昆虫谐波雷达的发展和利用

本文从昆虫谐波雷达的基本原理、发展和利用、局限性以及展望4个方面出发,阐述了国外昆虫学者利用昆虫谐波雷达技术跟踪昆虫低空扩散飞行或步行的行为研究慨况,目的是为了尽快利用这种新技术,为我国农林业害虫综合治理服务。     

柑橘大实蝇成虫的翅载和额外负载能力

对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein)的有效管理受阻于对其成虫运动行为的较少的认识。通过测定其成虫翅载能力和忍受额外负载重量的能力, 从而确定其成虫所携带不同的额外负载的电子标签重量对其正常起飞的影响程度, 为制作合适的昆虫谐波雷达的电子标签提供技术参数。其雌雄成虫的翅载能力并没有随着成虫个体重量增加而降低, 也没有因为性别不同而存在差异。成虫经过正常取食和饥饿（只喂清水）变化处理, 其成虫平均净载重量约为11 mg。来自网室成虫忍受额外负载试验结果表明, 成虫额外负载7.3 mg重量或为占其自身体重大约23%重量对于其向上起飞行为有较少或没有直接的影响。结果进一步表明, 在确定昆虫谐波雷达技术跟踪其成虫携带的电子标签适合性时, 选择的电子标签的重量不能超过7.3 mg。     

垂直监测昆虫雷达研究进展

昆虫雷达可以远距离、 大范围、 快速地探测迁飞昆虫, 这极大促进了人类对昆虫迁飞行为的认识。垂直监测昆虫雷达技术是从20世纪70年代发展起来的一种监测高空迁飞昆虫种群的新工具。与传统的扫描雷达相比, 垂直监测昆虫雷达可以获得目标的位移速度、 位移方向、 定向、 体型大小和形状等参数, 因此, 对目标的识别能力更为精确。此外, 垂直监测昆虫雷达实现了在微机控制下的自动运行, 这使得应用昆虫雷达开展迁飞昆虫的日常监测成为可能。本文综述了垂直监测昆虫雷达的发展和应用, 介绍了设计原理和回波参数的解算方法, 讨论了其存在的不足及改进方案, 最后并对其在未来昆虫雷达网络建设中的应用进行了展望。     

昆虫谐波雷达在柑橘大实蝇行为学上的应用研究

本试验分别在橘园中的单株橘树和在整个橘园及它附近森林中,对昆虫谐波雷达的检测率和发现率进行研究,评估昆虫谐波雷达在橘园和森林中对初羽化柑橘大实蝇成虫的扩散行为能否进行有效的跟踪。结果表明,在2013年和2014年,在柑橘园单株橘树试验中,在5 m和3 m条件下,昆虫谐波雷达对带标签的初羽化的柑橘大实蝇成虫的总平均检测率分别为99.1%和100%。按降落位置和释放位置计算,带标签的柑橘大实蝇的总平均发现率分别为87.9%和71.6%。在2014年,在橘园和森林试验中,昆虫谐波雷达对带标签的初羽化的柑橘大实蝇成虫总平均检测率和总平均发现率分别为91.4%和77.8%。结果表明,昆虫谐波雷达对在橘园和森林中初羽化的柑橘大实蝇扩散行为能够进行有效跟踪。     

雷达观测空中飞行昆虫的有效距离

以包覆细铜纱网的乒乓球作为标准检测目标,检测了X-频带,波长3cm的公主岭昆虫雷达观测空中飞行昆虫的有效距离。检测到乒乓球回波的最远距离为5185.6m;计算观测个体粘虫Mythimnaseparata（Walker）的最远有效距离约为2000m,观测个体褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens（Stal）的最远有效距离的为300m。该雷达适于观测粘虫等体重几十mg的昆虫在空中的飞行动态。     

华北地区昆虫秋季迁飞的雷达观测

1999年9－10月利用昆虫雷达对华北地区昆虫秋季回迁的观测表明,秋季迁飞主要发生于19：00－05：00时,飞行高度一般在300－2000m。迁飞方向与风向一致,多为从东北向西南方向迁飞。运行速度和飞行高度成正相关,迁飞个体的平均运行速度由392m高度的4.8m/s增加到2000m处的27.8m/s。空中灯光诱捕表明,甜菜夜蛾和棉铃虫为优势迁飞种类。     

昆虫翅的起源及其假说

<正> 有关昆虫翅的起源问题,从19世纪中叶起人们就开始注意并研究它,一百多年过去了,研究进展如何,结果怎样,本文试图作一探讨。 一、翅起源的背景及条件 有翅昆虫来自于无翅昆虫已成定论,但翅由何来,不得而知;为何产生,似乎更是深不可     

昆虫雷达回波图像的拍摄和识别方法

我国首部专用昆虫雷达于1983年在吉林省农科院植保所组装成功[1]。1984年投入使用并成功地观测记录了草地螟、粘虫迁飞实况[2,3]。现将昆虫雷达回波图象的拍摄和识别方法介绍如下。1昆虫目标的检测昆虫雷达工作时,由反射器发射出的狭圆锥形的波束,以光速发射短脉冲的辐射能,遇目标时反射回部分脉冲能量,被雷达接受（检测）而在荧光屏上按其距离、方位显示出光点,称为回波H”观测时使用0．75海里距离档,共有3个距离圈,代表的距离从中心向外依次为463m、926m、1389m。通常用仰角3°、5°、8°、12°、28°、45°、58°。为使观测的高…     

昆虫的翅

介绍了昆虫翅的起源、基本结构、类型、脉相、连锁方式及其功用。     

昆虫鞣化激素研究进展

鞣化激素是调控昆虫体壁黑化及翅伸展的一类激素, 是由BURS和PBURS两个亚基组成的一种异源二聚体蛋白质。BURS和PBURS亚基在结构及其进化上相对较为保守, 氨基酸序列中均含有11个半胱氨酸残基。鞣化激素主要是在胸腹神经节中合成的, 一旦释放到血淋巴就与其受体LGR2结合进而激活cAMP/PKA信号, 从而促进酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH)的磷酸化。活化后的TH将酪氨酸(tyrosine)转变为多巴（DOPA）, 引起昆虫表皮鞣化。同时, cAMP/PKA信号也引起翅真皮细胞凋亡从而促进翅的伸展。除了鞣化激素异聚体调控表皮鞣化及翅的伸展外, BURS亚基或PBURS亚基组成的同源二聚体经IMD路径, 激活转录因子Relish调控昆虫的免疫反应。本文就鞣化激素分子结构特性、 作用机制及功能等方面的研究进展进行了综述, 旨在为进一步研究昆虫鞣化激素提供借鉴和参考。     

Evaluation of tag entanglement as a factor in harmonic radar studies of insect dispersal

The observation of insects and other small organisms entangled in the habitat after the addition of vertical or trailing electronic tags to their body has generated concerns on the suitability of harmonic radars to track the dispersal of insects. This study compared the walking behavior of adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) Chrysomelidae), plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) Curculionidae), and western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) Chrysomelidae) with and without vertical and or trailing tags in field plots or arenas. The frequency of the larger Colorado potato beetles crossing bare ground or grassy plots was unaffected by the presence of an 8 cm trailing harmonic radar tag. However, plum curculios and western corn rootworms, were either unable to walk with a 4 cm trailing tag (plum curculio) or displayed a reduced ability to successfully cross a bare ground arena. Our results revealed the significant impact of vegetation on successful insect dispersal, whether tagged or not. The vertical movement of these insects on stems, stalks, and tubes was also unaffected by the presence of vertical tags. Trailing tags had a significant negative effect on the vertical movement of the western corn rootworm. Results show that harmonic radar technology is a suitable method for studying the walking paths of the three insects with appropriate tag type and size. The nuisance factor generated by appropriately sized tags was small relative to that of vegetation.     

Tracking the movement trajectory of newly emerged adult Chinese citrus flies with insect harmonic radar

Previous work reveals that the adult Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), emerges from the ground in citrus orchards and presumably disperses to alternate food sources in neighboring shrubs and trees, where it stays and becomes reproductively mature, and then later returns to the orchard to lay eggs. We investigated the trajectories of early emerged adult Chinese citrus flies, which were tracked with portable harmonic radar in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 in four different habitats in Hubei province of China that presumably provided food sources for adults. This study we investigated whether early emerged adult Chinese citrus flies migrate into forests. A total of 47 adults were tracked following release in a citrus orchard. Our results showed that a total of 33 adults released in a citrus orchard flew into the forest, and 14 adults that disappeared during the tracking process in the citrus orchard. A total of 10 adults (in 2014) that were tracked and released in the forest flew to the forest. Of the adult flies investigated, 54.5% flew directly into the forest, while the remaining 45.5% finally arrived in the forest after repeatedly adjusting their trajectories. When there were Castanea mollissima Blume (Fagaceae) in the surrounding forest, the proportion of frequency of adult landing on the plant represented 58.3% and 88.5% of landing on all species in 2014 and in 2015, respectively. We conclude that early emerged adult Chinese citrus flies in the mosaic-type citrus orchard of the hilly terrain landform dispersed into adjacent forest.     

昆虫滞育研究进展

首先对昆虫滞育的若干名词概念作出解释,按照滞育过程的阶段特点划分为3个时期:(1)滞育前期(包括滞育诱导和滞育准备);(2)滞育期(包括滞育进入、滞育维持和滞育解除);(3)滞育后期。然后重点介绍这3个阶段近期分子和细胞水平上的重要工作,对一些科学问题进行讨论。     

Advances in quantitative proteomics using stable isotope tags

A great deal of current biological and clinical research is directed at the interpretation of the information contained in the human genome sequence in terms of the structure, function and control of biological systems and processes. Proteomics, the systematic analysis of proteins, is becoming a critical component in this endeavor because proteomic measurements are carried out directly on proteins – the catalysts and effectors of essentially all biological functions. To detect changes in protein profiles that might provide important diagnostic or functional insights, proteomic analyses necessarily have to be quantitative. This article summarizes recent technological advances in quantitative proteomics.     

昆虫免疫致敏研究进展

通常认为昆虫缺少获得性免疫(acquired immunity)且完全依赖天然免疫系统(innate immune defense system)来应对病原微生物的感染。然而越来越多的研究表明,昆虫等无脊椎动物早期的病原菌感染经历能够增强后期遭遇病原感染时的免疫力,这种现象称为免疫致敏(immune priming)。类似于脊椎动物的获得性免疫,一些昆虫在致敏后可以展现出极大程度的特异性和记忆性,致敏保护效应甚至可以达到种或菌株水平的特异性,并且可以跨代传递。昆虫在体内缺乏获得性免疫分子元件的基础上,仍然可以实现免疫的记忆性和特异性,说明昆虫的天然免疫系统存在独特的机制来调控该过程。本文综述了昆虫免疫致敏和跨代传递的研究进展,探讨了昆虫免疫致敏发生的特定条件及影响因素,并对昆虫免疫致敏和跨代传递的潜在调控机理进行了阐述。此外,免疫致敏本身可能是耗能的过程,本文也从致敏可塑的角度探讨了致敏反应的适应性代价。最后,对昆虫免疫致敏未来的研究方向以及在害虫防治中的应用前景进行了展望。     

昆虫几丁质酶的研究进展

综述了几丁质酶的特性,生理作用,基因结构和表达及其在植物保护和基因工程中的应用。