有色大麦研究进展

有色大麦是一类珍贵的大麦种质资源,主要由不同色素沉积在大麦种子的果皮和糊粉层内而形成。有色大麦富含天然色素,人体必需氨基酸,维生素和钙、硒等矿质元素,具有特殊的生理功能,可作为生产营养保健品的原料,也可作为食品添加剂用于食品加工业,还可用于化妆品行业制造防晒膏和染发剂等。有色大麦主要分蓝、紫和黑3种颜色,不同颜色大麦的花色苷组成成分及含量有所不同。研究认为,黑色大麦主要受显性基因Blp控制,该基因位于染色体1HL上;紫色大麦受2对显性互补基因控制（Pre1和Pre2）,位于染色体2HL上,而蓝色大麦由5对显性互补的等位基因控制（Blx1、Blx2、Blx3、Blx4和Blx5）,分别位于染色体4HL和7HL上。     

大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的配合力研究

采用蛋白质含量不同的6个大麦品种,以双列杂交设计,经过2年3个世代研究大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的杂种优势与配合力。试验表明:(1)大麦籽粒蛋白质含量在F_2、F_3代几乎全为负向优势(-10.81—16.92%)。低蛋白质含量为显性;(2)一般配合力方差为特殊配合力方差的3—4倍。亲本的表型与一般配合力效应相关密切。通过亲本可以大体预测杂种群体的蛋白质含量。Hiproly为高蛋白含量的优良亲本,Pally为低蛋白含量的优良亲本。(3)杂种组合籽粒蛋白质含量的特殊配合力高低与杂种优势相关密切,但与表型不密切,故不能完全以此评定杂种组合的价值。 对亲本籽粒蛋白质含量配合力的应用作了讨论。     

中国大麦矮秆种质资源的基因分析：Ⅰ.矮秆遗传和等位测验

了２４份中国大麦矮秆种质资源的株高遗传,在它们的矮秆基因之间且与已矮秆基因ｕｚ、ｓｄｗ、ｂｒ和ｅｎｓｏ进行遗传等位性测验。结果表明,这些矮秆种在多隐性单基因遗传,少数受隐性基因控制,只有１份携带１对隐性和１对不完全显性筹秆基因。     

芥菜型油菜芥酸和廿碳烯酸的遗传

本试验研究了芥菜型油菜种子油中芥酸和廿碳烯酸含量的遗传。结果表明,芥菜型油菜芥酸含量 和廿碳烯酸含量的遗传行为与甘蓝型油菜十分相似。二者均受种子的胚基因型控制,与母体植株的基 因型无关。芥酸含盘受两对显性效应很小的加性基因控制,廿碳烯酸受两对具有重叠作用的显性基因 控制。低芥酸总是与低廿碳烯酸相联系。世代均值分析表明,芥酸符合加性显性模型,以加性效应为 主。廿碳烯酸不符合加显模型,但符合二基因互作模型,基因效应以显性作用为主。     

龙生型高油酸花生种质油酸亚油酸含量及其比值的遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对2个龙生型花生高油酸种质与低油酸珍珠豆型品种杂交组合F2的油酸、亚油酸含量及其比值(O/L值)进行遗传分析,结果表明:花生油酸、亚油酸含量的遗传均表现为1对主基因加性-显性模型。控制油酸含量主基因的加性、显性效应值和遗传率在组合I中分别为8.6281、-2.0164和65.26%,在组合II中则分别为10.6638、1.0652和71.39%;控制亚油酸含量主基因的加性、显性效应值和遗传率在组合I中分别为8.0327、1.2858和73.64%,在组合II中则分别为9.0885、-1.0826和71.59%。O/L值的遗传表现为2对主基因加性-显性-上位性模型。2对主基因的加性效应值分别为0.6855、0.6814(组合I)和1.6842、0.8835(组合II),显性效应值分别为-0.6838、0.024(组合I)和-1.6559、-0.5127(组合II);加性×加性效应(i)、加性×显性效应(jab)、显性×加性效应(jba)、显性×显性效应(l)分别为0.6812、0.024、-0.6803、-0.0244(组合I)和0.8822、-0.5124、-0.8594、0.496(组合II);组合I、II主基因遗传率分别为82.57%和88.64%。     

西藏和埃塞俄比亚大麦6个同工酶位点遗传变异的对比分析

我们对比分析了埃塞俄比亚(简称埃)和西藏共777份栽培大麦材料在6个同工酶位点(Est1、Est2、Kst3、Est4、Acp1和Got1)的遗传变异。结果表明,无论是从单个位点上分析还是在多位点基因组合形式上评价,埃大麦与西藏大麦群体在遗传组成和多位点基因结构上都有着很大的差异。遗传多样性对比分析表明,从单个位点基因类型看,西藏大麦与埃大麦遗传变异程度大致相当,但从多位点基因组合形式看,西藏大麦遗传多样性程度极显著地高于埃大麦。     

染色体重组对转基因大麦中gfp基因表达的作用

利用5种转绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)大麦不同株系及野生型大麦为材料,对不同转基因株系间以及转基因株系与野生型植株间进行杂交,分别对不同世代植株的根尖、花粉中gfp基因的表达量进行测定.结果表明,不同转基因株系间的根尖、花粉的gfp基因在表达量上存在差异,同一转基因材料的gfp基因表达存在组织差异;gfp基因在杂交后代中作为一个显性基因以孟德尔方式稳定遗传,不同染色体上的gfp基因重组有利于提高持基因表达.     

大麦麦芽总黄铜类化合物含量的测定分析

采用比色法和标准曲线法测定了国内外63份大麦品种子粒总黄酮和发芽后总黄酮的含量变化,结果表明:不同品种大麦中总黄酮含量(mg/100g)有差异,发芽子粒(59.7±1.10)高于未发芽子粒(51.4±0.87);未发芽品种中:裸大麦(56.3±0.97)高于皮大麦(50.0±0.79),多棱大麦(54.4±0.91)高于二棱大麦(51.1±0.81);发芽品种中:裸大麦(63.2±1.64)高于皮大麦(58.7±0.89),二棱大麦(60.0 4±1.00)高于多棱大麦(57.9±1.60),其中发芽大麦青海黄(79.7±0.98)、澳选2号(83.5±0.36)、甘啤3号总黄酮平均含量高,变异系数分别12.98%、11.98%、4.76%.本试验结果为进一步选育富含黄酮类化合物的大麦品种提供了资源和方法.     

大麦黄花叶病严重度的遗传分析

本文就大麦黄花叶病(BYMV)的抗性进行了遗传分析。研究表明,在本研究中,大麦黄花叶病抗性表现为多基因控制的数量性状,符合“加性-显性”遗传模型,但主要受加性效应控制。回归分析与平均显性度((H_1/D)~(1/2))测定均表明为部分显性。且控制BYMV的严重度的显性基因数约为3—6组。遗传力估算较高。最后就实验结果对BYMV抗性育种进行了初步分析讨论。     

黄瓜苗期低温弱光下MDA含量主基因-多基因联合遗传分析

选取耐低温弱光性不同的2份黄瓜材料9507、9517及其配制的BC1、BC2、F1、F2等6个世代,进行低温弱光处理,每天光照处理7.5 h,强度为30 μmol·m-2·s-1,约合2 000 lx,白天12℃,晚上8℃,共处理14 d.运用主基因-多基因联合遗传模型方法研究丙二醛(MDA)含量的遗传规律,并估算遗传参数.结果表明MDA含量的遗传受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制,2对主基因的加性效应均为负向效应,其显性效应也均为负向,差异不大.总加性效应与总显性效应均为较大的负向效应.分离世代中,主基因的遗传率均比多基因的遗传率高,环境方差对表型方差的影响占有绝对优势,即低温弱光条件下环境对MDA含量的遗传起很大作用,对于这个性状适于晚代选择.     

Thermal, Mechanical, and Molecular Relaxation Properties of Frozen Sucrose and Fructose Solutions Containing Hydrocolloids

Model frozen systems formulated with 20wt% sucrose or fructose and with the addition of 0.3 or 0.5wt% of xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG), locust bean gum (LBG), or a 50wt% mixture of XG and LBG were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and ¹H-pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. Melting onset of either the sucrose or fructose model systems was not affected by the addition of hydrocolloids. As expected, ice content was lower in fructose than in sucrose systems. Addition of hydrocolloids had no effect on ice content, except when the blend of XG and LBG was added to the fructose system, where ice content was significantly diminished. Hydrocolloids decreased molecular mobility for both frozen sucrose or fructose solutions, especially for the addition of XG/LBG blend. Relaxation times and storage modulus of the frozen systems with added hydrocolloids were significantly lower than the control frozen sugar solutions.     

A diallel cross analysis of gum content in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Summary A diallel cross analysis of gum content in barley (Hordeum vulgare) was made using six cultivars of two-rowed spring barley as parents. A Jinks-Hayman analysis of F2 progeny means showed that gum content was controlled by a simple additive-dominance genetic system and that low gum content was strongly dominant. The analysis suggested that gum content was principally controlled by two or three genes showing a high degree of dominance. Some genotype-environment interaction was detected in a comparison between the F2 and F3 generations which were grown in different years and locations. However, the character was found to be highly heritable both within and between generations, suggesting that the selection and breeding of barleys of reduced gum content should not be difficult.     

假酸浆子胶与黄原胶混胶流变性研究

实验研究了放置温度、时间、冻融、pH、盐以及柠檬酸对黄原胶和假酸浆子胶混胶黏度的影响.结果表明:黄原胶和假酸浆子胶有协效性,当假酸浆子胶与黄原胶的质量比15:85时,二者的协同增效性最高,胶溶液为非牛顿型流体,且变化满足Herschel-Bulkley方程.温度、时间对混胶有一定的影响.进一步对其研究表明:冻融、pH、盐以及柠檬酸都对其影响较小.     

一氧化氮/内皮素在大鼠胃粘膜损伤中的作用及电针的调整效应

用酒精灌胃引起大鼠胃粘膜损伤模型,观察内皮衍生因子（ＮＯ／ＥＴ）的含量变化和电针对胃粘膜损伤调整作用,结果发现：酒精灌胃后,胃粘膜血流量（ＧＭＢＦ）、跨壁电位差,血ＮＯ含量降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）,血浆ＥＴ含量和胃粘膜损伤指数（ＬＩ）增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）或硝普钠（ＳＮＰ）灌注预处理后（ｉｖ）,ＮＯ含量和ＧＭＢＦ明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＥＴ含量和ＬＩ指数下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

Effect of dietary fiber on the lipid metabolism and immune function of aged Sprague-Dawley rats

Eight-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing dietary fiber at the 5% level for 3 weeks to examine the effect on the lipid metabolism and immune function. Among cellulose, guar gum, partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), glucomannan and highly methoxylated pectin, guar gum induced a significant decrease in the food intake and weight gain, as well as a significant increase in the liver weight. In addition, the epidydimal adipose tissue weight of the rats fed on PHGG was significantly higher than that of the rats fed on cellulose. There was no significant effect on the serum lipid levels, but the serum IgG level of the rats fed on guar gum was significantly lower than that of the rats fed on cellulose. The IgA and IgG productivity in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes was significantly higher in the rats fed on guar gum, glucomannan and pectin than in those fed on cellulose, while the effect on Ig productivity in spleen lymphocytes was not as marked. In addition, only guar gum induced a significant increase of IgM productivity in MLN lymphocytes when compared to the cellulose group. These results suggest that enhancement of the immune function by dietary fiber is mainly expressed in the gut immune system.     

Chemical modification of Cassia occidentalis seed gum: carbamoylethylation

The seeds of Cassia occidentalis, an annual weed occurring throughout India, is a rich source of galactomannan gum. The gum derived from seed endosperm can be potentially utilized in a number of industries to replace the conventional gums. With a view to utilize the gum for broader applications, carbamoylethylation of C. occidentalis seed gum was carried out with acrylamide in presence of sodium hydroxide under different reaction conditions. Variables studied were concentration of sodium hydroxide, acrylamide, gum–solvent ratio, reaction time and temperature. The nitrogen content, carboxyl content and total ether content were determined. The optimum condition for preparing carbamoylethyl C. occidentalis seed gum (%N=2.57) comprised concentration of acrylamide (0.070 mol), sodium hydroxide (0.125 mol), C. occidentalis seed gum (0.03 mol) at 30 °C for 3 h. Rheological properties of carbamoylethyl C. occidentalis seed gum solution showed non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic behavior, relatively high viscosity, cold water solubility and solution clarity vis-à-vis unmodified C. occidentalis seed gum.     

硫素营养水平对产油尖状栅藻光合生理及生化组成的影响

以产油尖状栅藻(Scenedesmus acuminatus)为实验材料, 在持续300 μmol photons/(m2·s)光照条件下, 选用3种不同初始Na₂SO₄浓度(2.0S、1.0S对照、0.25S)的改良BG-11培养基, 在Φ3.0 cm×60 cm光生物反应器中进行通气培养, 研究分析硫素营养水平与尖状栅藻产油过程光合生理和生化组成的关系。实验结果表明, 初始硫素浓度对尖状栅藻生长有显著的影响(P<0.05), Na₂SO₄初始浓度为2.0S实验组的生物量最高, 为7.47 g/L, 显著高于1.0S组(6.43 g/L)和0.25S组(4.17 g/L)(P<0.05), 说明加富硫素营养可促进藻细胞的生长。尖状栅藻细胞的叶绿素a、b以及总类胡萝卜素含量变化均与培养基中初始硫素营养水平呈正相关。在培养初期低硫营养有利于藻细胞快速积累碳水化合物, 0.25S实验组碳水化合物含量最高, 占干重的44.37%, 比1.0S和2.0S组分别高出14.43%和13.78%, 培养后期总碳水化合物和蛋白含量均发生不同程度的降低, 转向大量累积油脂, 0.25S实验组的总脂含量最高, 达55.15% DW, 显著高于1.0S和2.0S组(P<0.05)。藻细胞的光合放氧速率、PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光能转换效率(Yield)以及相对电子传递效率(ETR)均与培养液的初始硫素浓度呈正相关, 在整个培养周期中呈先上升后下降的趋势。77 K低温荧光显示, 尖状栅藻在培养初期2个光系统之间存在光能调配现象。上述结果说明, 尖状栅藻细胞的生长、油脂积累和光合生理状况与硫素营养水平直接相关。     

Interaction of Mannitol and Sucrose with Gellan Gum in Freeze-Dried Gel Systems

The effect of sucrose and mannitol addition to low-acyl (LA) gellan gum gels at both the molecular and macroscopic levels prior to, and after freeze-drying has been investigated. It has been shown that the gel network order as well as the mechanical properties are changed with the solute content, especially in the case of sucrose. The freeze-dried gel structure, containing either mannitol or sucrose, was studied, reporting for the first time the interaction of mannitol with the gellan gum gel. The generated freeze-dried gel network was evaluated in terms of porosity, pore size and wall thickness distributions. The solute physical state was correlated the water activity trend as a function of the solute content. Since mannitol is crystalline, the water activity decreases, in contrast with the amorphous sucrose. The rehydration mechanism was investigated and associated with the solute release from the structure. Specifically, the material properties (surface and bulk) as well as the role of the dissolution medium over time were assessed. It was found that the rehydration for both the gellan/sucrose and gellan/mannitol systems was highly influenced by the additive content, as an increase in water uptake was measured up to 10 wt%. A further increase in solute led to a considerable drop in the rehydration rate and extent due to the change in the freeze-dried structure, with smaller pores and with higher wall thickness values.     

Purification of guar gum for biological applications

Commercial guar gum (GG) was purified by four different methods and characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis and the determination of monosaccharides composition, protein and copper content, turbidity, intrinsic viscosity and rheological parameters. The first method was based on enzymatic hydrolysis with porcine pancreatin. In the second method successive gum dissolution, centrifugation and precipitation with acetone and ethanol were carried out. Precipitation with Fehling solution was employed in the third method. In the fourth method, the gum was purified by method 2 and then by method 3. All methods led to a reduction in protein content, arabinose and glucose residues, considered as sugar contaminants, and also in intrinsic viscosity and molar mass. Total elimination of protein was only achieved by method 4. Using methods 3 and 4, the gum was contaminated with small amounts of Cu(II) from the Fehling solution. Methods 2 and 4 apparently provided purer guar gum. If the amount of protein is a crucial parameter in the biological application and the guar will be taken in low amounts, method 4 is recommended. Taking into account the purity, thermal stability, rheological parameters of the purified gum and also the cost and simplicity of the procedure, method 2 has wider biological application.     

电磁脉冲对大鼠学习和脑内神经递质的影响

探讨电磁脉冲（ＥＭＰ）对大鼠神经系统的效应。实验采用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,ＥＭＰ辐照后不同时间用Ｙ－型迷宫测其学习能力,高效液相色谱法检测脑不同部位的神经递质含量。与假照射组（对照组）相比,照后三天内各测定组大鼠学习能力降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其中照射后第１天组的海马内５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）和多巴酸（ＤＯＰＡＣ）含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,下丘脑多巴胺（Ｄｏｐａｍｉｎｅ）含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,肾上腺素（Ａｄｒ）含量降低;照后２天组海马Ａｄｒ含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,海马５－ＨＴ含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;照后３天组海马内Ａｄｒ含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＥＭＰ能够改变大鼠不同脑区神经递质的含量,降低大鼠学习能力