大鳍鳠鱼体能量密度及其预测模型

于2000年11月至2001年10月由嘉陵江收集野生大鳍鳠成鱼100尾,其中冬季(12月)、春季(3月)、繁殖前(6月)、繁殖后(8月)、秋季(10月)雌雄各10尾。测定了这10个样本的鱼体能量密度及生化组成。统计分析结果表明：鱼体各生化成分含量,能量密度的性别间差异在各个季度均不显。在雌性群体中,秋季样本的蛋白质含量(16．23％),脂肪含量(5．84％),干物质含量(26．67％)和能量密度(6．14kJ／g)显高于其余各样本的相应指标。春季样本中鱼体脂肪含量和能量密度最低(2．39％,4．55kJ／g)。在雄性群体中,秋季样本的蛋白质含量(16．34％)与能量密度(5．85kJ／g)最高;春季样本中脂肪含量(1．3l％)、干物质含量(22．49％)、能量密度(4．16k．J／g)最低。各样本能量密度均分别与干物质和脂肪含量呈显的直线相关关系。通过协方差分析,将雌性群体中冬季、春季、秋季以及繁殖后样本共4个样本的能量密度与干物质含量的公共回归方程作为以干物质含量(D)预测大鳍鳠雌性群体在非繁殖期能量密度(E)的预测模型：E=-5．573 0．437D;将繁殖前雌性样本的能量密度与干物质含量的回归方程作为预测大鳍鳠雌性群体在繁殖期的能量密度的预测模型：E=-0．605 0．250D;将冬季、春季、秋季以及繁殖后雄性4个样本的能量密度与干物质含量的公共回归方程作为预测大鳍鳠雄性群体在非繁殖期的能量密度的预测模型：E=-6．046 0．456D;将繁殖前雄性样本的能量密度与干物质含量回归方程作为预测大鳍鳠雄性群体在繁殖期的能量密度的预测模型：E=-3．64 0．366D。     

黑线姬鼠相对水与脂肪含量的研究

本文对浙江省临海市郊区农田黑线姬鼠的相对水与相对脂肪含量进行了研究．结果表明：１）黑线姬鼠胴体的相对水含量在春季较高,冬季较低;内脏器官肝脏、生殖腺和肾上腺等相对水含量季节动态变化趋势为夏季高,冬季低．２）雄性黑线姬鼠胴体相对脂肪含量以夏季最高,秋季最低;雌性则以春季最高,秋季最低．不同器官相对脂肪含量的季节性变化有差异．黑线姬鼠冬季相对脂肪含量较高,而相对水含量低与其越冬御寒有关;春季雌性胴体与卵巢的相对脂肪含量和相对水含量均高,则与繁殖有关．     

侧条光唇鱼两邻近地理种群的繁殖生物学特征的差异

2007年7月至2009年6月间,分别于北江中上游及流溪河上游支流采集侧条光唇鱼样本358尾及522尾,对两种群的繁殖生物学特征的差异进行了研究。研究结果显示,两种群雌鱼及雄鱼的最小性成熟年龄均为1 龄,北江种群雌性由1 ~5 龄组成,雄性由1 ~4 组成,性比为雌性：雄性=1:1.73;而流溪河种群雌性由1 ~4 龄组成,雄性由1 ~3 组成,性比为雌性：雄性=1:1.40。北江种群繁殖群体的各年龄组体长及体重均较显著大于流溪河种群。北江种群的繁殖期约为2~10月份,高峰期为3~7月份;而流溪河种群繁殖期为2~8月份,高峰期约为每年的5~7月份;繁殖期内,北江种群雌性及雄性的成熟系数均高于流溪河种群。北江种群各年龄组或体长组的绝对生殖力、体长相对生殖力与体重相对生殖力均极显著地大于流溪河种群。本文结合北江和流溪河在营养状况、捕捞压力及溪流级别上的差异对研究结果进行了分析和讨论。     

北草蜥主要贮能部位水分含量和能值的变化

研究了安徽滁州北草蜥（Takydromus septentrionalis）成体在2000年3～9月份主要贮能部位水分含量和能值的变化：①躯干,肝脏水分含量两种差异显著,尾部水分含量两性差异不显著;躯干、尾、肝脏水分含量月间差异显著。②雄性成体的躯干、脱指躯干、尾和脱脂尾能值显著高于雌性成体,肝脏能值显著低于雌性成体;躯干、尾、肝脏、腹脂肪体能值月间差异显著。结果分析表明,北草蜥躯干、尾、肝脏及腹脂肪体能值的季节变化与繁殖和冬眠密切相关。     

侧条光唇鱼两邻近种群繁殖生物学特征的差异

2007年7月至2009年6月间,作者分别于北江中上游及流溪河上游支流采集到侧条光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)样本358尾及522尾,并对两种群的繁殖生物学特征进行了研究。两种群雌鱼及雄鱼的最小性成熟年龄均为1+龄,北江种群雌性由1+~5+龄组成,雄性由1+~4+组成,性比为雌性︰雄性=1︰1.73;而流溪河种群雌性由1+~4+龄组成,雄性由1+~3+组成,性比为雌性︰雄性=1︰1.40。北江种群繁殖群体的各年龄组体长及体重均显著大于流溪河种群。北江种群的繁殖期约为2~10月份,高峰期为3~7月份;而流溪河种群繁殖期为2~8月份,高峰期约为每年的5~7月份;繁殖期内,北江种群雌性及雄性的成熟系数均高于流溪河种群。北江种群各年龄组或体长组的绝对繁殖力、体长相对繁殖力与体重相对繁殖力均极显著大于流溪河种群。除冬季的个别月份外,北江种群雌鱼及雄鱼的肥满度均略高于流溪河种群。本文结合北江和流溪河在营养状况、捕捞压力及溪流级别上的差异对研究结果进行了分析和讨论。     

高原鼠兔褪黑素受体在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴中的表达分析

褪黑素在季节性繁殖动物的生殖细胞发育与性腺功能调控中发挥重要作用,然而褪黑素如何通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴实现其调控功能目前仍不清楚。因此,本研究选取典型的长日照动物——高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）作为研究对象,使用酶联免疫吸附法测定繁殖期与非繁殖期雌雄鼠兔的血清褪黑素水平昼夜变化,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析褪黑素受体基因Mtnr1a与Mtnr1b在下丘脑、垂体与性腺中的表达水平,并通过免疫荧光染色进一步确认两种受体在性腺不同类型细胞中的定位。结果显示,非繁殖期雄性鼠兔的血清褪黑素含量始终高于繁殖期,且呈现不同的昼夜变化模式;雌性鼠兔的血清褪黑素含量远低于雄性鼠兔,且在繁殖期与非繁殖期并不存在显著差异。Mtnr1a与Mtnr1b在下丘脑、垂体与性腺中均有表达,雄性鼠兔在下丘脑与垂体中表现出繁殖期与非繁殖期基因表达的显著差异,而雌性鼠兔基因表达的差异主要出现在垂体与性腺中。两种受体蛋白在雄性性腺生殖细胞和支持细胞中均有分布,但MTNR1A更局限于精原细胞内,MTNR1B则在管腔内生殖细胞中表达。雌性性腺中MTNR1A在卵母细胞胞质内有表达,但更集中表达于颗粒细胞;MTNR1B在颗粒细胞以及卵母细胞核质内均有表达,且在生长卵泡的卵泡膜细胞中呈现高表达。以上结果表明,褪黑素调控雌雄高原鼠兔季节性繁殖的模式并不相同,其作用不仅限于通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的间接调控,也可能通过性腺内靶向受体直接影响生殖细胞与体细胞命运。     

金沙江攀枝花江段棒花鱼的生物学

在2006年5月和2006年12月至2007年5月期间,通过使用三层定置刺网捕捉棒花鱼,我们研究了金沙江中游攀枝花江段棒花鱼的生物学。棒花鱼在三层定置刺网中的平均出现率为93.1%,在总渔获物中的平均重量百分比为7.68%;雄性个体的平均体长显著大于雌性个体,体长和体重的回归方程为:W=4×10-5L2.8499(W为体重,L为体长,R2=0.8614);根据鳞片年轮对82尾标本进行了年龄鉴定,其中0龄个体1尾,占1.22%;1龄个体68尾,占82.93%;2龄个体13尾,占15.85%。鳞径与体长显著相关,且雄性个体的线性回归关系比雌性个体强。绝对怀卵量为737-4516粒,相对怀卵量为180-597粒/g。棒花鱼的卵径分布范围为0.28-1.24mm,卵径分布呈双峰型。综合分析棒花鱼的性成熟系数变化趋势、繁殖期的持续时间、雌性个体的性腺发育和卵子的不同步发育,得知棒花鱼为一次性产卵鱼类。     

父方投资与性角色逆转现象: 螽斯类昆虫的婚礼食物及对性选择方向的影响

大多数动物在繁殖过程中,雌性在繁殖过程中要比雄性付出更大投资,如相对于精子较大的卵子细胞,较长的育幼时间等,因而在交配过程中,雌性具有选择权,而雄性之间相互竞争以取得与雌性的交配权。然而自然世界中并不总是竞争的雄性（competitive male）-选择的雌性（selective female）这种婚配形式。在螽斯类昆虫中,雄性同样具有较大的父方投资。在繁殖期间,雄性螽斯争相鸣叫,求偶,且在交配后要给予雌性特殊的营养物质-精包,供雌性取食。因此在特定情况下,雌性之间将进行竞争以获取雄性配偶,雄性变得更具有选择性。影响这种性角色逆转的主要因素是可获得资源的紧缺。父方投资理论和性选择理论预测雄性显著地对后代投资时,雌性将表现出典型的雄性特征,她们竞争追求性活跃的雄性,而雄性将表现出典型的雌性特征,对配偶具有选择性。螽斯类昆虫中这种特殊的性角色逆转现象符合性选择理论和父方投资理论的预测。     

内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚繁殖期及其前后昼间行为时间分配及能量平衡策略

2007年11月、12月和2008年3月,在内蒙古达赉湖地区,采用扫描取样法对雌雄蒙原羚繁殖期及其前后昼间行为时间分配进行了研究。 研究表明：（1）繁殖期前、繁殖期和繁殖期后,雌性蒙原羚采食时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别为（44.9±3.8）%、（43.5±4.0）% 和 (46.2±3.1)%;卧息时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别 为（32.3±4.8）%、（29.2±2.9）% 和 (28.0±4.8)%;雌性蒙原羚在繁殖期及其前后采食、移动和卧息的行为时间分配差异不显著（P>0.05）,站立、繁殖、“其他”行为时间分配差异性显著（P<0.05）。（2）繁殖期前、繁殖期和繁殖期后, 雄性蒙原羚采食时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别为 (52.6±3.8)%、(17.5±2.8)% 和 (29.8±4.8)%;卧息时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别为 (13.4±6.4)%、(24.2±4.1)% 和 (44.2±4.7)%。雄性蒙原羚在繁殖期及其前后采食、卧息、站立、移动、繁殖、“其他”时间分配均有显著差异（P<0.05）。动物采食卧息的行为时间分配反映动物的能量平衡策略。雌性蒙原羚的时间分配表明,雌性蒙原羚的能量平衡策略在繁殖期前、繁殖期和繁殖期后没有发生显著变化,均为能量摄入最优化策略,尽可能多的时间分配在采食上;雄性蒙原羚的时间分配表明,在繁殖期前,其能量平衡策略为能量摄入最优化策略,尽可能多的时间分配在采食上;雄性蒙原羚繁殖期及繁殖期后其能量平衡策略转变为能量支出优化策略,尽可能少的支出能量,尽可能多的时间分配在卧息上。     

四川唐家河国家级自然保护区绿尾虹雉群体活动研究

2020年2月—2021年2月,采用直接观察与红外相机陷阱结合的方法,在四川唐家河国家级自然保护区的大草坪和大草堂区域,对绿尾虹雉Lophophorus lhuysii的繁殖周期及群体活动模式等进行了研究。共获取绿尾虹雉有效探测316次。研究结果表明：1)绿尾虹雉具有季节性群体活动的习性,群体在繁殖期前逐步解散,繁殖期后又逐步聚集,非繁殖期的越冬期会结成大群活动;2)绿尾虹雉的繁殖期为3月下旬—6月中下旬,雌性独自营巢繁殖,雄性多单独活动,也表现为集单性小群体活动;3)繁殖期群体大小为2.58只±0.94只,以单性群为主;非繁殖期群体大小为3.37只±2.30只,以单性群和雌雄混群为主,且两者的遇见率差异不明显;繁殖期和非繁殖期群体活动方式无显著差异。本研究结果丰富了绿尾虹雉的基础资料,为其保护管理策略的制订提供了科学依据。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.