鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被和两种优势克隆半灌木的空间格局

群落优势种重要值的变化可以表征植被的演替状况。研究了鄂尔多斯高原飞播后不同演替阶段的沙地植被 ,以及两种优势克隆植物羊柴 (H edysarum laeve)和油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica)种群的空间格局。结果表明 :在调查的尺度内 ,群落水平上 ,演替前期和演替中期的植被盖度空间自相关发生的尺度远小于演替后期。随着植被的演替和发育 ,小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异逐渐增加。暗示着植被盖度空间格局的变化与羊柴种群和油蒿种群在群落中的地位的变化有关。种群水平上 ,小尺度的空间自相关控制着羊柴种群在 3个演替阶段的空间格局 ;处于前 2个演替阶段的油蒿种群 ,空间格局受更大尺度的过程控制 ,并在自身为建群种的群落随机分布。对于 3个演替阶段的油蒿种群而言 ,发生在小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异都高于相应的羊柴种群。这两种克隆半灌木的种群空间格局的差异可能与二者克隆构型和克隆性的不同有关。本文还根据这两种植物的生物学特性探讨了二者对鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被恢复的不同作用     

沙漠人工植被地上部分生长动态

对腾格里沙漠东南缘2种人工植被柠条和油蒿在4种配置方式下地上部分的生长动态进行了研究,结果表明:不同配置方式下它们的密度、高度、冠幅和生物量基本不变或略微呈下降趋势;油蒿新梢的年生长动态呈S型曲线,柠条新梢春季生长速度较快,7月份以后生长速度缓慢或基本停止生长;柠条、油蒿地上生物量和叶面积指数的年变化均表现为双峰型,4种配置方式下共有8种1年生植物入侵,并具有较高的植被盖度;同其它3个样地相比,纯油蒿样地1年生植物的密度、盖度和生物量明显偏低.     

增加水分与养分对克隆植物羊柴自然种群繁殖权衡的影响

 羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)是豆科多年生半灌木,在自然条件下可以同时进行有性繁殖和克隆繁殖。该文在野外条件下研究了不同水平的水分和养 分处理对羊柴种群的繁殖权衡的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,增加一定量的水分处理显著减少了花和荚果的生物量;显著增加了克隆分株枝 的生物量,显著减少了分株根茎的生物量, 但没有影响其它部分的生物量。增加一定量的水分会抑制有性繁殖,改变生物量对克隆繁殖分株各 部分的分配比例。与对照相比,增加一定量的养分能够促进有性繁殖,抑制克隆繁殖。     

毛乌素沙地根茎灌木羊柴的基株特征和不同生境中的分株种群特征

通过对毛乌素沙地常见的豆科根茎灌木羊柴的基株的分株种群的调查研究,揭示植物的克隆生长的生态适应意义。研究表明：１）根茎灌木羊柴具有合轴型分枝类型和游击型基株构型。多年生根茎在沙基质中形成多层密集网络结构。２）固定沙丘的羊柴分株种群与半固定沙丘比具有较大的密度和较长的根状茎节间,较小的平均株距,但两种生境中的分株高度是相似的。固定沙丘的种群生物量和对根茎与花果生物量的投资也高于半固定沙丘上的种群。本     

克隆植物构型及其对资源异质性的响应

密集型和游击型是两个极端的克隆植物构型,在它们之间还应存在中间过渡类型的连续统。作者给出了描述该连续统的一个指数ｖ＝ｌｎ ［Ｅ（ Ｒ２）］１２Ｅ（ｌ） ／ｌｎｎ （ １２ ≤ｖ≤１） 。并讨论了克隆植物的间隔物长度对生境斑块质量的响应     

鄂尔多斯沙地油蒿群落生物量初步研究

 本文研究了鄂尔多斯沙地草原改良试验站颇具特色的油蒿群落生物量的季节变化和空间格局。结果表明：不同的油蒿群落类型生物量不同,以流动沙地最低,接近流沙地段的油蒿群落最大。油蒿群落地上生物量季节变化明显,9月中旬或稍后达到最大值。油蒿群落地下部分生物量以粗根为主,根量集中于表层,且随着深度的增加按指数形式递减。     

克隆植物构型及其对资源异质性的影响

密集型和游击型是两个极端的克隆植物构型，在它们之间还应存在中间过渡类型的连续统。作者给出了描述该连续统的一个指数ｖ＝ｌｎ「Ｅ（Ｒ＾２）」＾１／２／Ｅ（ｌ）．ｌｎｎ（１／２≤ｖ≤１）。并讨论了克隆植物的间隔物长度对生境斑块质量的响应。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)种群空间格局对比

以空间自相关分析、半方差分析和九项轨迹方差分析等方法对比研究了毛乌素沙地优良固沙小灌木油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)在不同沙地条件下的小尺度种群格局.结果表明:在半固定沙地上油蒿种群的空间自相关性和空间异质性较强,同时斑块与斑块间隙的分化较为显著;在固定沙地上油蒿种群的空间自相关性和空间异质性较弱,同时斑块与斑块间隙的分化较轻微.半固定沙地油蒿种群的空间格局可能受控于地表风沙流,因为频繁而强烈的风沙流可以通过淘汰非聚集植株促使油蒿种群发生斑块分化.聚集斑块不仅是半固定沙地油蒿种群生存的重要形式,而且是半固定沙地油蒿种群继续发展的基础.在半固定沙地上油蒿种群的面积扩增很可能通过斑块边缘的连续性扩张过程实现.固定沙地油蒿种群缺乏斑块分化的现象可能与种群盖度高和种内竞争剧烈有关.研究结果对流沙治理具有指导意义,当把油蒿人工移栽到流动沙地时,如果将其配置为斑块与斑块间隙交替排列的格局,将有助于提高流沙固定和植被恢复重建的效率.     

元宝山南方红豆杉克隆种群分布格局的分形特征

 南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)是提取抗癌药物紫杉醇的珍贵资源植物。分布于广西元宝山自然保护区的南方红豆杉,自然状态下 以克隆繁殖方式进行种群更新,研究其种群克隆生长的空间分布格局,可揭示种群克隆繁殖特性和生态适应机制,对南方红豆杉这一珍稀濒危 物种的保护和管理具有重要意义。利用分形理论中的计盒维数和信息维数,对元宝山的南方红豆杉克隆种群空间分布格局的分形特征进行了分 析,结果表明：种群空间分布格局存在分形特征,其计盒维数介于0.993 1～1.353 1之间,信息维数介于1.350 8～1.652 1。南方红豆杉克隆 种群格局的计盒维数远离最大理论维数值2,种群总体对空间的占据能力较弱。克隆构型指数与种群计盒维数密切相关。分析结果显示,克隆构 型趋于“密集型”的种群具有较强的空间占据能力,而克隆构型趋于“游击型”的种群其空间占据能力较弱。信息维数与种群的集聚强度密切 相关,其差异反映了种群格局强度的变化,较大的信息维数反映种群个体的集聚强度较高,而较小的信息维数则反映出种群个体间的集聚强度 较弱,其维数值大小与分株种群数量、分株种群斑块的空间配置密切相关。     

Importance of starting points in heterogeneous environments: interactions between two clonal plants with contrasting spatial architectures

在异质性环境中，植物能够通过将更多的生物量投资到高资源斑块而获利。因此，相对于高资源斑块的初始生长位置可能会对植物的生长和竞争能力产生影响，且这种影响可能与植物的构型有关。然而，以往有关土壤异质性对植物生长和竞争影响的研究都忽略了植 物初始生长位置的潜在效应。在本研究中，我们把密集型克隆植物翼果苔草(Carex neurocarpa)和游击型克隆植物扁秆荆三棱(Bolboschoenus planiculmis)分别单独种植(不存在竞争)或者混合种植(存在竞争)在由高营养斑块和低营养斑块组成的异质性环境中。在不存在竞争处理时，每种植物的一个分株被分别单独种植于高营养或者低营养斑块中；在存在竞争处理时，目标种的一个分株被种植于高营养斑块中，而竞争种被种植在这个高营养斑块中或者邻近的低营养斑块中，或目标种的一个分株被种植于低营养斑块中，而竞争种被种植在这个低营养斑块中或者邻近的高营养斑块中。结果表明，在不存在竞争时，初始生长位置处于高营养斑块的翼果苔草的生物量和分株数均显著高于初始位置处于低营养斑块的翼果苔草，但在存在竞争时，却未发现这种差异。因此，初始位置处于高营养斑块的翼果苔草受到的竞争强度要显著高于初始位置处于低营养斑块的翼果苔草，而且这种效应与其竞争者的初始生长位置无关。相反的，扁秆荆三棱的初始生长位置对其生长和竞争的响应没有影响。因此，在异质性环境中，克隆植物的初始生长位置能够影响其生长和相对竞争能力，并且这些效应可能取决于植物的克隆构型。     

A change from phalanx to guerrilla growth form is an effective strategy to acclimate to sedimentation in a wetland sedge species Carex brevicuspis (Cyperaceae)

The rhizomatous sedge Carex brevicuspis can produce clumping ramets from shortened rhizomes (phalanx) and spreading ramets from elongated rhizomes (guerrilla) to form a combined clonal growth form. In this paper, changes in clonal growth and biomass allocation pattern of C. brevicuspis in response to sedimentation were studied. Four sedimentation depths (0, 3, 6, and 9 cm) were applied to 48 ramets in a randomized block design. Plants were harvested after 20 weeks. With increasing sedimentation depth, the proportion of spreading ramets to total ramets increased from 19.6% in 0 cm to 92.9% in 9 cm sedimentation treatments, whereas that of clumping ramets decreased from 80.4% to 7.1%, indicating a change of clonal growth form from phalanx to guerrilla as a response to sedimentation. With increasing sedimentation depth, biomass allocation to shoots and roots did not change, but rhizome mass ratio increased from 2.7% in 0 cm to 7.2% in 9 cm sedimentation treatments, suggesting that production of long rhizomes changes biomass allocation pattern. The results show that plasticity of clonal growth forms, by which more spreading ramets are produced, is an effective strategy to avoid sedimentation stress under our experimental conditions.     

A trade-off between guerrilla and phalanx growth forms in Leymus secalinus under different nutrient supplies

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A phalanx growth form enables clonal plants to make better use of resource-rich patches, whereas a guerrilla growth form provides them with opportunities to escape from resource-poor sites. Leymus secalinus produces both spreading (guerrilla form) and clumping ramets (phalanx form). Here, the hypothesis that a trade-off between the two growth forms in L. secalinus exists under different resource levels is tested. METHODS: Ramets of L. secalinus were grown under three levels of nutrient supply. KEY RESULTS: With increasing nutrient supply, the proportion of clumping ramets (in total number of ramets) increased, whereas that of spreading ramets decreased. With increasing nutrient supply, the number of buds increased, whereas biomass per bud decreased. A trade-off between bud number and size further supports the above hypothesis because larger buds were more likely to develop into spreading ramets, and smaller buds into clumping ramets. Mean spacer length between spreading ramets was significantly smaller under the high than under the medium nutrient supply. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a trade-off between the two growth forms in L. secalinus exists under different nutrient supplies. Such a trade-off together with plasticity in spacer morphology may enable L. secalinus to make better use of small-scale heterogeneity in resource supply.     

Responses of rhizome length and ramet production to resource availability in the clonal sedge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scirpus olneyi</Emphasis> A. Gray

The clonal plant Scirpus olneyi has two types of ramets within one clone; a ramet with a very long rhizome (LRR) and a ramet with a very short rhizome (SRR). Based on foraging theory of clonal plants, we hypothesised that these two types of ramets were functionally specialised to different tasks: the task of LRRs is for exploring while SRRs is for consolidating the patches. We also hypothesised that LRRs tended to produce LRRs continuously during a growing season to reach further patches while SRRs tended to produce SRRs fewer times to stay in the same patches. To evaluate these hypotheses, we analysed the sequence of two ramets of plants growing in four communities in the field and five treatments in garden experiments. In the garden experiments, plants in high quality treatments (e.g. low salinity, full sun, and sufficient nutrient) produced proportionally more SRRs and branched more frequently than plants in low quality treatments (e.g. strong salinity or less light or less nutrient). LRRs kept producing LRRs in every treatment, but LRRs in low quality treatments produced less SRRs than LRRs in high quality treatments did. The field observations showed LRRs kept producing LRRs in every community in the same growing season, but SRRs production varied among communities. In the communities with larger biomass and high SRR ratio, LRRs produced more SRRs and those SRRs produced proportionally more SRRs. On the other hand, in the communities with smaller biomass and low SRR ratio, LRRs produced less SRRs and those SRRs produced proportionally less SRRs. The results of garden experiments and field observations support our hypotheses. Two ramets are functionally specialised to perform different tasks. And their production patterns are suitable to perform their tasks. And their production patterns are suitable to perform their tasks: the sequential production of LRRs allows plants to have higher chance to reach new locations, and the limited but sequential production of SRRs allows plants to consolidate the patches. The observed production patterns of two ramets are associated with phalanx and guerrilla strategies by Lovett Doust, and S. olneyi shows both strategies within relatively small scale environments.     

Effects of clonal integration on allelopathy of invasive plant Wedelia trilobata under heterogeneous light conditions

异质光照条件下克隆整合对入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊化感作用的影响 植物入侵已成为全球生态系统最严重的威胁之一。当具有克隆生长能力的入侵植物入侵或定殖到新的生境时,它们相互连接的分株可能受到异质光照的影响。在异质光照条件下,克隆整合对入侵植物化感作用的影响尚不清楚。为研究异质光照条件下克隆整合对入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata) 化感作用的影响,采用两个连续分株的克隆片段进行了盆栽试验。较老的分株暴露在全光下,而年轻的分株则受到20%的全光照。同时,每个克隆片段的年轻分株与目标植株(一个番茄苗)在盆栽中相邻生长。南美蟛蜞菊的两个连续分株之间的匍匐茎设置切断和不切断两种处理。另外,两株番茄幼苗 (一株作为目标植株)在盆栽中相邻生长作为对照。研究结果表明,当与目标植物相邻生长的南美蟛蜞菊分株之间的匍匐茎保持完整时,目标植株的生物量积累、叶片叶绿素和氮含量、叶绿素荧光参数和净光合速率及其根长和活性相较于匍匐茎切断处理显著降低。异质光照条件下连续两个分株之间碳水化合物的运输或共享可以增强20%全光处理下年轻分株的化感作用。克隆整合在异质光照条件下对具有克隆生长能力的入侵植物的入侵或定殖具有重要意义。     

Responses of Hedysarum Laeve, a guerrilla clonal semi-shrub in the Mu Us sandland, to local sand burial

In arid and semi-arid inland deserts,one of the environmental stresses for plants is recurrent sand burial,which can influence the physical and biotic microenvironments of the plants and soil.Previous studies have shown that different levels of sand burial have different effects on plants.Slight sand burial could increase the height increment,leaf biomass and the number of new ramets of the plants while heavy sand burial could impair the growth of the plants and even decrease their chances of survival.In other words,below a certain threshold level of burial,the growth of plants is stimulated probably because of multiple factors.However,as the level of burial increases,the positive response starts to decline until it becomes a negative value.Arid and semi-arid inland deserts are frequently colonized and stabilized by many rhizomatous clonal plants.Clonal physiological integration often helps clonal plants buffer local environmental stress encountered by ramets.A rhizomatous clonal semishrub,Hedysarum laeve (H.laeve),is the dominant plant species and important for vegetation restoration in the Mu Us sandland.To investigate whether clonal integration can increase the threshold of sand burial and help rhizomatous H.laeve tolerate heavy sand burial,we conducted a field experiment.The results showed that slight sand burial could accelerate ramet growth and enhance leaf biomass,stem biomass and shoot biomass,while heavy sand burial reducesed the biomass of the plant and impairs survival and growth of the ramets.Clonal integration increased the threshold of sand burial.Under heavy sand burial,ramets connected to other ramets not buried in sand were more in terms of height increment,stem biomass,leaf biomass and shoot biomass compared to the ramets encountering sand burial but disconnected from other ramets.It suggested that clonal physiological integration could help H.laeve ramets tolerate relatively heavy sand burial.We also discussed that clonal integration plays a role in H.laeve presence in the Mu Us sandland.     

百里香无性系的克隆生长特征

 植物克隆生长及其与生态适应性的关系是当今植物种群生态学研究的热点和前沿课题,但目前小半灌木克隆生长的研究开展不多。百里香 (Thymus serpyllum var.asiaticus)是一种具有地面匍匐茎的草本状小半灌木,可在土壤侵蚀剧烈、基岩大面积裸露的砒砂岩区形成百里香单 优群落,在维持生态系统稳定方面具有重要的生态学作用。皇甫川流域是砒砂岩大面积分布的典型区域,在这一地区对百里香无性系的克隆生 长进行研究,不仅具有重要的学术价值,而且在生态环境建设方面也具 有一定的现实意义。在皇甫川流域选择含三级分株的百里香无性系,对 其各级分株的总生物量、各构件生物量及数量、各构件生物量占总生物量的百分比及其月变化进行了研究。结果表明: 1)母株与子代相比,在 总生物量、构件生物量及数量上占有绝对优势,而且具有体型大、结构复杂的特点; 2)对生物量分配格局的研究显示,母株根的生物量在总生 物量中所占的比例最大,其叶所占的比例较低。子代叶的生物量在总生物量中所占的比例最大,其根所占的比例较低;3)不同级别分株在生物 量分配上的差异,揭示了相互连接的分株在功能上的差别,母株可能更侧重于养分和水分的吸收,子株则更侧重于光合生产;4)构件枝、茎、 花生物量分配比月变化显示,子1代各构件的生长规律与母株的基本一致,子2代与母株和子1代的相比差异较大,分析认为这可能是分株间不同 程度的生理整合作用造成的结果。     

Clonal integration enhances survival and performance of Potentilla anserina, suffering from partial sand burial on Ordos plateau, China

On Ordos plateau, a semi-arid, desertified area in China, sand burial is a common stress factor for plants. The extent to which sand burial occurs is heterogeneous and unpredictable in space and in time. Therefore, clonal fragments (i.e., interconnected ramets of a clonal plant) often experience partial sand burial, with some ramets buried in sand while the rest may remain unburied. It was hypothesized that clonal fragments are able to benefit from clonal integration, in case they experience partial sand burial. A pot experiment was conducted with Potentilla anserina, a stoloniferous herb often found on Ordos plateau. We used clonal fragments consisting of four interconnected ramets. In the experiment, the two proximal (older) ramets were unburied while the two distal (younger) ramets were either unburied (control) or buried with a 2, 4 or 6 cm deep layer of sand (burial treatments). The stolon connection between the proximal and the distal ramets was either severed or left intact. Stolon severing dramatically decreased the survival of buried ramets. Stolon severing and sand burial had significant effects on plant performance in terms of biomass production, number of leaves and leaf area. A cost–benefit analysis based on performance measures shows that the proximal ramets supported their connected distal ramets and did not incur any cost from this resource export. These results suggest that clonal integration, which is one of the functionally most important consequences of clonal growth, contributes significantly to our test species' capacity to withstand partial sand burial on Ordos plateau, a semi-arid and desertified area of China.     

Changed Clonal Growth Form Induced by Sand Burial Facilitates the Acclimation of Carex brevicuspis to Competition

Both competition and burial are important factors that influence plant growth and structuring plant communities. Competition intensity may decline with increased burial stress. However, experimental evidence is scarce. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of burial stress in influencing plant competition by investigating biomass accumulation, biomass allocation, and clonal growth performance of Carex brevicuspis, one of the dominant species in the Dongting Lake wetland in China. The experiment was conducted with two typical wetland species, C. brevicuspis (target plant) and Polygonum hydropiper (neighbor plant), in a target-neighbor design containing three densities (0, 199, and 398 neighbor plants m-2) and two burial depths (0 and 12 cm). The biomass accumulation of C. brevicuspis decreased with increment of P. hydropiper density in the 0 cm burial treatment. However, in the 12 cm burial treatment, biomass accumulation of C. brevicuspis did not change under medium and high P. hydropiper densities. The relative neighbor effect index (RNE) increased with enhancement of P. hydropiper density but decreased with increasing burial depth. The shoot mass fraction decreased with P. hydropiper density in the 12 cm burial treatments, but the root mass fraction was only affected by burial depth. However, the rhizome mass fraction increased with both P. hydropiper density and burial depth. The number of ramets decreased with increasing P. hydropiper density. With increasing burial depth and density, the proportion of spreading ramets increased from 34.23% to 80.44%, whereas that of clumping ramets decreased from 65.77% to 19.56%. Moreover, increased P. hydropiper density and burial depth led to greater spacer length. These data indicate that the competitive effect of P. hydropiper on C. brevicuspis was reduced by sand burial, which was reflected by different patterns of biomass accumulation and RNE at the two burial depth treatments. A change from a phalanx to a guerrilla growth form and spacer elongation induced by sand burial helped C. brevicuspis to acclimate to competition.     

Effects of the loss of clonal integration on four sedges that differ in ramet aggregation

Although clonal growth is a dominant mode of plant growth in wetlands, the importance of clonal integration, resource sharing among ramets, to individual ramet generations (mother and daughter) and entire clones of coexisting species has not been well investigated. This study evaluated the significance of clonal integration in four sedge species of varying ramet aggregations, from clump-forming species (Clumpers –Carex sterilis, Eleocharis rostellata), with tightly aggregated ramets (rhizomes<1cm), to runner species (Runners –Schoenoplectus acutus, Cladium mariscoides), with loosely aggregated ramets. We manipulated clonal integration by either severing connections between target mother and daughter ramets or leaving connections intact, and then planted them in an intact neighborhood of a fen in Michigan, USA. We measured growth parameters of original and newly produced ramets over two growing seasons and conducted a final biomass harvest, to address four hypotheses. First, we expected integrated clones to accumulate more biomass than severed clones. However, final clone-level biomass and ramet production were the same for both treatments in all species although severing initially stimulated ramet production by Schoenoplectus and produced a more compact ramet aggregation in Cladium. Second, we hypothesized that mother ramets would experience a cost of integration, through reduced ramet or biomass production, while daughters would experience a benefit, through increased resource availability from mothers. Mother ramets of Cladium suffered a cost from integration, while Schoenoplectus mothers suffered a slight cost and Carex daughters saw a slight benefit. Finally, we hypothesized that integration would be more active in runner species than in clumper species. Indeed, we documented more active integration in runners than clumpers, but none of the study species were dependent upon integration for growth or survival once daughter ramets were established with their own roots and shoots. This study demonstrates that integration between established ramets may not be the most important advantage to clonal growth in this wetland field site. The loss of integration elicited varied responses among coexisting species in their natural habitat, somewhat but not completely related to their growth form, suggesting that a combination of plant life history traits contributes to the dependence upon clonal integration among established ramets of clonal species.     

两种践踏胁迫下克隆整合对入侵植物空心莲子草生长的影响

研究了两种践踏胁迫下克隆整合对入侵植物空心莲子草生长的影响.结果表明:(1)切断分株间的匍匐茎连接,会降低先端分株的生物量、分株数、总匍匐茎长度和总叶片数,但会显著增强基端分株的生物量.(2)对先端分株的践踏胁迫会显著降低先端分株叶片的叶绿素相对含量,对基端分株的践踏胁迫会显著降低基端分株的生物量和总匍匐茎长度.(3)...