羊草与灰色赖草F1代细胞悬浮系的建立及植株再生

本研究以羊草(L eym us ch inensis)与灰色赖草(L eym us cinereus)杂种F1代幼穗为外植体诱导愈伤组织,在3.0 m g/L 2,4-D M S培养基上继代1次后,转入不同浓度激素(2,4-D、IAA、KT)配比和不同浓度蔗糖的M S液体培养基进行振荡培养,建立杂种F1代细胞悬浮系和植株再生体系.结果表明,细胞悬浮培养时,M S 1.0 m g/L2,4-D 0.1 m g/L KT 4%蔗糖的液体培养基最佳;悬浮细胞分化时,1.0 m g/L 2,4-D 0.1 m g/L KT 4%蔗糖 M S和1.0 m g/L 2,4-D 4%蔗糖 M S培养的悬浮细胞在1.0 m g/L NAA 0.5 m g/L KT M S分化培养基上的绿苗分化率分别达到83%和80%.细胞悬浮系及再生体系的建立为杂种F1代育性恢复的研究奠定了基础.     

棉花大田植株叶柄组织培养体系的建立

以早熟棉花品种'中棉所24'为材料,通过对大田棉花植株叶柄灭菌条件、叶柄愈伤组织诱导与分化、胚状体的萌发及植株再生所需的培养基等进行研究,以建立棉花大田植株叶柄组织培养体系.结果表明:棉花植株叶柄经0.1%HgCl2灭菌4～5 min后,横切成0.8 cm左右的小段,在MSB+0.05 mg·L-1IAA+0.05 mg·L-1KT+0.05 mg·L-12,4-D+25 g·L-1葡萄糖+2 g·L-1Gel(pH 5.8)培养基上培养,易获得分化的愈伤组织;愈伤组织在添加有KT/IAA(MSB+0.08 mg·L-1IAA+0.08 mg·L-1KT+25 g·L-1葡萄糖+2 g·L-1Gel,pH6.5)或ZT/IBA(MSB+0.1 mg·L-1ZT+0.1 mg·L-1IBA+25 g·L-1葡萄糖+2 g·L-1Gel,pH 6.5)的分化培养基中,均可以获得胚性愈伤组织.胚性愈伤组织在MSB+0.05 mg·L-16-BA+0.05 mg·L-1IAA+25 g·L-1蔗糖+2 g·L-1Gel(pH 6.5)培养基上,形成胚状体、生长发育成再生植株.     

铁皮石斛同源四倍体工厂化快繁工艺研究

以实验室前期诱导的铁皮石斛四倍体为研究材料,利用气孔、叶绿体、染色体计数及流式细胞仪等方法,对铁皮石斛同源四倍体株系的纯合性进行鉴定,在此基础上利用茎段扩繁和原球茎诱导、增殖、分化两种方案比较增殖效率,并对原球茎的倍性稳定性进行再鉴定。结果表明：（1）实验室的‘花自 2’株系为纯合同源四倍体。（2）茎段扩繁最佳增殖培养基为MS＋2.0 mg/L 6 BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+15%香蕉汁,茎段诱导原球茎最佳培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6 BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L KT,诱导率达到76.66%;原球茎增殖最佳培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6 BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+15%马铃薯提取液,原球茎分化最佳培养基为1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L 6 BA+20%马铃薯提取液,原球茎分化率达到85.70%;生根最佳培养基为1/2 MS＋0.5 mg/L NAA＋15%香蕉汁,生根率达到92.77%。（3）原球茎根尖鉴定结果表明,诱导的倍性可以稳定遗传。（4）瓶苗移栽的最佳炼苗时间为5 d,移栽成活率达92.30%。该试验建立了铁皮石斛同源四倍体株系新的快繁技术体系,为四倍体试管苗的工厂化生产和推广奠定了技术基础。     

液体悬浮培养促进铁皮石斛原球茎高效诱导、增殖的研究

用正交设计方法对铁皮石斛原球茎具有高效增殖影响的激素（BA,NAA,KT,马铃薯汁）以及配比进行研究,结果表明：以茎段为外植体在培养基Ms＋BA2．0mg／L＋NAA2．0mg／L＋马铃薯汁10％＋糖3％,具有很好的原球茎诱导作用,50d后诱导率达95．20％;原球茎在1／2MS＋BA2．0mg／L＋NAA1．0mg／L＋KT0．5mg／L＋糖3％的培养基上,以液体悬浮培养,原球茎增殖达49．032g／50d。     

百合基因转化直接分化受体系统的建立

以东方百合(L ilium orien ta l hybrids)“索邦”作为研究材料,通过高频再生系统的建立和抗生素敏感性实验建立了百合稳定高效试管苗小叶离体基因转化的直接分化受体系统.结果表明:鳞片诱导分化培养基以M S+6-BA 1.0 m g.L-1+NAA 0.1 m g.L-1为宜,试管苗小叶柄分化最佳培养基为M S+6-BA 2.0 m g.L-1+NAA 0.3m g.L-1,试管苗鳞片叶分化最佳培养基为M S+6-BA 1.0 m g.L-1+2,4-D 0.3 m g.L-1;确定了试管苗不同部位适宜的抗生素筛选浓度,卡那霉素筛选浓度小叶柄为80 m g.L-1,鳞片叶为120 m g.L-1,羧苄青霉素筛选浓度为300 m g.L-1.     

油茶子叶体细胞胚形成的细胞学观察

以油茶子叶块为外植体,在附加2.0mg·L-1 2,4-D和1.0mg·L-1KT的MS培养基上进行培养,观察诱导产生的体细胞胚性愈伤组织细胞学结构.结果表明:油茶体细胞胚可直接起源于表皮或近表皮的单细胞原胚或者多细胞团.其中,单细胞原胚先分裂形成二细胞原胚,二细胞原胚再进一步分裂后聚集形成多细胞团,最终经过球形胚、梨形胚、心形胚发育形成一个完整的体细胞胚.     

氮源和真菌诱导子对铁皮石斛原球茎悬浮培养的影响

利用正交实验设计研究不同种类和浓度的氮源对铁皮石斛原球茎生长的影响,利用完全随机实验设计研究不同真菌诱导子对铁皮石斛原球茎生长和多糖积累的影响.结果表明硝态氮促进铁皮石斛原球茎鲜重和干重的增加( P ＜0.05);铵态氮促进铁皮石斛原球茎鲜重增加( P ＜0.05).无论鲜重还是干重,硝态氮和铵态氮的影响均不存在互作,最佳组合为:67-V培养液 100 mg/L (NH4)2SO4 800 mg/L KNO3 30 g/L蔗糖 200 g/L马铃薯提取汁.F检验的结果表明,14种真菌诱导子对铁皮石斛原球茎生物量的增加(鲜重与干重)均无显著性影响( P ＞0.05).但与对照铁皮石斛原球茎的多糖含量相比,真菌诱导子g6、g14、g5、g4处理可使其多糖含量分别提高14%、9%、6%、4%.本研究获得了有利于铁皮石斛原球茎生长的硝态氮和铵态氮的最佳搭配方案以及有利于铁皮石斛原球茎积累多糖的四种真菌诱导子,表明通过液体悬浮培养生产铁皮石斛原球茎及其多糖成分具有较好的开发应用前景.     

麻栎成熟合子胚外植体体胚发生和植株再生

为探索麻栎快速繁殖技术新途径,以成熟合子胚为外植体诱导体胚发生,进一步培养形成幼苗。结果表明:体胚诱导以MS+1.0mg.L-1 6-BA+1.0mg.L-1 IBA+1.0g.L-1谷氨酰胺+0.5g.L-1脯氨酸为最优,培养30d诱导率达70.0%;体胚成熟以1/2MS+2.0mg.L-1 6-BA+0.5mg.L-1 IBA+2.0mg.L-1 ABA+4.0g.L-1谷氨酰胺+2.0g.L-1脯氨酸为佳,培养60d,体胚完全成熟;体胚萌发最适培养基为1/2MS+0.2mg.L-1 6-BA+10g.L-1山梨醇,且冷处理有利于体胚的萌发,萌发率高达100%,萌发培养80d,形成再生植株。     

6-BA和2,4-D对铁皮石斛原球茎增殖、分化和离体保存的影响

本文探讨6-BA和2,4-D对铁皮石斛原球茎增殖和分化的影响。结果表明:铁皮石斛原球茎芽再生的较好培养基为MS,芽增长的较好培养基为MS+6-BA 1 mg/L+2,4-D 0.1 mg/L,原球茎再生芽生根和原球茎增殖的较好培养基也为MS。添加0.5 mg/L 2,4-D不利于铁皮石斛原球茎的保存,而不添加2,4–D或添加0.1 mg/L 2,4-D均有利于铁皮石斛原球茎保存,且有持续增长趋势。     

硝普钠、植酸和水杨酸对悬浮培养的霍山石斛原球茎生长和生理活性的影响

在建立霍山石斛的液体悬浮培养技术的基础上,添加诱导子硝普钠（SNP）、植酸（PA）和水杨酸（SA）。3种诱导子均可促进霍山石斛原球茎中生物碱的积累,0.1mmol·L-1SNP、7.5g·L-1PA和100μmol·L-1SA处理的原球茎,其生物碱含量分别为不作处理的2.02倍、1.84倍和1.62倍。促进霍山石斛生物碱积累的适宜诱导子为SNP,其适宜浓度为0.1mmol·L-1。高浓度的3种诱导子均导致培养液酸化,原球茎的相对电导率上升,其生物量和生物碱含量明显下降。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.