小麦叶片衰老相关基因TaMYBAS2-1的克隆及功能分析

MYB类转录因子在调控植物生长发育、响应逆境胁迫等方面发挥重要作用。根据基因芯片数据,我们从小麦的衰老旗叶组织中扩增得到了与衰老相关的MYB转录因子基因TaMYBAS2-1,并初步研究了其功能。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,Ta MYBAS2-1在小麦旗叶自然衰老过程中呈上调表达趋势,与GFP的融合蛋白主要定位于细胞核中,并且具有转录激活活性。我们扩增得到了长度为1 561 bp的启动子序列,构建了TaMYBAS2-1promoter:GUS的表达载体,并转化模式植物拟南芥。在转基因植株中,衰老叶片的GUS染色更明显。以上的初步研究结果表明,该基因可能在叶片衰老进程调控中发挥作用。     

人工合成启动子SAR在拟南芥中的表达分析

利用植物防御基因中的病原诱导响应元件和最小35S启动子(-62～+1),人工合成了启动子SAP,并以GUS基因为报告基因,在转基因拟南芥中分析了合成启动子的表达特性.通过对转基因拟南芥GUS组织染色的分析表明:SAR启动子在子叶、毛刺、根茎交接处和根系中优势表达,在老叶中的表达量高于幼叶,说明SAR启动子具有组织和发育表达特异性.     

白桦CESA7基因启动子的克隆与表达分析

克隆得到了一个白桦纤维素合成酶基因(CESA7)Gen Ban K登录号(EU591531)启动子序列,通过序列分析发现该启动子含有多个不同功能的顺式作用元件,包括光响应元件、激素响应元件、叶片形态发育元件等,推测该启动子在白桦生长发育过程中具有关键作用。将Bp CESA7启动子克隆至带有GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,命名为pro Bp CESA7-121-GUS,并利用农杆菌介导方法侵染白桦和拟南芥,然后通过GUS组织化学染色观察Bp CESA7基因启动子的组织表达特性。结果在白桦的根、茎、叶和拟南芥的根,叶,萼片、雌蕊中检测到了GUS活性,说明Bp CESA7基因启动子具有启动子活性,并且在白桦的根和叶中染色最深,表明Bp CESA7基因在白桦根和叶中表达量较高,并且其存在组织表达特异性。     

百子莲脱水素基因ApY2SK2逆境应答模式及启动子调控功能研究

在百子莲胚性细胞中筛选到对超低温保存复合逆境具有积极响应的保护类蛋白脱水素(ApY_2SK_2),为探明ApY_2SK_2基因在复合逆境中的应答模式,该研究采用染色体步移技术克隆并分析了ApY_2SK_2编码基因上游1 200 bp的启动子序列。结果表明:(1)序列分析显示,该启动子含有多个与逆境和激素诱导相关的顺式调控元件;实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,ApY_2SK_2基因的表达具有组织特异性,在百子莲的叶和果中表达量较高,且在多种胁迫处理与ABA激素诱导下,其表达量显著升高。(2)成功构建了5个ApY_2SK_2启动子不同缺失片段驱动GUS基因的融合表达载体,经农杆菌转化、抗性筛选和PCR检测鉴定,获得T_3代纯和转基因拟南芥株系。(3) GUS组织化学染色结果显示,GUS基因在拟南芥幼苗全株、成年苗的叶、花和成熟果实中表达活性较强,但在未成熟果实中无明显表达;烟草瞬时表达结果显示,与对照组相比,在脱水胁迫和ABA处理下的ApY_2SK_2启动子不同缺失片段驱动GUS基因表达具有显著差异。(4)转基因拟南芥GUS活性测定结果显示,ApY_2SK_2启动子MBS元件和ABRE元件可响应干旱与渗透胁迫信号;ApY_2SK_2启动子LTR元件参与低温响应;ApY_2SK_2启动子-1 199～-262 bp区域包含多个串联的ABRE顺式调控元件(-373～-211 bp)对响应ABA信号具有主要调控作用。该研究结果揭示了ApY_2SK_2启动子的组织特异性,且启动子上的关键顺式调控元件对不同的胁迫和激素信号响应具有决定性调控作用。     

普通野生稻绿色组织特异表达启动子的克隆与鉴定

绿色组织特异表达启动子可调控外源基因只在受体作物的绿色组织中定点、高效地表达。以普通野生稻为实验材料,克隆了绿色组织特异表达启动子Or GSP,构建Or GSP和GUS基因融合的表达载体,转入拟南芥中鉴定功能。启动子Or GSP长度为825 bp,含有基本的转录起始元件TATA-box和CAAT-box,以及光响应元件TCCC-motif、Sp1、G-box、I-box、GA-motif和as-2-box等。转基因拟南芥GUS组织化学染色结果表明,启动子Or GSP调控GUS基因只在绿色组织中特异表达。GUS活性测定结果显示,叶和茎中的GUS活性比根中明显提高。普通野生稻中克隆的启动子Or GSP为绿色组织特异表达启动子,可为作物分子育种提供新的调控元件。     

中间锦鸡儿CiNAC038启动子的克隆及对激素响应分析

NAC转录因子家族是植物中特有的、家族数目较多的一类转录因子家族,对植物生长发育起重要作用。了解CiNAC038的表达调控分子机制,为中间锦鸡儿CiNAC038功能研究奠定基础。以中间锦鸡儿为植物材料,通过染色体步移法克隆启动子序列,并对启动子序列上的响应元件进行分析。构建GUS表达载体,并转化拟南芥,对拟南芥的组织特异性进行表达分析,用ABA诱导转基因植株,研究ABA与CiNAC038的关系。结果显示,克隆了1 800 bp的CiNAC038启动子序列,该启动子包含多种顺式元件。成功构建植物表达载体ProCiNAC038∶GUS,通过浸花法转化至野生型拟南芥。GUS组织化学染色结果显示,转基因拟南芥幼苗根部染色较深,胚轴无染色;成熟期转基因拟南芥的叶脉、果荚两端、花瓣、花药等组织染色较深,茎无染色。CiNAC038启动子驱动的GUS报告基因主要在植物叶片、根和花的组织器官表达。进一步ABA诱导表达分析发现,GUS染色随着浓度增加颜色越浅。CiNAC038启动子是ABA抑制型启动子。     

拟南芥HECT E3s家族基因表达模式和功能的初步研究

利用GUS组织化学染色法,研究由拟南芥泛素蛋白连接酶HECT家族基因(UPLs)启动子起始的β-葡萄糖苷酸酶报告基因(GUS)的表达模式。结果表明:UPLs家族中6个成员的启动子在拟南芥植株的不同组织和不同时期均有所表达,且在莲座叶发育的早期和衰老期表现出较高活性。进一步观察upl3和upl4突变体发现,upl3和upl4突变体除了upl3有较明显的叶型变化,两者均表现为延迟衰老现象;且突变体中衰老相关基因的表达水平不同于野生型。研究推测UPL3和UPL4可能参与了叶片生长发育过程的调控,同时还参与调控植株衰老进程。     

抗逆基因AtRPK1启动子关键顺式作用元件的研究

为确定拟南芥抗逆相关基因AtRPK1启动子的顺式功能元件,对其启动子区进行了分段克隆。通过5'端缺失方法得到203、316、604、809 bp 4个启动子片段,分别构建成p1300-pro-GUS表达载体,并转入拟南芥,进行GUS染色和GUS定量检测。通过对809 bp全长启动子转基因拟南芥GUS染色发现,转基因拟南芥的叶片、茎、花、根中均有表达,在分生能力强的组织和维管束集中的组织,AtRPK1基因启动子具有较高启动表达能力。5'端缺失启动子检测结果表明,转录起始点到启动子上游-114位点区域包含AtRPK1基因启动子的关键顺式作用元件。对启动子缺失片段转基因植株利用200 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫3 h后,β-葡萄糖苷酸酶活力定量检测结果表明,在启动子上游-19位点处的GT-1顺式作用元件GAAAAA可能直接与盐胁迫应答相关。     

玉米脱氧麦根酸分泌通道蛋白基因YS3启动子的克隆与启动活性分析

缺铁是世界范围内农业生产面临的严重问题,玉米通过分泌脱氧麦根酸(2’-deoxymugineic acid,DMA)吸收利用土壤中的难溶性铁。为探明玉米DMA分泌通道蛋白基因YS3的表达和调控机制,本文通过克隆获得长为2813 bp的YS3基因启动子,该序列含有大量TATA-box、CAAT-box等启动子基本元件,以及光响应、激素调控等多个顺式调控元件;构建YS3启动子驱动GUS基因的植物表达重组载体p CAMBIA-YS3GUS,利用农杆菌介导转化拟南芥,获得p YS3::GUS转基因植株,对转基因植株进行GUS组织化学染色,并通过石蜡切片技术对转基因植株进行组织观察,分析p YS3::GUS转基因植株中YS3基因启动子的活性。结果表明,YS3启动子主要驱动GUS基因在拟南芥根部表达,且主要集中在根部表皮细胞,机械损伤可激发YS3启动子活性,驱动GUS基因在损伤临近部位表达。本研究对于理解玉米DMA分泌的分子调控机理具有重要意义。     

白桦BpSPL2基因启动子的克隆及表达分析

SPL(SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like)是植物特有的转录因子,研究表明其在参与发育阶段转变、花和果实发育等方面起着重要作用。利用PCR技术从白桦基因组DNA中扩增获得BpSPL2基因上游1 960 bp启动子序列,使用PLACE和Plant CARE在线软件分析序列,发现BpSPL2基因启动子序列中含有与开花、非生物胁迫及激素响应等相关的顺式作用元件,暗示其在植物的生长发育和胁迫应答中起重要作用。进而构建了BpSPL2基因启动子驱动GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,并利用农杆菌介导将其瞬时转化至白桦和拟南芥,通过GUS组织化学染色检测BpSPL2基因启动子的组织表达特性,结果表明BpSPL2基因启动子具有启动子活性,能够驱动GUS基因在白桦和拟南芥中表达;而其表达活性在白桦的叶片、芽及根部中较强,在拟南芥的花药、雌蕊和叶片较强,为进一步研究白桦BpSPL2基因的表达调控及其功能分析提供参考。     

A strong constitutive gene expression system derived from <Emphasis Type="Italic">ibAGP1</Emphasis> promoter and its transit peptide

To develop a strong constitutive gene expression system, the activities of ibAGP1 promoter and its transit peptide were investigated using transgenic Arabidopsis and a GUS reporter gene. The ibAGP1 promoter directed GUS expression in almost entire tissues including rosette leaf, inflorescence stem, inflorescence, cauline leaf and root, suggesting that the ibAGP1 promoter is a constitutive promoter. GUS expression mediated by ibAGP1 promoter was weaker than that by CaMV35S promoter in all tissue types, but when GUS protein was targeted to plastids with the aid of the ibAGP1 transit peptide, GUS levels increased to higher levels in lamina, petiole and cauline leaf compared to those produced by CaMV35S promoter. The enhancing effect of ibAGP1 transit peptide on the accumulation of foreign protein was tissue-specific; accumulation was high in lamina and inflorescence, but low in root and primary inflorescence stem. The transit peptide effect in the leaves was maintained highly regardless of developmental stages of plants. The ibAGP1 promoter and its transit peptide also directed strong GUS gene expression in transiently expressed tobacco leaves. These results suggest that the ibAGP1 promoter and its transit peptide are a strong constitutive foreign gene expression system for transgenesis of dicot plants.     

小立碗藓PpAGO7基因启动子分离及其启动活性分析

AGO7蛋白在多种植物中被发现并预测在叶片生长发育过程中起作用,但是在高等植物中最古老且唯一没有维管束的苔藓植物中却未有报道。该文通过BLAST比对水稻OsAGO7基因编码的氨基酸序列得到小立碗藓AGO7蛋白编码基因PpAGO7,扩增PpAGO7基因起始密码子上游的启动子序列,利用在线软件PlantCARE和PLACE分析该启动子的结构特征;并构建启动子分析载体pPpAGO7-GUS,转化拟南芥,通过转基因拟南芥GUS染色结果分析推测PpAGO7启动子的启动特性。结果显示:(1)PpAGO7基因启动子序列中含有大量的光反应有关的顺式作用元件以及数个分生组织相关和防御与胁迫相关作用元件。(2)T2代转基因拟南芥的GUS染色结果表明,PpAGO7基因启动子会启动GUS在拟南芥的不同部位和不同生长时期表达,而且在根尖、叶片顶端、雄蕊的花药、雌蕊的柱头和种子等部位的染色较其他部位更深。(3)生长在光照强度1 000lx和4 000lx下转基因拟南芥的GUS酶活性比光照强度7 000lx和10 000lx下的低。研究表明所克隆的PpAGO7基因启动子具有组成性启动活性,且在生长旺盛的部位启动活性较强,此外其启动活性还受到光照因素的影响,为进一步研究小立碗藓的PpAGO7基因功能提供了重要依据。     

Selenium delays leaf senescence in oilseed rape plants

Effect of selenium on leaf senescence was studied in oilseed rape plants treated with 10 μM Na₂SeO₄ at a rosette growth stage. In addition to developmental senescence, N deficiency and leaf detachment were used for induction of senescence. Nonphotochemical quenching declined in old leaves as senescence became more advancing but rose progressively in the plants supplied by Se. The total carbohydrate and protein pools decreased with leaf age, while increased by the Se treatment. However, during senescence induced by N deficiency, Se did not change remarkably the C and N metabolism, but delayed senescence mainly through protection of plants from photoinhibitory effects. After detachment, untreated leaves became chlorotic and necrotic, while the Se-treated ones remained fairly green. Our results demonstrated that Se delayed leaf senescence by a maintaining or even improving photochemical activities. During developmental senescence, the Se effect on the extending life span of the leaves was additionally linked to the metabolic regulation of senescence.     

LE-ACS6启动子在LE-ACS6::GUS转基因拟南芥中的特异性

通过对不同发育时期LE-ACS6::GUS转基因拟南芥中GUS表达特异性的研究,证明LE-ACS6基因的启动子在拟南芥中也表现启动参与第一系统乙烯合成的关键酶基因的活性.在转基因拟南芥中,LE-ACS6启动子还表现响应外源生长素处理、伤害处理等多种刺激因子的特点.     

Cytokinin-dependent expression of the ARR5::GUS construct during transgenic arabidopsis growth

Growth and glucuronidase (GUS) activity were followed in the cotyledons and rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh (ecotype Wassilewskija) plants transformed with the GUS gene under the control of the cytokinin-dependent promoter of the ARR5 gene. The presence of active cytokinins in plant tissues was assessed from GUS activity. Plants were grown for three weeks on the nitrate-or ammonium-containing nutrient medium. In plants grown on ammonium nutrition, cotyledon and leaf growth was substantially suppressed as compared with plants feeding with nitrates. In correspondence with this growth inhibition, GUS activity was markedly lower in plant leaves grown on the ammonium-containing medium. This indicated a reduction in these leaves of active cytokinin forms capable of activation of the promoter for the ARR5 gene. On both nitrogen sources, GUS activity increased during leaf growth and dropped sharply after growth ceasing. This indicated that leaf growth depended on the cytokinin content in them. High GUS activity was detected in petioles and leaf conductive system, indicating leaf providing with cytokinins along the conductive vessels. A sharp drop in the GUS activity after leaf growth stoppage coincided in time with GUS activation in the leaf positioned above this leaf. This indicated possible cytokinin redistribution in the plant; its content could be a limiting factor for leaf growth. A higher growth rate in plants on nitrate nitrogen nutrition and corresponding high GUS activity in them are discussed in terms of cytokinin signaling role in leaf growth regulation mediated by nitrate.     

Senescence-related gene expression profiles of rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana: leaf age versus plant age

Abstract: Senescence is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) which leads to the death of whole organs, e.g., leaves or flowers, and eventually to the death of entire plants. Like all forms of PCD, senescence is a highly regulated and energy consuming process. Senescence parameters, like protein content, chlorophyll content, expression of photosynthesis-associated genes or senescence-associated genes (SAGs), reveal that senescence occurs in old leaves derived from young plants (6 week old) as well as in young leaves derived from older plants (8 week old), indicating that it is governed by the actual age of the leaves. In order to analyse the differential gene expression profiles during leaf senescence, hybridizations of high-density genome arrays were performed with: i) individual leaves within the rosette of a 6-week-old plant and ii) leaves of the same position within the rosette but harvested from plants of different ages, ranging from 5 to 8 weeks. Cluster and genetree analyses, according to the expression pattern revealed that genes which are up-regulated with respect to the age of the entire plant, showed completely different expression profiles with respect to the age of the individual leaves within one rosette. This was observed even though the actual difference in leaf age was approximately the same. This indicates that gene expression appears to be governed by different parameters: i) the age of the individual leaf and ii) the age and developmental stage of the entire plant.     

Effects of cytokinin and senescence-inducing factors on expression of P ARR5 -GUS gene construct during leaf senescence in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants

ARR5-gene expression was studied in the course of natural leaf senescence and detached leaf senescence in the dark using Arabidopsis thaliana plants transformed with the P _ARR5 -GUS gene construct. GUS-activity was measured as a marker of ARR5-gene expression. Chlorophyll and total protein amounts were also estimated to evaluate leaf senescence. Natural leaf senescence was accompanied by the progressive decline in the GUS-activity in leaves of the 2nd and 3rd nodes studied, and this shift of GUS-activity was more pronounced than the loss of chlorophyll content. The ability of the ARR5-gene promoter to respond to cytokinin was not eliminated during natural leaf senescence, as was demonstrated by a cytokinin-induced increase in GUS activity in leaves after their detachment and incubation on benzyladenine (BA, 5 × 10⁻⁶ M) in the dark. Leaf senescence in the dark was associated with the further decrease in the GUS-activity. The ARR5-gene promoter response to cytokinin was enhanced with the increase of the age of plants, taken as a source of leaves for cytokinin treatments. Hence, although the expression of the ARR5 gene reduces during natural and dark/detached leaf senescence, the ARR5-gene sensitivity to cytokinin was maintained in both cases and even increased with the leaf age. This data suggest that the ARR5 gene, which belongs to the type-A negative regulators of plant response to cytokinin, could be a feedback regulator able to prevent retardation by cytokinin of leaf senescence when it is important for plant life. Growth regulators either reduced ARR5 gene response to cytokinin during senescence of mature detached leaves in the dark (SA, meJA, ABA, SP) or increased it (IAA), thus modifying the resulting rate of its expression.     

拟南芥AtNHX6基因启动子的克隆及表达分析

为了探明拟南芥内膜反向转运体AtNHX6基因的组织表达模式,从基因组中克隆了AtNHX6基因开放阅读框(ORF)上游侧翼调控区1 922bp序列,并成功构建AtNHX6基因启动子与GUS融合表达载体pCAM-BIA1381-proNHX6-GUS,通过农杆菌花序浸染法转化野生型拟南芥获得T3代纯合转基因拟南芥株系,经PCR检测扩增得到2 187bp目的条带。利用组织染色法鉴定转基因拟南芥的GUS表达模式发现,在子叶、下胚轴和花中GUS活性显著。在这些广泛表达的部位中,微管系统中的表达最为显著,真叶中只有局部检测到GUS表达;在根中GUS在根毛和侧根生长部位表达;在未成熟果荚中只有在果荚顶端和基部存在GUS活性,成熟果荚中只在果柄检测到GUS表达;在花中,雄蕊的花丝和花粉粒及雌蕊的柱头中检测到GUS表达。GUS染色分析结果表明,AtNHX6基因启动子与GUS的融合表达载体成功构建并正常启动GUS基因表达,且AtNHX6基因主要在拟南芥的子叶、下胚轴、根、花、果荚中的微管系统、根毛和侧根生长部位以及花丝、花粉、柱头中表达。     

Tissue specificity of the sugarcane bacilliform virus promoter in oat,barley and wheat

The tissue-specificity of the sugarcane bacilliform virus (SCBV) promoter was investigated in oat, barley, and wheat to determine whether its expression pattern in one species was predictive of promoter specificity in the other closely related Gramineae species. Progeny of transgenic plants produced using constructs containing the SCBV promoter driving gusA were sampled at different stages of plant development and stained for GUS activity using a histochemical assay. Overall, the GUS staining patterns were most similar between oat and barley. In all three species, similar GUS staining patterns were observed in mature endosperms, leaves, and floral bracts of developing infloresences. No GUS staining was detected in oat embryos whereas the entire barley embryo was stained, and GUS staining was confined to the scutellum of wheat embryos. Oat and barley stems exhibited GUS staining whereas no GUS staining was observed in stems of the transgenic wheat plants. The SCBV promoter conferred strong GUS staining intensity in most tissues of oat and barley but was generally weaker in wheat. These differences in SCBV promoter specificity indicate that promoter evaluation should be conducted in the target species of interest rather than by extrapolation from expression patterns in other species.