缺血性脑卒中二级预防研究进展

脑卒中具有发病率高、致残率高、复发率高、病死率高、治疗效果差的"四高一低"特点,是一种严重危害人类健康的全球性问题,被称为人类健康的第一号杀手!随着医学的进步,卒中死亡率下降,卒中复发率随之增加。然而,脑卒中是可预防性疾病,有效地预防措施不仅可以降低脑卒中的复发率,而且能降低与脑卒中有关的医疗费用,减轻家庭与社会的经济负担,因此,脑卒中的预防已成为世界各国研究的热点和焦点。本文就脑卒中二级预防做一综述。     

缺血性脑卒中二级预防研究进展

脑卒中具有发病率高、致残率高、复发率高、病死率高、治疗效果差的“四高一低”特点,是一种严重危害人类健康的全球性问题,被称为人类健康的第一号杀手!随着医学的进步,卒中死亡率下降,卒中复发率随之增加.然而,脑卒中是可预防性疾病,有效地预防措施不仅可以降低脑卒中的复发率,而且能降低与脑卒中有关的医疗费用,减轻家庭与社会的经济负担,因此,脑卒中的预防已成为世界各国研究的热点和焦点.本文就脑卒中二级预防做一综述.     

TDP-43在缺血性脑卒中的作用

TDP-43(Transactive response DNA binding protein 43, TDP-43)最初被认为是神经退行性疾病的病理学标记蛋白,研究发现其参与脑缺血损伤的发生发展。在现有研究的基础上,简要介绍TDP-43的结构与功能以及TDP-43在脑缺血后的表达变化及其在脑缺血后调节炎症反应、线粒体功能障碍、自噬等方面的作用。     

进展性缺血性卒中预后的相关因素分析

目的:探究进展性缺血性卒中预后的相关危险因素。方法:选取进展性缺血性卒中患者98例,根据复发情况将患者分为复发组和无复发组,分析进展性缺血性卒中复发与二级预防的关系。无复发组的患者按根据随访的mRS评分高低分为:预后良好组(mRS 0~2分)和预后差组(mRS 3~5分),分析影响预后的相关因素。结果:98例进展性缺血性卒中患者六个月复发率为10.2%(10/98)。无复发组较复发组应用降压药、降糖药、抗血小板聚集药物、他汀类降脂药的患者比例较复发组高,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。无复发组患者出院后一个月、三个月及六个月,单因素分析入院时白细胞计数、LDL、血糖与预后相关(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析LDL、血糖和白细胞计数是影响出院后一个月预后的危险因素;血糖和白细胞计数是影响出院后三个月预后的危险因素;LDL和血糖是影响出院后六个月预后的危险因素。结论:良好的二级预防依从性有利于降低进展性缺血性卒中的复发率。入院时白细胞计数、LDL、血糖是影响进展性缺血性卒中预后的相关因素。入院时白细胞计数、LDL及空腹血糖值较高的进展性缺血卒中患者,其预后往往较差。     

叶酸对心脑血管疾病二级预防作用的研究

目的:探讨叶酸对心脑血管疾病二级预防的效果。方法:326例恢复期心脑血管疾病患者以自愿的原则分为实验组(n=201)和对照组(n=125),对照组针对病因应用常规药物,实验组在针对病因常规用药的基础上应用叶酸,随访三年,所有患者均在实验前和半年后测一次血清同型半胱氨酸含量,同时记录对比两组心脑血管不良事件的发生率。结果:323例纳入统计,实验组和对照组在入选时同型半胱氨酸含量无差异(P>0.05),半年后实验组血清同型半胱氨酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);心绞痛、心力衰竭、血栓形成等发生率差异均具有统计学意义(均为P<0.05),而在心肌梗死、脑梗死和病死率等方面差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:叶酸在心脑血管疾病二级预防中可以降低心绞痛发生率、心力衰竭、血栓形成的发生率,对心肌梗死、脑梗死和病死率没有明显的影响。     

缺血性脑卒中溶栓药物研究进展

缺血性脑卒中是一种高发病率、高死亡率的重大健康危机。溶栓药物能快速溶解血栓、减少出血副作用、实现血管再通,对缺血性脑卒中治疗起到关键性的作用。重组组织纤溶酶原激活剂(rtPA)是FDA批准的唯一缺血性脑卒中药物,但在临床使用中有诸多限制。近年来,基于tPA的溶栓药物及治疗策略发展迅速,文中结合笔者课题组及目前国内外的相关研究成果,回顾了该领域的最新进展,为新型溶栓药物发展提供科学依据和思路。     

急性脑卒中患者腹泻并发症的临床分析

目的:探讨急性脑卒中患者并发腹泻的发生状况及危险因素,以降低脑卒中并发腹泻的发生率。方法:对264例急性脑卒中患者观察腹泻并发症的发生,分析一般临床资料,使用Logistic回归分析腹泻并发症的可能危险因素。结果:不同类型急性脑卒中并发腹泻发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),有无糖尿病的并发腹泻发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),抗生素使用的并发腹泻发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),腹泻并发症的发生与患者年龄、入院时GCS昏迷量表评分、营养状况、糖尿病史、抗生素使用有关(OR=4.36、8.78、4.48、6.26、5.64),腹泻组和非腹泻组病死率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:急性脑卒中的患者易发生腹泻,合理选择和使用抗生素,合理饮食,尽量减少医疗干预措施的影响,可减少腹泻并发症的发生。     

论脑卒中的危险因素及其干预

讨论了脑卒中的病因、病机,探讨了脑卒中危险因素与卒中的关系,强调了对中风高危因素的干预,是预防中风的关键。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者血脂水平与ABCD2 评分的相关性研究

目的:探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemia attach,TIA)患者血脂水平对预后的影响及其临床意义。方法:回顾性分析以2009年最新定义为诊断标准的我院TIA患者62例,根据ABCD2评分进行危险分级。其中,低危组(0～3分)患者16例、中危组(4～5分)患者20例,高危组(6～7分)患者26例,比较三组患者血脂水平的差异及其预后效果的影响。结果:三组患者中血脂水平从高到低依次为:高危组、中危组与低危组,其中高危组血脂水平与其它两组患者血脂水平的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但中危组与低危组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。低、中危组患者血脂平均水平随ABCD2分值增高呈轻度上升趋势,高危组患者血脂平均水平随ABCD2分值明显增高。血脂水平越高其预后效果相对越差。结论:血脂水平与TIA患者ABCD2评分呈正相关的趋势,而与预后效果呈负相关的趋势。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者血脂水平与ABCD2评分的相关性研究

目的：探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemia attach,TIA）患者血脂水平对预后的影响及其临床意义。方法：回顾性分析以2009年最新定义为诊断标准的我院TIA患者62例,根据ABCD2评分进行危险分级。其中,低危组（0--3分）患者16例、中危组（4～5分）患者20例,高危组（6～7分）患者26例,比较三组患者血脂水平的差异及其预后效果的影响。结果：三组患者中血脂水平从高到低依次为：高危组、中危组与低危组,其中高危组血脂水平与其它两组患者血脂水平的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但中危组与低危组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。低、中危组患者血脂平均水平随ABCD2分值增高呈轻度上升趋势,高危组患者血脂平均水平随ABCD2分值明显增高。血脂水平越高其预后效果相对越差。结论：血脂水平与TIA患者ABCD2评分呈正相关的趋势,而与预后效果呈负相关的趋势。     

脑卒中患者血管危险因素与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的研究脑卒中患者血管危险因素与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法受试者151人主要为脑梗死及椎-基底动脉供血不足病例。将所有受试对象行颈动脉超声检查,采用二分类变量的Logistic回归分析方法对其危险因素进行筛选,找出与颈动脉粥样硬化改变相关的因素。结果年龄及吸烟与颈动脉内中膜增厚之间存在相关性,P=0.006（OR=1.08,95%CI 1.02-1.14）和0.01（OR=5.09,95%CI 1.47-17.61）;年龄、吸烟同样与颈动脉斑块之间存在相关性,P=0.006（ORn=n1.06,95%CI 1.06-1.11）和0.04（ORn=2.97,95%CI 1.04-8.50）,收缩压与颈动脉斑块呈正相关,P=0.04（OR=1.03,95%CI 1.00-1.05）,舒张压与颈动脉斑块呈负相关P=0.04（OR=0.96,95%CI 0.92-1.00）。结论随年龄的增大动脉内中膜增厚及颈动脉斑块的患病率增加,吸烟者内中膜增厚及颈动脉斑块比率高于不吸烟者;收缩压增加颈动脉斑块患病率增加,舒张压增加斑块患病率下降。     

Implementation of guidelines for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in clinical practice: Which patients do benefit?

Purpose

Based on multiple large clinical trials conducted over the last decades guidelines for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantations have been evolving. The increase in primary prophylactic ICD implantations challenges us to be critical towards the indications in certain patient populations.

Methods

We retrospectively collected patient characteristics and rates of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapy, appropriate and inappropriate ICD shock and mortality of all patients who received an ICD in the University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU) over the years 2006–2011.

Results

A total of 1075 patients were included in this analysis (74 % male, mean age 61 ± 13 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 30 ± 13 %); 61 % had a primary indication and 58 % had ischaemic heart disease. During a mean follow-up period of 31 ± 17 months, 227 of the patients (21 %) received appropriate ICD therapy (149 (14 %) patients received an appropriate ICD shock). Females, patients with a primary prophylactic indication and patients with non-ischaemic heart disease experienced significantly less ICD therapy. Only a few patients (54, 5 %) received inappropriate ICD therapy; 33 (3 %) patients received an inappropriate ICD shock. Fifty-five patients died within one year after ICD implantation and were therefore, in retrospect, not eligible for ICD implantation.

Conclusion

Our study confirms the benefit of ICD implantation in clinical practice. Nevertheless, certain patients experience less benefit than others. A more patient-tailored risk stratification based on electrophysiological parameters would be lucrative to improve clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness.     

Smoking cessation after an acute coronary syndrome: immediate quitters are successful quitters

Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention guidelines stress the importance of smoking cessation and recommend intensive follow-up. To guide the development of such cessation support strategies, we analysed the characteristics that are associated with successful smoking cessation after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

We used data from the Randomised Evaluation of Secondary Prevention for ACS patients coordinated by Outpatient Nurse SpEcialists (RESPONSE) trial (n = 754). This was designed to quantify the impact of a nurse-coordinated prevention program, focusing on healthy lifestyles, traditional CVD risk factors and medication adherence. For the current analysis we included all smokers (324/754, 43 %). Successful quitters were defined as those who reported abstinence at 1 year of follow-up.

Results

The majority of successful quitters quit immediately after the ACS event and remained abstinent through 1 year of follow-up, without extra support (128/156, 82 %). Higher education level (33 vs. 15 %, p < 0.01), no history of CVD (87 vs. 74 %, p < 0.01) and being on target for LDL-cholesterol level at 1 year (78 vs. 63 %, p < 0.01) were associated with successful quitting.

Conclusion

The majority of successful quitters at 1 year stopped immediately after their ACS. Patients in this group showed that it was within their own ability to quit, and they did not relapse through 1 year of follow-up. Our study indicates that in a large group of patients who quit immediately after a life-threatening event, no relapse prevention program is needed.     

Incidence and predictors of phantom shocks in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients

Background

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are designed to deliver shocks or antitachycardia pacing (ATP) in the event of ventricular arrhythmias. During follow-up, some ICD recipients experience the sensation of ICD discharge in the absence of an actual discharge (phantom shock). The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and predictors of phantom shocks in ICD recipients.

Methods

Medical records of 629 consecutive patients with ischaemic or dilated cardiomyopathy and prior ICD implantation were studied.

Results

With a median follow-up of 35 months, phantom shocks were reported by 5.1 % of ICD recipients (5.7 % in the primary prevention group and 3.7 % for the secondary prevention group; p=NS). In the combined group of primary and secondary prevention, there were no significant predictors of the occurrence of phantom shocks. However, in the primary prevention group, phantom shocks were related to a history of atrial fibrillation (p=0.03) and NYHA class <III (p=0.05). In the secondary prevention group, there were no significant predictors for phantom shocks.

Conclusion

Phantom shocks occur in approximately 5 % of all ICD recipients. In primary prevention patients, a relation with a history of atrial fibrillation and NYHA class <III were significant predictors for the occurrence of phantom shocks. In the secondary prevention patients, no significant predictors were found.     

妊娠相关脑卒中39 例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠相关脑卒中的发病原因、临床表现、母婴结局、治疗及预防措施。方法:回顾性分析2001年1月-2013年12月我院共收治的妊娠相关脑卒中39例患者的临床资料。结果:39例患者中,发生在妊娠期21例,产褥期18例。经电子计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、磁共振动脉血管造影(MRA)、磁共振脑静脉血管成像(MRV)、数字减影血管造影术(DSA)和腰椎穿刺等检查明确诊断,诊断出血性脑卒中7例,脑梗死3例,脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)29例,均给予相应的抢救及治疗。16例早期、中期妊娠患者行人工流产术或利凡诺羊膜腔内注射穿刺引产终止妊娠,5例患者行剖宫产终止妊娠。患者治愈出院15例,6例死亡,14例遗留不同程度的肢体活动障碍或语言障碍,家属放弃治疗出院4例。结论:妊娠相关脑卒中危险因素主要包括子痫前期、心源性栓塞、脑血管畸形、脑动脉瘤、水电解质紊乱等代谢障碍性疾病及产褥感染等。其发病急、病死率高,故需提高对本病的认识,定期产前检查,及时发现高危因素,早诊断及时治疗,选择适当的时机及方式终止妊娠是改善妊娠相关脑卒中患者预后的关键。