopard tortoise, Geochelone pardalis, in northern Tanzania

Sighting frequency and food habits of the leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis) were studied in northern Tanzania from October 1993 to June 1996. Sighting frequency varied significantly between protected (0.22 mhr^?1) and unprotected sites (0.59 mhr^?1), and between Arusha (0.27 mhr^?1) and Serengeti sites (0.56 mhr^?1). The tortoise diet comprised mostly plants (97.8%) and rarely inorganic matter (2.2%). A total of 47 plant species from 21 families was eaten. Forbs made up 74.5% of the plant items and monocots the remainder. Succulents contributed 51.0% of the plant items eaten while grasses and legumes accounted for 16.8% and 13.5%, respectively. Some plant items were eaten more frequently than their occurrence in the habitats.     

Induction of ovulation and successful artificial insemination in a Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor)

Techniques of artificial insemination have not been readily applied to zoo animals. The nonsurgical approach has been unsuccessful in nondomestic felids until the present study where pregnancy was achieved in a Persian leopard. The demonstration of this technique should encourage renewed attempts to artificially inseminate nondomestic felids.     

大螟人工饲养技术的初步研究

利用大豆粉、玉米粉、麦胚和鲜茭白等成分配制了大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)的半合成人工饲料,利用该饲料配方,发展了大螟的长期、继代饲养技术,即初孵-2日龄幼虫在茭白上饲养,3日龄-化蛹在人工饲料上饲养。利用该方法连续饲养大螟3代,幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、卵孵化率和单雌产卵量等生活史参数与在天然饲料茭白上饲养的大螟相比,二者没有任何显著差异。而且利用该方法饲养,成本低、省工省力,能显著减少病原菌的感染。这说明该饲养技术适于大螟种群的长期、继代饲养。