综述——新型纳米生物材料的研发：聚乙二醇化磷脂胶束的纳米结构与功能

梁伟等采用一步自组装法制备粒径在20 nm左右、具有核-壳结构的聚乙二醇化磷脂(PEG-PE)胶束,药物装载后对胶束的粒径无明显影响,但显著提高了胶束的体内外稳定性,被装载的药物主要分布在胶束的核-壳界面处．研究表明药物的理化性质决定了其与载体之间的组装机制及体外药物释放的特性．在不影响细胞膜的完整性及通透性的情况下,PEG-PE胶束通过插膜提高了细胞膜的流动性,进而促进小分子药物的翻转过膜,增加药物的入胞量．与游离药物相比,装载化疗药的胶束可增强药物对肿瘤组织的渗透能力,显著抑制动物皮下移植瘤的生长,延长动物的生存时间．PEG-PE胶束还通过增加药物在淋巴组织中的分布,降低了动物转移模型中的淋巴转移,相应地减少了肿瘤的肺部转移．PEG-PE为美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准的可用于人体的药物载体材料,具有良好的生物相容性与安全性．因此,PEG-PE胶束作为药物载体具有广阔的发展前景．     

胶束化色胺酮的制备及表征

目的通过制备胶束化色胺酮,增加色胺酮的溶解度,并进一步提高其生物利用度。方法:以酸敏感的腙键连接聚乙二醇和色胺酮,并通过透析法,将聚乙二醇化色胺酮进一步制备成胶束。用动态光散射法测定胶束的粒径分布用透射电镜观察胶束的形貌。通过芘荧光探针法测定胶束的临界胶束浓度。测定胶束在不同pH下的药物释放情况(pH5.5和7.4)。采用薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法研究腙键的断裂行为。通过CCK-8法比较生理pH和酸性pH下,色胺酮和聚乙二醇化色胺酮胶束(PTMs)对MCF-7细胞的体外细胞毒性。结果:与色氨酸相比,PTMs的溶解度提高了1493倍。制备的胶束粒径为228.8 nm,PDI为0.1,形貌为球形。PTMs的临界胶束浓度为3.5×10^-7mol/L,较低的CMC值表明制备的胶束稳定性高,便于进一步使用。腙键可在酸性条件下发生断裂,且在pH 5.5下,12 h内95%的色胺酮从胶束中释放,而在生理pH下(pH 7.4),药物释放缓慢。在生理条件下胶束的细胞毒性低于色胺酮,说明胶束化色胺酮可降低药物毒性及胶束在生理条件下有一定的稳定性。而在pH 5.5时,色胺酮胶束与色胺酮的细胞毒性相近表明胶束可响应肿瘤细胞内的低pH值成功实现药物释放。结论:胶束化色胺酮不仅能有效改善色胺酮的溶解度,有利于进一步提高其生物利用度,而且是一种很有应用前景的肿瘤靶向前药。     

姜黄素共聚物胶束的制备与体外细胞毒评价

目的:制备一种姜黄素共聚物胶束以提高姜黄素的水溶性及其抗肿瘤活性。方法:采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备了载姜黄素的共聚物胶束(Cur/PTL1胶束),对其粒径、载药量、包封率和体外药物释放行为进行了考察;并采用MTT法考察了PTL1空白胶束和Cur/PTL1胶束的体外细胞毒作用。结果:制备了粒径在40 nm左右的载姜黄素共聚物胶束,载药量为9.78±0.29%,包封率为97.24±2.68%。体外药物释放实验表明,游离姜黄素在24 h内的药物累积释放率达到90%以上,而Cur/PTL1胶束在24 h内药物累积释放率为23.8%,能够持续释放14天,14天内累积释放率为85.9%,具有一定的缓释能力。MTT实验结果表明,当PTL1空白胶束浓度达到1 mg/mL时,细胞的存活率仍在90%以上;Cur/PTL1胶束组IC50为4.73±0.23μg/mL,游离姜黄素组IC50为6.42±0.35μg/mL。结论:实验结果表明,Cur/PTL1胶束可以作为一种有前景的纳米药物输送系统。     

万古霉素脂质体的制备及质量考察

目的:制备万古霉素脂质体并考察其质量.方法:采用薄膜分散冻干法制备万古霉素脂质体,透射电镜观察其粒径分布,通过紫外分光光度法测定包封率和体外释要特性.结果:透射电镜结果显示脂质体粒径大小均匀,测得平均包封率为79.23%±4.13%,体外释放度实验结果提示,振荡24h后,约有65%的万古霉素药物从脂质体释放出来,体外抑菌试验显示,6周后仍然有抑菌圈的形成.结论:薄膜分散冻干法适于制备万古霉素脂质体,该制剂稳定性好,粒径大小均匀,包封率高,具有体外缓慢释药的特性.     

阿霉素脂质体的制备及其体外抗肿瘤活性的初步研究

目的:应用超声波分散法制备脂质体阿霉素,并比较脂质体阿霉素与游离性阿霉素抗肿瘤活性。方法:以卵磷脂和胆固醇为原料,将阿霉素包封于脂质体中,采用超声分散法制备脂质体阿霉素,对其在290-700nm范围内进行紫外扫描,用SephedexG-50柱分离脂质体阿霉素并计算其包封率。以昆明种小鼠为载体建立肿瘤模型(S180型肉瘤)和细胞荧光染色法研究脂质体阿霉素的抗肿瘤活性,以ZITA SIZER3000型表面电位与粒度测定仪测定其粒径分布。结果:脂质体阿霉素在480nm处有最大吸收峰值,包封率达91.3%,细胞荧光染色显示,脂质体及游离型阿霉素均对S180细胞有明显的抑制作用。结论:此法制备的脂质体阿霉素包封率高,粒径分布集中,脂质体阿霉素较游离型阿霉素有较强的抗肿瘤活性剂及较低的细胞毒作用,对阿霉素的临床应用有一定的参考价值。     

盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体的制备及其质量考察

目的:制备盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体并考察其理化特性。方法:采用薄膜挤压-硫酸铵梯度法制备盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体,透射电镜及激光粒度分析仪分别观察和检测其粒径大小及分布,通过紫外分光光度法测定包封率及评估体外释药试验。结果:制备的盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体包封率达83.6%±2.37%,粒径103.5±26nm且分布均匀。24h体外释放实验结果提示约有66.5%的盐酸洛拉曲克从脂质体释放出来。结论:新制备的盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体粒径大小均匀,包封率尚有提高空间,具有体外缓慢释药的特性。     

盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体的制备及其质量考察

目的：制备盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体并考察其理化特性。方法：采用薄膜挤压-硫酸铵梯度法制备盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体,透射电镜及激光粒度分析仪分别观察和检测其粒径大小及分布,通过紫外分光光度法测定包封率及评估体外释药试验。结果：制备的盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体包封率达83.6%±2.37%,粒径103.5±26nm且分布均匀。24h体外释放实验结果提示约有66.5%的盐酸洛拉曲克从脂质体释放出来。结论：新制备的盐酸洛拉曲克脂质体粒径大小均匀,包封率尚有提高空间,具有体外缓慢释药的特性。     

载阿霉素PLGA纳米微球的制备及性质研究

目的:制备新型癌症化疗制剂载阿霉素(Adriamycin)、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米微球(ADM-PLGA-NP),研究其性质及体外释药特点。方法:以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物为包封材料,阿霉素为模型药物,采用复乳蒸发法制备ADM-PLGA-NP,扫描电镜观察微球形态,激光粒度分析仪检测粒径分布,紫外分光光度法计算载药率及包封率,体外药物释放实验考察微球对ADM的缓释作用。结果:ADM-PLGA-NP外观呈球形,平均粒径约(237±12.7)nm,载药量及包封率分别为(6.42±1.67)%和(53.82±8.34)%,药物在体外缓慢释放,5 d累积释放量达85%。结论:通过复乳蒸发法制备的ADM-PLGA-NP性质稳定,具有药物缓释性,有望成为一种新型的药物化疗载体。     

载HCPT纳米粒的制备及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:制备载羟基喜树碱(HCPT)的PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA纳米粒(HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA),并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行研究。方法:采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA,通过单因素试验考察超声功率、聚合物浓度、PVA浓度、水相和油相体积比及投药量对纳米粒粒径的影响;采用zeta电位及激光粒度分析仪测定纳米粒的粒径及zeta电位,用透射电镜(TEM)观察其形态;采用透析法评价HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA的体外释药特性;采用MTT法测定HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA对HepG2细胞的细胞毒性。结果:HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA平均粒径约为109±3 nm,zeta电位为-11.57 mV,载药量为5.6%,TEM显示其为球形;体外释药结果表明HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA对HCPT的释放具有p H值依赖性;HCPT和HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA的IC50值分别为474.6 ng/mL和286.0 ng/mL。结论:HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA体外释药性能良好,HCPT@PLGA-hyd-PEG-FA的细胞毒性明显大于游离的HCPT,值得进一步研究。     

氟维司群纳米聚合物胶束的制备与表征

目的:本文目的是制备氟维司群纳米聚合物胶束,并对其体外特性进行表征。方法:采用生物可降解材料甲氧基聚乙二醇-b-聚D,L-丙交酯(m PEG-b-PDLLA),并用固体分散法制备氟维司群聚合物胶束。利用透射电子显微镜与马尔文激光粒度测定仪分析胶束的形态与粒径。用X射线单晶体衍射仪定性测试胶束包封性。建立并验证氟维司群高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法,定量测定胶束载药量与包封率。采用透析袋法分析胶束体外释放情况。结果:氟维司群聚合物胶束形态圆整、分散均匀无粘连,粒径为89.97±4.33 nm,多分散指数为0.162±0.023,载药量与包封率达8.95%±0.86%与97.25%±0.86%。胶束释药具有明显的缓释特点。结论:成功制备氟维司群胶束并显著提高其水溶性,表现良好的缓释行为,能够开发为氟维司群的新型纳米制剂。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.