沙木蓼和沙枣对地下水位变化的生理生态响应I.叶片养分、叶绿素、可溶性糖和淀粉的变化

 在甘肃民勤沙生植物园内利用植物蒸腾耗水量观测场,研究了两种优势旱生植物沙木蓼(Atraphaxis frutescens)和沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)叶片中的叶绿素、可溶性糖、淀粉和N、P、K含量等对不同地下水深度(1～3.4 m)的响应。结果表明：1) 1.4 m、2.4 m和3.4 m 3种不同的地下水深度处理,产生了3种差异显著的土壤水分梯度;2) 地下水深度的变化导致了这两种旱生植物叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值等的显著变化(p<0.01);3) 地下水深度的增加引起了两种植物叶片可溶性糖含量的升高和淀粉含量的降低;4) 地下水深度的增加引起了两种植物叶片中N、P、K含量的降低;5) 不同的地下水深度引起沙枣和沙木蓼叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值、N、P、K含量、可溶性糖和淀粉增加或减少的程度不同。沙枣是非豆科固氮植物,两者的差异是否与固氮作用相关还有待于进一步研究。     

沙木蓼和沙枣对地下水位变化的生理生态响应Ⅱ.叶片光合作用及其对温度和光的反应

 在甘肃民勤沙生植物园内,研究了两种优势旱生植物沙木蓼(Atraphaxis frutescens)和沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)的光合生理等特性对不同地下水深度(1.4～3.4 m)的响应。结果表明：1)地下水深度的变化导致了这两种旱生植物净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度（Gs）、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值、光量子效率、CO2羧化效率等的显著变化;2)两种植物均能较好地适应地下水深度为3.4 m的水分胁迫;3)两种植物对地下水深度变化的适应方式略有不同,沙木蓼主要通过一定程度地净光合速率的降低、并保持一定的水分利用率来适应干旱,而沙枣则通过净光合速率的较大幅度降低以增加其水分利用率来适应干旱;4)地下水深度的变化并未导致两种植物光合作用适宜温度的明显变化,但却引起了在适宜温度下净光合速率的显著下降。沙枣是非豆科固氮植物,两者的差异是否与固氮作用相关还有待进一步研究。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子、甘草叶片色素、可溶性糖、淀粉含量及碳氮比的影响

在宁夏灵洲区牛心朴子、甘草自然生境条件下,采用土壤控水措施,研究了土壤水分胁迫对两种优势旱生植物牛心朴子(Cynanchumkomarovii)和甘草(Glycyrrhizauralensis)叶片中的叶绿素;根、茎、叶中的可溶性糖、淀粉含量和C/N比值的影响。结果表明:1土壤水分长期胁迫,导致了这两种旱生植物叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及Chla/Chlb、Car/Chl比值等的显著变化(P<0.01);2甘草Chla的含量和Chla/Chlb的比值始终大于牛心朴子,相反牛心朴子Chlb、Car的含量和Car/Chl比值却又始终大于甘草;3土壤水分长期胁迫引起了两种植物根、茎、叶可溶性糖含量的升高和淀粉含量的降低;4土壤水分长期胁迫引起了两种植物根、茎、叶C/N比值的降低,但牛心朴子C/N比值在处理的各个时期均大于甘草;5土壤水分长期胁迫引起牛心朴子和甘草Chla、Chlb、Car含量及Chla/Chlb、Car/Chl的比值、可溶性糖、淀粉和C/N比值的增加或减少的程度不同。     

隔离降雨对马尾松针叶非结构性碳水化合物和碳、氮、磷的影响

植物叶片中的非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）和碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量可反映植物和生态系统对水分亏缺环境的响应及适应程度。以福建省长汀县25a马尾松（Pinus massoniana）为对象,原位观测分析了3年持续100%隔离降雨对成年马尾松针叶NSC与C、N、P的影响。结果表明：（1）持续隔离降雨导致马尾松针叶NSC含量先显著增加后减少,最终导致针叶NSC含量季节变化消失;且针叶可溶性糖含量、可溶性糖/淀粉比值在后期显著增加;（2）持续隔离降雨使马尾松针叶N含量、P含量、N ： P均表现为前期与对照组差异不显著,后期显著高于对照组;（3）马尾松针叶NSC含量、可溶性糖含量、P含量、N ： P与土壤水分含量呈显著或极显著相关,且均与P含量显著或极显著相关,与N素无相关性。以上研究结果表明,随着土壤水分含量的持续减少马尾松可通过调整针叶中NSC含量的积累及分配和提高针叶N、P含量来适应缺水环境,P含量的增加对NSC含量波动及可溶性糖和淀粉的相互转化起促进作用。     

海南岛热带云雾林植物枝条和叶片氮、磷、可溶性糖分配规律

研究热带云雾林植物N、P及可溶性糖分配规律,对了解植物生长及对环境的适应性有重要意义。通过测定海南岛3个林区热带云雾林282种植物的枝条与叶片中N、P和可溶性糖含量,比较枝条、叶片中各个养分的差异,分析养分间的关联性。结果表明,植物叶片N、P和可溶性糖含量均显著高于枝条,其中枝条和叶片可溶性糖含量分别为(15.06±9.4)和(32.14±19.57)g·kg~(-1),氮含量分别为(3.48±1.02)和(9.51±5.26)g·kg~(-1),磷含量分别为(0.23±0.15)和(0.56±0.44)g·kg~(-1)。黎母山植物枝条、叶片的N和P含量最高,霸王岭植物最低;霸王岭植物枝条可溶性糖含量显著高于黎母山和尖峰岭,而霸王岭植物叶片可溶性糖含量显著低于黎母山和尖峰岭。在植物枝条、叶片中,N与P含量均呈显著正相关,而可溶性糖与P含量无显著相关性;在枝条与叶片之间,可溶性糖含量无显著相关,而N含量和P含量显著正相关。此外,P元素是海南岛热带云雾林植物生长及种群发育的主要限制性因子。     

白刺器官间非结构性碳水化合与C：N：P计量比的关联性

为了探明荒漠生态系统优势种白刺的生存和生长策略,以便更好地服务于退化生态系统恢复及荒漠化治理。根据空气相对湿度选取阿拉善地区3个典型白刺群落样点,研究白刺根、茎、叶中非结构性碳水化合物（NSCs）的积累及分配和碳：氮：磷（C：N：P）计量比特征的变化,并分析相应区域的土壤有机质、全N、全P含量。结果表明：（1）随干旱程度加剧,白刺根、茎、叶中NSCs绝对含量减小,可溶性糖先增加后降低,淀粉先降低后增加;白刺叶片中N、P含量先增加后降低,C：N和C：P先降低后增加,在最为干旱的Plot3样点叶片N：P>16。（2）在Plot1样点,器官间根系可溶性糖显著高于茎干和叶片,根系淀粉含量显著低于茎干和叶片,在Plot3样点叶片可溶性糖含量显著高于茎干和根系,根系中淀粉含量显著高于叶片和茎干;白刺根、茎全C含量显著高于叶片,叶片N含量显著 > 根系 > 茎干;在Plot1和PLot2样点叶片P含量显著大于根系和茎干,在Plot3样点根系 > 茎干 > 叶片。（3） NSCs及构成与C：N：P计量比间关系表明叶片N、P含量与茎、叶可溶性糖含量正相关和淀粉含量负相关,根中P含量与根中淀粉含量正相关和可溶性糖含量负相关。以上结果表明,随干旱加剧白刺的生长受到水分和P的双重限制,白刺通过调整器官间NSCs积累及分配和提高N、P利用效率的策略来适应干旱生境,P含量的变化影响器官间可溶性糖和淀粉的相互转化,对NSCs构成和含量的波动起着调节作用。     

氮、磷、钾肥配施对'红叶'南天竹叶片色素和 可溶性糖含量的影响及相关性分析

以2年生'红叶'南天竹(Nandina domestica'Hongye')盆栽苗为实验材料,根据L16(45)正交实验设计进行3因素(包括氮、磷和钾肥)4水平(N单株施用量分别为0.0、18.4、36.8和55.2 mg,P2O5单株施用量分别为0.0、14.4、28.8和43.2 mg,K2 O单株施用量分别为0.0、0.8、1.6和2.4 mg)施肥实验,对2015年11月5日至2016年1月20日期间各组叶片的光合色素(包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)、花色素苷和可溶性糖含量进行了比较;在此基础上,对叶片色素和可溶性糖含量及各肥料单株施用量进行了Pearson相关性分析.结果表明:总体来看,各组的光合色素和可溶性糖含量显著高于对照(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量均为0.0 mg)组,而花色素苷含量则显著低于对照组.其中,T14(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为55.2、14.4和1.6 mg)、T15(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为55.2、28.8和0.8 mg)和T16(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为55.2、43.2和0.0 mg)组的光合色素含量均较高,T2(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为0.0、14.4和0.8 mg)、T3(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为0.0、28.8和1.6 mg)和T4(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为0.0、43.2和2.4 mg)组的花色素苷含量均较高,T3和T4组的可溶性糖含量均较低.极差分析结果表明:N单株施用量对光合色素含量的影响最大,K2 O单株施用量的影响最小;N单株施用量对花色素苷和可溶性糖含量的影响最大,P2 O5单株施用量的影响最小.相关性分析结果表明:N单株施用量与各光合色素含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与花色素苷含量呈极显著负相关;而P2O5和K2O单株施用量与上述指标的相关性均不显著.各光合色素含量间存在极显著正相关,并与可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与花色素苷含量呈极显著负相关.此外,花色素苷含量与可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关.研究结果显示:高氮能够延长'红叶'南天竹的绿叶期,低氮能够促进其叶片呈现红色,因此,在园林栽培过程中应根据实际需要施肥.     

格木幼苗对硝普钠-酸铝互作的生理响应

以格木（Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.）幼苗为材料,采用双因素完全随机设计实验方法,测定不同处理幼苗的光合色素和可溶性糖等生理指标,研究格木幼苗对硝普钠（SNP）-氯化铝（AlCl₃）互作的生理响应。结果显示,格木幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均在处理4（0.2 mmol/L AlCl₃、0.1 mmol/L SNP）时最高,在处理9（0.8 mmol/L AlCl₃、0 mmol/L SNP）时含量最低,而叶片中丙二醛（MDA）、游离脯氨酸含量则相反;叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量在处理4时最高,在处理9时最低;处理10（0.8 mmol/L AlCl₃、0.1 mmol/L SNP）的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性最高。施加SNP后,格木幼苗叶片中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性均显著高于未施加SNP处理。相关性分析表明,叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、总叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量等指标间均呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）。本研究结果得出,低浓度AlCl₃（0.2 mmol/L）胁迫可促进格木幼苗的生长,添加外源SNP对高浓度AlCl₃（0.8 mmol/L）胁迫格木幼苗产生的毒害具有一定的缓解作用,可在格木幼苗的培育及抗性研究中推广应用。     

不同配比施肥对马尾松幼苗生长特征的影响

为获得马尾松幼苗最佳施肥配方,该文以1年生马尾松幼苗为试验材料,采用L₁₆（4³）正交设计,并通过测定幼苗苗高、地径、生物量、叶绿素含量、叶片N、P、K含量,探讨不同N、P、K配比施肥对马尾松幼苗生长特征影响。结果表明：（1）不同配比施肥处理间马尾松幼苗苗高、地径、生物量、质量指数、叶绿素和养分含量存在显著差异,其中,处理12生物量、质量指数、叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量、隶属值最高。（2）施N对幼苗生长及生理指标均有极显著影响;施K对苗高、地径、地上生物量、总生物量有显著影响,对叶绿素和针叶养分有极显著影响;施P对叶绿素a、叶绿素b、针叶N和P含量有极显著影响,对苗高、地下生物量、总叶绿素含量有显著影响。（3）施N对苗高、地径、地上生物量、总生物量、质量指数、叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量和针叶N含量的影响最大,K次之,P最小。各因素对地下生物量和针叶P含量的影响均表现为N>P>K。（4）N3水平利于幼苗苗高地径的生长及生物量的积累,N4水平利于叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量及针叶N、P含量的积累,P4水平利于生物量、叶绿素含量和养分P含量的积累...     

福建梅花山57种常绿树叶片叶绿素特征分析

选取福建梅花山海拔1200m和455m地区57种常绿植物为研究对象,测定两海拔的植物叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,并计算叶绿素a/b、总叶绿素含量。结果表明:(1)植物叶绿素a、b,叶绿素a+b及叶绿素a/b值大多分布在一个相对集中的区域。(2)多数植物新叶叶绿素含量高于老叶,叶绿素a/b值低于老叶,但是新、老叶无显著差异。(3)不同海拔的植物叶片总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b值有明显差异,低海拔地区明显高于高海拔地区。植物通过总叶绿素含量和a/b值的变化以适应不同环境条件。     

万寿菊属不同品种初花期抗旱特性分析

以万寿菊属(Tagetes)9个品种为试验材料,研究了自然持续干旱胁迫对它们初花期的花最大直径、叶色、旱害指数等形态指标以及叶绿素含量(Chl a+b,Ch a/b)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶片保水力(WHC)、叶片和花的脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标的影响,以揭示其抗旱特性及其生理机制.结果显示:(1)持续6d干旱胁迫条件下,万寿菊9个品种花的最大直径显著降低,叶绿素含量和相对含水量均呈明显下降趋势.(2)万寿菊叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均呈上升趋势;而花的脯氨酸含量持续上升,可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,但可溶性糖含量变化趋势复杂.(3)万寿菊旱害指数与其叶片相对含水量、叶绿素总含量、叶片和花的脯氨酸含量、叶片可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著相关.研究表明,抗旱性强的品种可以通过调节自身的渗透调节物质含量减轻干旱伤害;9个品种初花期抗旱性强弱依次为:珍妮>金门>鸿运>拳王>巨人>发现>小英雄>大英雄>迪阿哥.     

CO2 浓度升高对两种沈阳城市森林树种光合特性的影响

利用开顶式气室, 研究了CO2浓度升高条件下城市森林主要树种油松(Pinus tabulaefomis)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)主要光合特性的变化。结果表明, 整个生长季, CO2浓度升高(700 mmol.mol-1)条件下2树种叶片的净光合速率、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白含量均接近或高于相应对照(自然CO2浓度)值, 但不同树种增加的幅度不同; 而2树种的叶绿素含量和Chl a/Chl b值对CO2浓度升高反应不一, 表现为CO2浓度升高条件下油松的叶绿素含量较对照值高, Chl a/Chl b值降低, 银杏的叶绿素含量为前期升高, 后期降低, Chl a/Chl b值变化与之正好相反, 说明城市森林组成树种对CO2浓度升高的响应具有复杂性。CO2浓度升高条件下, 两树种均未发生光合适应现象。     

Mulberry Leaf Metabolism under High Temperature Stress

Effects of high temperature on the activity of photosynthetic enzymes and leaf proteins were studied in mulberry (Morus alba L. cv. BC2-59). A series of experiments were conducted at regular intervals (120, 240 and 360 min) to characterize changes in activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), photosystem 2 (PS 2) activity, chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid (Car), starch, sucrose (Suc), amino acid, free proline, protein and nucleic acid contents in leaves under high temperature (40 °C) treatments. High temperature markedly reduced the activities of RuBPC and SPS in leaf extracts. Chl content and PS 2 activity in isolated chloroplasts were also affected by high temperature, particularly over 360 min treatment. Increased leaf temperature affected sugar metabolism through reductions in leaf starch content and sucrose-starch balance. While total soluble protein content decreased under heat, total amino acid content increased. Proline accumulation (1.5-fold) was noticed in high temperature-stressed leaves. A reduction in the contents of foliar nitrogen and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) was also noticed. SDS-PAGE protein profile showed few additional proteins (68 and 85 kDa) in mulberry plants under heat stress compared to control plants. Our results clearly suggest that mulberry plants are very sensitive to high temperature with particular reference to the photosynthetic carbon metabolism.     

Effects of lead and kinetin on the growth, and some physiological components of safflower

Pollution of the root environment with excess of Pb retarded shoot growth, decreased chlorophyll (Chl) content and reduced Chl stability (CSI) to heat. Plants growing in Pb polluted soil accumulated much more free amino acids and less soluble sugars than the control plants. Stability of leaf membranes to heat (51 °C) or dehydration stresses (40% polyethylene glycol, 6000) decreased in response to Pb pollution where the membranes of leaf discs excised from Pb-treated plants were damaged more than those taken from plants growing in Pb free soil. Supplying kinetin ameliorated the deleterious effects of Pb pollution on the parameters tested. Kinetin-treated plants had higher Chl, soluble sugars content and produced more biomass in their shoots. Also, kinetin increased leaf membrane stability especially in Pb-treated plants, effectively protected chlorophyll degradation by heat and increased Chl a and b stability index; the most effective concentration was 10 mg L^–1. The effects of Pb and kinetin as well as their interaction (Pb × Kin) on the parameters tested were statistically significant. Applied kinetin had a dominant role (as indicated by ²) in affecting shoot growth, soluble sugars, Chl a and b contents, stability of leaf membranes to dehydration stress as well as the Chl stability index. Pb had a dominant role on total free amino acids (TAA) and leaf relative water content (RWC). The interaction between Kin × Pb influenced the stability of leaf membranes to heat stress in a major way.     

热带次生林不同林层植物叶片非结构性碳水化合物的季节变化及其对氮磷添加的响应

非结构性碳水化合物(Non-structural Carbohydrates, NSCs)是植物生长代谢过程中重要的能量来源。通过在华南热带次生林进行氮磷添加试验,探究不同林层植物叶片NSCs的季节变化及其对氮磷添加的响应,取样时间为2019年1月、4月、7月和10月。结果表明:1)植物叶片NSCs存在显著的种间差异,磷(P)添加对叶片淀粉和NSCs含量具有显著影响,且物种与磷添加的交互作用显著影响叶片淀粉含量。2)黑嘴蒲桃和紫玉盘叶片NSCs含量对氮(N)添加的响应较为敏感,而白车和竹节叶片NSCs含量对P添加的响应较为敏感,氮磷同时添加(+NP)对植物叶片NSCs的增效作用最好。3)植物叶片NSCs存在显著的季节性变化,且季节与林层间的交互作用对叶片可溶性糖和NSCs含量具有显著影响。4)不同林层植物对氮磷添加的响应不同,氮磷添加使林下层植物叶片可溶性糖含量增高,林冠层降低,在干季,N添加会使林下层植物叶片淀粉含量增高,林冠层降低。P添加的影响恰好与之相反。在湿季,氮磷添加使林下层和林冠层植物叶片的淀粉含量增加。5)林冠层植物叶片NSCs含量高于林下层,且林下层植物叶片NSCs含量...     

Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of C3 plants

Summary The photosynthetic capacity of leaves is related to the nitrogen content primarily bacause the proteins of the Calvin cycle and thylakoids represent the majority of leaf nitrogen. To a first approximation, thylakoid nitrogen is proportional to the chlorophyll content (50 mol thylakoid N mol^-1 Chl). Within species there are strong linear relationships between nitrogen and both RuBP carboxylase and chlorophyll. With increasing nitrogen per unit leaf area, the proportion of total leaf nitrogen in the thylakoids remains the same while the proportion in soluble protein increases. In many species, growth under lower irradiance greatly increases the partitioning of nitrogen into chlorophyll and the thylakoids, while the electron transport capacity per unit of chlorophyll declines. If growth irradiance influences the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen content, predicting nitrogen distribution between leaves in a canopy becomes more complicated. When both photosynthetic capacity and leaf nitrogen content are expressed on the basis of leaf area, considerable variation in the photosynthetic capacity for a given leaf nitrogen content is found between species. The variation reflects different strategies of nitrogen partitioning, the electron transport capacity per unit of chlorophyll and the specific activity of RuBP carboxylase. Survival in certain environments clearly does not require maximising photosynthetic capacity for a given leaf nitrogen content. Species that flourish in the shade partition relatively more nitrogen into the thylakoids, although this is associated with lower photosynthetic capacity per unit of nitrogen.     

Increases of chlorophyll a/b ratios during acclimation of tropical woody seedlings to nitrogen limitation and high light

According to the theory of optimal nitrogen partitioning within a leaf, the chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio is expected to increase when leaf N content decreases. Here, we report the first empirical support for this prediction. The Chl a/b ratio increased while Chl content decreased in response to N limitation in photosynthetic cotyledons and leaves of seedlings of four tropical woody species in the Bignoniaceae. The responses of all four species were in the same direction, but differed in magnitude. For Tabebuia rosea, the species that exhibited the greatest increase in Chl a/b ratios (up to values of 5.9), detailed photosynthetic characteristics were also examined. Light and N availability were positively correlated with the light- and CO2-saturated photosynthetic O2 evolution rate, as well as with leaf carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and electron transport rate (Vj). Severe N limitation and high light did not cause chronic photo-inhibition (i.e. no change in quantum yield or in dark-acclimated Fv/Fm). The observed change in the ratio of Vcmax to leaf N in response to N availability was consistent with likely functional reasons for change in the Chl a/b ratio. Adjustment of the Chl a/b ratio was apparently an integral feature of acclimation to high light conditions and low N availability.     

Inductive responses of some organic metabolites for osmotic homeostasis in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings during salt stress

The salt tolerance of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings was evaluated by analyzing growth, nutrient uptake, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and alterations in levels of some organic metabolites under NaCl stress. The plant height, leaf area and plant biomass decreased significantly in salt-treated seedlings as compared with control. The relative water content (RWC %) of leaf decreased by 16 % at high concentrations of NaCl. There was an increase in the lipid peroxidation level and decrease in the electrolyte leakage at high concentrations of NaCl. The total free amino acid and proline contents of leaf increased by 5.5- and 43-folds, respectively in 150 mM NaCl-treated plants as compared with control. Total sugar and starch content increased significantly at high concentrations of NaCl. Chl a, Chl b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased significantly at high salinity. Na⁺ contents of leaf, stem and root increased in dose-dependent manner. K⁺ content remained unaffected in leaf and root and decreased in stem by salinity. The results from present study reveal that the peanut plants have an efficient adaptive mechanism to tolerate high salinity by maintaining adequate leaf water status associated with growth restriction. In order to circumvent the stress resulting from high salinity, the levels of some organic metabolites such as total free amino acids, proline, total sugars and starch were elevated. The elevated levels of the organic metabolites may possibly have some role in maintenance of osmotic homeostasis, nutrient uptake and adequate tissue water status in peanut seedlings under high-salinity conditions.