麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物的行为反应

用四臂嗅觉计测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi对小麦植株挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物的行为反应,揭示了2种麦蚜的嗅觉及小麦植株的诱导防御反应特点.在所选的13种小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物组分中,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯对这2种蚜虫表现出强的驱拒作用;反-2-己烯醛对麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅蚜的吸引作用最强;反-2-己烯醇对禾谷缢管蚜的无翅蚜吸引作用最强,反-3-己酰醋酸酯对禾谷缢管蚜有翅蚜的吸引作用最强.说明麦蚜取食能诱导小麦植株的防御反应,麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜及其不同蚜型间嗅觉反应的特点不同.     

小麦不同品种上麦蚜及其天敌的数量变动

试验结果表明小麦品种 (系 )的抗性对麦蚜种群数量影响很大 ,百株蚜量随着小麦品种抗性增强而下降。而同一小麦品种对不同种蚜虫的抗性存在质的差异 ,铭贤 1 69品种 ,蚜高峰期百株蚜量麦长管蚜 63 0头 ,禾谷缢管蚜只有 1 1 5头 ,两者相差 5 5倍。另一方面 ,小麦品种抗性对麦田天敌的种群数量影响不大 ,而对天敌的发生期有些影响。因此 ,小麦品种抗性、天敌对麦蚜的自然控制能力 ,可把小麦中后期的蚜虫虫口密度控制在经济损失允许水平之下。     

小麦品种对麦蚜主要生命参数影响的研究

选用经田间鉴定抗蚜性表现不同的１０个小麦品种,在室内外较系统地研究了其对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜存活、生长发育和生殖的影响,分析了室内外试验结果的相关性．结果表明,小麦品种的抗生性并不能造成若蚜个体的直接死亡,但对若蚜发育历期、成蚜寿命和产仔数影响显著,差异均达极显著水平或显著水平．其中对两种蚜虫若蚜发育历期的影响室内外表现了较好的一致性,可作为小麦品种抗蚜性鉴定的主要指标;其次是对成蚜产仔数的影响,禾谷缢管蚜室内外试验结果比较的吻合性也较好     

不同营养层次挥发物对燕麦蚜茧蜂寄主搜寻行为的影响

“Ｙ”型管嗅觉计及风洞测定试验明,小麦植株,麦长管蚜（Sitobion avenae),禾谷缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi)对燕麦蚜蜂（Aphidius avenae)雌蜂的吸引作用较小,而有蚜植株及蚜害植株对其吸引作用较大,并以麦长管蚜有蚜植株的吸引作用最强,尽管该蜂对禾谷缢管蚜的寄生率极你,工作量 由其危害诱导产生的挥发性信息化僵物对该蜂仍具有较强的吸引作用,GC－MS鉴定结果表明,麦蚜取食诱导的挥发性信息化合物主要是2－莰烯,6－甲基－5－已烯－2－酮,顺－3－已酰酸酯有水杨酸甲酯,其中6－甲基－5－已烯－2－酮和6－甲基－5－已烯－2－醇对燕麦蚜划蜂的吸引作用最强,水杨酸酯无明显吸引作用。     

主要抗蚜小麦品种(系)的抗性类型及其生化抗性机制

通过对10个抗麦蚜品种(系)室内苗期生命参数、抗性类型和抗蚜次生物质的研究,明确了不同抗性级别的品种对麦蚜种群控制力及部分生化抗蚜机制。实验结果表明,参试的抗蚜品种(系)中30%左右为不选择性：表现为爬行频繁,定殖率低,但是定殖个体生长发育良好;70%为抗生性;表现为使麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)和禾谷缢管蚜只Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)的发育历期分别延长2.1%～28.2%和3.7%～13.9%,若蚜死亡率增加1.0～3.6倍和1.0～2.25倍,平均寿命缩短10.2%～96.5%和37.5～97,1%,繁殖力下降3.4%～72.8%和25%～97.2%。苗期生化测定结果表明：不同抗源的单宁和总酚含量明显高于感蚜品种,其总酚含量与抗麦长管蚜级别呈显著负相关,以抗生性为主的品种其总酚含量亦与麦长管蚜的内禀增长力(r_m)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明总酚是小麦抗长管蚜的关键因子之一,而与禾谷缢管蚜抗性水平无关;单宁含量与麦蚜抗性关系不密切。     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应

采用活体蚜虫测定法,利用EAG技术比较分析了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi有翅及无翅成蚜对小麦挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物组分的嗅觉反应,揭示了两种麦蚜的嗅觉变异特点。结果表明：麦长管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-2-己烯醛、反-2-己烯醇、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2醇的反应较强,禾谷缢管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-3-己烯乙酸酯、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应较强,并得到了剂量反应曲线。麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、反-2-己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯的反应差异显著;禾谷缢管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对反-2-己烯醇、辛醛、里那醇、水杨酸甲酯和反-3-己烯乙酸酯的EAG反应差异显著,其原因与禾谷缢管蚜迁移及转主为害的生物学特性有关。     

我国小麦抗麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)研究概况

麦长管蚜是我国小麦的重要害虫之一。选育和种植抗虫品种是防治麦长管蚜的理想方法。本文就我国小麦抗麦长管蚜种质资源筛选、抗性机制和小麦品种对麦蚜种群动态影响等方面的研究进展进行了概括,同时指出今后应加强小麦抗麦长管蚜基因的研究。     

七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜控制作用的模拟研究

应用二次回归旋转组合设计方法研究了七星瓢虫成虫、幼虫与两种麦蚜共存系统中瓢虫对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的捕食量模型.结果表明七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜的捕食量随着瓢虫密度的增加而减少,随着该种麦蚜密度的增加而增加,且七星瓢虫无选择性.七星瓢虫不同个体间的干扰作用对其捕食麦长管蚜数量有显著影响,两种麦蚜数交互作用对七星瓢虫捕食禾谷缢管蚜数量影响显著.该模型可用来预测田间蚜虫的变化,指导麦田蚜虫防治.     

基于EPG的麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食行为比较

麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius),麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)虽然都取食小麦,但其取食部位、传毒能力均有差异。利用EPG研究了3种麦蚜在同一寄主植物上的取食行为,结果显示:(1)禾谷缢管蚜在取食过程中G波出现的时间最早,G波总的持续时间和每次刺探G波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜。麦长管蚜第1次E1波的时间、E1波总的持续时间和每次刺探E1波的平均持续时间都明显比麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜要长。麦二叉蚜E2波总的持续时间和每次刺探E2波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜。表明3种蚜虫各自拥有不同取食策略。禾谷缢管蚜比其它两种蚜虫需要更多的水分和无机盐,麦长管蚜通过分泌大量唾液增大对食物的利用率,麦二叉蚜通过增加韧皮部取食时间以满足对营养的需要。(2)刺探过程中麦二叉蚜pd波出现的次数为(51.97±7.82)次,高于麦长管蚜的(44.73±4.52)次和禾谷缢管蚜的(32.99±4.22)次。麦二叉蚜pd波Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3亚波的时间最长,禾谷缢管蚜最短,三者之间差异达显著水平。表明与其它两种麦蚜相比,麦二叉蚜在取食过程中口针与细胞间的接触频率更高,与细胞内获毒和传毒相关的Ⅱ-3波和Ⅱ-2波持续时间更长,增加了获毒和传毒的几率,是其传毒能力最强的机理。     

玉米感染小麦黄矮病（BYDV）初步研究

经研究玉米可被小麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)感染症状与小麦黄矮病类似;以禾谷缢蚜传播能力最强,麦长管蚜、麦二岔蚜和玉米缢蚜亦可传毒;病毒分离物属于小麦黄矮病毒主流株系(麦二岔蚜/禾谷缢蚜株系(GPV类群);与小麦黄矮病的田间相互传病现象明显。     

Expression of the insecticidal lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) in transgenic wheat plants: effects on predation by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae

Transgenic wheat plants containing the gene encoding snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) under the control of constitutive and phloem-specific promoters were generated through the particle bombardment method. Thirty-two independently derived plants were subjected to molecular and biochemical analyses. Transgene integration varied from one to twelve estimated copies per haploid genome, and levels of GNA expression from 0 to ca. 0.2% of total soluble protein were observed in different transgenic plants. Seven transgenic plants were selected for further study. Progeny plants from these parental transformants were selected for transgene expression, and tested for enhanced resistance to the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) by exposing the plants to nymphal insects under glasshouse conditions. Bioassay results show that transgenic wheat plants from lines expressing GNA at levels greater than ca. 0.04% of total soluble protein decrease the fecundity, but not the survival, of grain aphids. We propose that transgenic approaches using insecticidal genes such as gna in combination with integrated pest management present promising opportunities for the control of damaging wheat pests.     

麦蚜及其天敌生态位的初步研究

本研究分析了麦蚜及其天敌生态位的概貌．结果表明两种麦蚜以黍缢管蚜生态位宽度较广（B=0．7284）;麦长管蚜生态位宽度较窄(B=0．6264);麦长管蚜与黍缢管蚜存在生态位重叠（L=0．6497）．在天敌群落中生态位宽度依次为食蚜蝇>飘虫>蚜茧蜂>蜘蛛>食虫蝽。天敌之间亦存在生态位重叠．五类天敌与麦长管蚜的生态位重叠均值高于与黍缢管蚜的均值．即天敌对麦长管蚜的空间跟随,控制作用越大．     

麦蚜种间竞争研究初报

麦蚜是小麦的主要害虫之一,不仅直接为害小麦,且传播黄矮病。不同地区,麦蚜发生程度及其优势种不同;同一地区,在小麦不同的生育期麦蚜优势种也会发生变化。有关这方     

用基因枪法将人工雄性不育基因导入小麦的研究初报

利用ＰＤＳ１０００／氦气基因枪将人工构建的雄性不育基因（ＴＡ２９－Ｂａｒｎａｓｅ基因）导入小麦栽培品种豫责１８号的幼胚细胞。然后在含有１０～２０ｍｇ／Ｌ除草剂Ｂａｓｔａ的培养基础上筛选与分化。从１７０个幼胚中获得６株绿苗,对照的７０个幼胚中未得到绿苗。对其中３株已生根且长势好的绿苗进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交分析,结果表明,这３株绿苗皆为转基因植株,转化效率达１．８％。     

农杆菌介导的半夏凝集素基因(Pinellia Ternate Agglutinin Gene,pta)对小麦的遗传转化及鉴定

以甘肃主要推广春小麦品种陇春22幼胚为转基因受体材料,建立了农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化体系。以预培养4天的幼胚愈伤组织为受体,C58c1农杆菌菌株为供体,将含有半夏凝集素基因的重组质粒pBIpta转入了小麦,经G418 25 mg/L抗性筛选、PCR检测和荧光定量PCR检测共获得转基因植株3株,外源基因的插入拷贝数分别为2、1、3。同时对转基因小麦的T₁代植株进行了PCR检测和抗虫性分析,表明半夏凝集素基因在转基因植株的后代中得到了遗传并有一定的抗蚜虫作用。     

Patterns of resistance to three cereal aphids among wheats in the genus Triticum (Poaceae)

Forty-one accessions of wild and cultivated wheats belonging to 19 Triticum species were tested in the field for resistance to three species of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus, Sitobion avenae Fabricius and Schizaphis graminum Rondani. Antibiotic resistance was estimated by the increase in biomass of aphids over 21 days on adult plants. Overall resistance was estimated by the plant biomass lost due to aphid infestation. All three species of aphids survived and reproduced on all wheats, and reduced spike biomass compared to uninfested controls. The level of antibiosis varied among wheat species and among accessions, with accessions from three, five and one species showing antibiosis to R. padi, S. avenae and S. graminum, respectively. Overall resistance to the three aphid species was observed in five to seven accessions per aphid species. Resistance was usually specific to one aphid species. The frequency of accessions with antibiosis or overall resistance was associated with the ploidy level of the plant species. Except for overall resistance to R. padi, resistance was highest for diploid species and lowest for hexaploid species. No consistent relationship between resistance and level of domestication was detected. Accessions of the wild wheats, Triticum boeoticum Bois, Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. and Triticum araraticum Jakubz. exhibited high levels of resistance to aphids, as did Triticum monococcum L. which is derived from T. boeoticum. Nevertheless, individual susceptible or resistant accessions occurred at all levels within the evolutionary tree of wheat.     

Discovery of English grain aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotypes in China

The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important pest insect of wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), in China. Grain aphid biotypes are necessary to breed aphid-resistant wheat varieties; however, none have currently been identified. Here, we describe a method to identify grain aphid biotypes and survey the aphid biotype variation in the wheat growth area of China. Clones of S. avenae were collected from 11 locations in China and used to establish culture populations. These populations were then used to assess the resistance of 12 wheat varieties. Based on resistance responses, seven differential hosts were selected to identify the biotype of S. avenae: Amigo, 'Fengchan No. 3', Zhong 4 wumang, JP1, L1, 885479-2, and 'Xiaobaidongmai'. S. avenae was ultimately classified into five biotypes: EGA I, EGA II, EGA III, EGA IV, and EGA V. These methods provide a mechanism to detect the variation and evolution of grain aphids in different wheat-growing locations and also allow for selection of appropriate aphid-resistant germplasm for wheat breeding of commercial wheat cultivars.