三峡坝区干流及香溪河库湾水体秋季二氧化碳分压

于2009年9月对三峡水库坝区干流以及坝区主要库湾-香溪河流域水体中溶解CO2分压(pCO2)进行了走航观测。结果表明:秋季香溪河表层pCO2为150～240μatm,三峡水库坝区干流表层pCO2为920～1140μatm;在干、支流交汇处的水柱剖面上,表层水体pCO2最低为368μatm,随着水深的增加,pCO2急剧增大,在10m达到最大值1300μatm,10m后保持不变;通过计算,香溪河和三峡水库坝区干流河道的CO2释放通量分别为-4.74±1.15和(83.7±14.1)mmol.m-2.d-1。香溪河表现为CO2的"汇",而三峡水库坝区干流表现为CO2的"源"。在评价水库建设对周边区域CO2通量影响时,不仅要考虑局部流域,更需要对整个研究地区进行综合考察。     

大沙河水库主要入库河流氮磷营养输入分析

为了解大沙河水库流域内营养盐输入对水库水质的影响,以 2011年3月~2012年2月大沙河水库5条主要入库河流(大沙河、白沙河、双石河、富食河和沃江河)的水文水质监测数据为依据,分析了这些入库河流的流量和氮磷营养盐浓度,并估算了外源负荷总量,旨在为水库进行高效和合理的流域规划以及水质保护方案的制定提供科学依据。结果表明:位于西南方向的白沙河年平均流量最大(1.01 m³·s^-1),西北部富食河流量最小(0.23 m³·s^-1)。各入库河流总氮平均浓度变化范围为1.62~4.37 mg·L^-1,总磷平均浓度范围为0.08~0.36 mg·L^-1,其中富食河氮和磷营养盐的浓度最高,大沙河总氮浓度最低,白沙河总磷浓度最低,总体上西北部河流的氮磷浓度高于西南部河流。全年大沙河水库总氮输入量为176.7 t,总磷输入量为13.7 t。在所有入库河流中,位于水库北部的沃江河对水库营养盐输入量贡献最大,氮、磷负荷分别占总输入量的33%和32%,位于西部的双石河氮负荷最小(12%),西南方向大沙河磷负荷最小(9%)。     

南海海气CO2交换对两个热带气旋“风泵”的不同响应机理分析

利用实测和遥感数据,对比分析南海海气二氧化碳(CO2)交换对2011年4月热带气旋Tropical Depression One(TDO)和2013年9月热带气旋Wutip(WU)的响应及其机理。结果表明,两个热带气旋过境的“风泵”作用均对海气CO2交换产生显著影响:TDO和WU过境后,海水表层CO2分压(pCO2,sw)分别增加42.56μatm、30.88μatm,TDO过境导致区域海洋由强碳汇(-4.7±1.8)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1变为弱碳源(2.0±3.1)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1,而WU过境使区域海洋由弱碳源(1.9±1.0)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1变为强碳源(4.0±1.6)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1。pCO2,sw的增加均由于次表层富含溶解无机碳(DIC)海水的入侵,但是“风泵”的作用机制不同:TDO过境强风引起的艾克曼抽吸导致水体涌升作用显著,而WU过境导致的垂直混合作用强烈。“风泵”的作用机制差异可归因于热带气旋过境前海水的初始状态和过境时移动速度不同:TDO过境前该海域存在冷涡,强风引起的艾克曼抽吸使次表层海水的向上涌升作用增强;而WU过境前存在暖涡,强风引起的艾克曼抽吸造成次表层海水与下沉的表层水垂直混合。TDO的移动速度慢,对海水的作用时间更长,强风引起的艾克曼抽吸作用更强;而WU移动速度快,短时间强风过境造成的水体垂直混合效应作用更显著。     

空气CO2增高条件下荔枝叶片光合作用和超氧自由基产率

研究结果表明,生长在77±5PaCO2分压下30d的荔枝幼树,其光合速率较大气CO2分压（39.3Pa）下的低23％,光下线粒体呼吸速率和不包含光下呼吸的CO2补偿点亦略有降低。空气CO2增高使叶片最大羧化速率（Vcmax）和最大电子传递速率（Jmax）降低,表明大气增高CO2分压下叶片的光I(PSI)能量水平较低,呈片超氧自由基产率亦降低39％,叶片感染荔枝霜疫霉病率则从生长在大气CO2分压下的1.8％增至9.5％,可能较低光合和呼吸代谢诱致较低的超氧自由基产率,而使叶片易受病害侵染。叶片受病害侵染后表现为超氧自由基的激增。在全球大气CO2分压增高趋势下须加强对荔枝霜疫霉病的控制。     

柚树叶片CO2驯化的光合参数变化

柚树(Citrus grandis)幼树生长在砂和磋石的生长介质,每周供给0.05mmol P(正常P,P)和0．1mmol P(高磷,2P)的营养液．植株分别生长在空气CO2分压(约39Pa)和倍增CO2分压(81±5Pa)下45d,利用CI-301PS(CID,Inc)光合作用测定系统在较高光强(1150μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下测定叶片光合速率并得出的Pn-Pi关系曲线和在较高CO2分压(PCO2,56Pa)下得出Pn-PAR关系曲线计算有关光合参数。结果表明,大气CO2分压下2P植株最大光合速率较P植株高13．3％,倍增CO2分压下,无论P或2P植株最大光合速率较大气CO2分压下相应植株低,但在倍增CO2分压下2P植株较P植株高,且2P植株有较P植株高的表观量子产率和光能利用效率(P<0．05),但并不改变г^*、Rd和Rubisco羧化速率(Vc)和氧速率的比率(P>0．05)在大气CO2分压下2P植株的Vcmax和Jmax较P植株分别高83％和12．5％,在倍增CO2分压下2P植株的Vcmax和Jmax均较P植株高,柚树在高CO2驯化中改变叶N在Rubisco和捕光组分分配系数,但不改变叶N在光合电子传递链的分配系数,结果表明,增加P供给可以促进高CO2分压下光合碳循环中P的周转,提高倍增CO2分压下植株的光合速率,调节柚树叶片的CO2驯化的光合参数。     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高影响稻田-大气CO2净交换的静态暗箱法观测研究

首先介绍静态暗箱法 气相色谱法观测确定陆地生态系统地 气CO2 净交换通量的基本原理和方法 ,然后讨论在开放式空气CO2 增加 (FACE)试验中应用该原理和方法观测研究大气CO2 浓度升高对稻田生态系统 大气CO2 净交换通量的影响 .因缺乏必要参数的实际观测值 ,本文只能根据暗箱观测值计算CO2 净交换通量的最小取值NEEmin.NEEmin计算结果表明 ,在插秧 1个月之后的水稻生长期内 ,大气CO2浓度升高 2 0 0± 4 0 μmol·mol-1使稻田生态系统对大气CO2 的净吸收约为对照的 3倍 .为根据暗箱观测准确确定NEE ,还必须在FACE和对照条件下观测水稻植株的暗维持呼吸系数、地上生物量及根冠比动态 .     

倍增CO2分压对水稻和矶子草冠层光合潜力的影响

倍增CO2分压增高水稻的光饱和光合速率、表观量子产率和光能转换效率,而在倍增CO2分压下矶子草的相关光合参数降低,既水稻对高CO2分压表现为正响应,而矶子草在高CO2下光合作用下调。在倍增CO2分压下,水稻的Rubisco羧化速率和氧化速率均见增高,而矶子草在高CO2分压下,Rubisco羧化速率降低,而氧化速率略见增高。倍增CO2分压并不明显改变水稻的不包括光呼吸的CO2补偿点г^*,但矶子草г^*略见增高。在高CO2分压下可能改变矶子草Rubisco生化特性。倍增CO2分压降低两种供试植物的光下呼吸速率。水稻在倍增CO2分压下其Rubisco最大羧化速率(Vc max)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)分别增高9．3％和20．7％,而矶子草在高CO2分压下则分别降低5．7％和3％。在倍增CO2分压下水稻的净光合量增高约5％,而矶子草则降低13％,植物种的不同特性可能影响植物在倍增CO2下的碳积累。随着全球气候变化和大气CO2,分压增高,将有利于发挥水稻高光合产率的优势,由于矶子草在高CO2分压下碳积累减少,从而可能限制其生长。大气CO2分压增高可能改变目前的水稻与杂草的生态关系而有利于控制杂草和改善田间耕作。     

不同氮源下生长的柚树叶片光合参数对高浓度CO2驯化作用的比较

比较研究了在不同形式氮源下生长柚树叶片光合对高浓度 CO2 驯化过程中有关参数变化。植株生长在人工混成土壤中 ,分别浇灌含有 2 mmol L- 1N的 NO- 3 - N,NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N溶液。空气 CO2 增高处理时向生长植株的开顶透明罩中通入 74.4Pa CO2 ,以空气 CO2 生长的植株为对照。利用 CI- 30 1 ( CID,Inc) CO2 气体交换系统测定叶片光合速率和通过光合作用相关响应曲线计算光合参数。结果表明 ,在 CO2分压倍增下 ,NO- 3 - N生长植株光饱和光合速率较大气 CO2 分压下的高。而生长在 NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N的植株光合速率与大气 CO2 分压下的相近 ,表现对高 CO2 的驯化。在空气 CO2 倍增下无论供给何种形式氮源并不影响Γ* ,但可增高 Rd( P<0 .0 5 )。 CO2 分压倍增下供给 NO- 3 - N植株的 Vcmax和 Jmax较大气分压相应的植株高 ,而 NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N植株则与大气 CO2分压的相应植株相似 ( P>0 .0 5 )。无论供给何种形式氮源 ,生长在空气 CO2 分压倍增下不改变叶片单位面积干重 ,叶绿素含量和叶片中氮在 Rubisco、生物能学组分和捕光色素复合体组分的分配系数 ;但能改变叶片中氮含量。植物对高 CO2 的驯化可能受到不同形式氮利用性的影响 ,在对高 CO2 驯化过程亦反映叶片中氮在不同光合功能组分     

夜郎湖水库水体不同形态汞的时空分布

于2006年7月(夏季)、2007年1月(冬季)和3月(春季)采集了贵州省夜郎湖水库水样,研究了不同形态汞(总汞、溶解态汞、颗粒态汞)的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,夏季水体总汞、溶解态汞、颗粒态汞平均含量分别为4.48±2.59、2.37±1.40、2.11±1.86 ng·L-1,均显著高于冬季和春季(P＜0.001),而冬春2季不同形态汞含量无明显差异.水质参数悬浮颗粒物(SPM)和硝酸盐(NO-3)与不同形态汞之间均存在显著的正相关关系,表明这些参数对于不同形态汞的季节分布起着重要作用.夏季农业耕作活动相对活跃,表层土壤的扰动增加,雨水冲刷农田土壤,带进大量的外源颗粒物,致使夜郎湖水体夏季总汞水平较高.空间分布表明,夜郎湖水库夏季总汞平均浓度从水库入库河流至大坝方向、出库河流呈现总体下降的分布趋势,但水体各采样剖面没有明显的分布规律.     

空气CO2增高条件下荔枝叶片光合作用和超氧自由基产率

研究结果表明,生长在77±5PaCO₂分压下30d的荔枝幼树,其光合速率较大气CO₂分压(39.3Pa)下的低23%,光下线粒体呼吸速率和不包含光下呼吸的CO₂补偿点亦略有降低.空气CO₂增高使叶片最大羧化速率(V_cmax)和最大电子传递速率(J_max)降低,表明大气增高CO₂分压下叶片的光系统I(PSI)能量水平较低,叶片超氧自由基产率亦降低39%,叶片感染荔枝霜疫霉病率则从生长在大气CO₂分压下的1.8%增至9.5%.可能较低光合和呼吸代谢诱致较低的超氧自由基产率,而使叶片易受病害侵染.叶片受病害侵染后表现为超氧自由基的激增.在全球大气CO₂分压增高趋势下须加强对荔枝霜疫霉病的控制.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.