酸雨作用下的森林冠层盐基离子(Ca2+,Mg2+,K+)淋洗

在韶山针阔叶混交林中设立了10个30 m×30 m的样方,对1年中各个季节的森林截留沉降、降雨后树冠层总滤出量、盐基离子滤出量以及树冠层对H+和NH4+的摄入量进行了分析和估算.韶山森林湿沉降成分中以Ca2+为主,Mg2+,K+含量较低.树冠层盐基离子总滤出量中Ca2+最高,达到155.34 mmo1 m-2a-1,Mg2+最低,为30.74mmol m-2a-1,K+居中,为84.13 mmol m-2a-1.Ca2+的大量滤出表明它是树冠层缓冲降水酸度的主要介质,同时也表明酸雨对韶山森林的潜在危害,其在总滤出量中的比重的季节变化是夏(58.4%)＞春(54.1%)＞冬(51.4%)＞秋(32.5%).盐基离子的滤出量以冬→春→夏→秋依次递减,但是树冠层季节摄入NH4的量在30-100mmo1 m-2而对H+的摄入量则在30-180 mmol m-2.     

湖南韶山森林复合冠层沉降化学

在韶山森林设立了 1 0个 30m× 30m的样方 ,研究了 1年中各个季节的二维结构冠层在酸雨作用下各离子的净沉降及森林地表接收的总酸沉降的变化。结果表明 ,来源于树冠层叶中营养离子的洗脱与大气中含钙颗粒物质的Ca2 + 的净沉降在乔木冠层和灌木亚冠层都为正 ,Mg2 + 除了在生长季节外 ,其冠层仍有较明显的滤出现象 ,K+ 在乔木冠层树冠的大量的滤出与灌木亚冠层的摄入形成明显对比。SO42 -,NO3 -,Cl-在秋冬两季树冠层均有较强的洗脱现象 ,而海洋输送则成为Cl-的另外一个重要来源。总酸沉降结果表明 ,盐基离子中Ca2 + 在春夏两季沉降量最大 ,Mg2 + 的沉降则以秋冬两季的量最高 ,K+ 的最大沉降量出现在秋季。     

南亚热带三种主要森林降雨及其再分配过程中的养分差异规律

马尾松林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林是南亚热带鼎湖山地区由演替初期到成熟森林过程的典型代表,对3种林地的降雨量及其再分配过程进行观测,并测定该过程中养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)浓度。结果表明,大气降雨经过冠层再分配后,除Ca外,各养分浓度在穿透雨和树干流中都有所增加,树干流增加的幅度更大。穿透雨中Ca元素浓度低于大气降水,这一现象在3种林型均有表现。穿透雨和树干流中养分浓度在演替系列上没有显示出一致的规律,但比较不同演替阶段的输入量可以看出,树干流养分输入量随演替进行呈增加趋势。经过冠层作用后,雨水带来的养分输入量大于凋落物分解输入量,这种现象在马尾松林和混交林尤为明显。表明大气降雨不仅促使养分元素从冠层向地表迁移,而且提供了演替初期植物生长所需的重要养分。     

酸雨背景下缙云山典型林分凋落物量和营养元素含量及其释放特征

选取缙云山针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林作为研究对象,对4种林分的凋落物储量和营养元素释放量等进行观测,并应用室内模拟酸雨实验对4种林分凋落物进行淋溶模拟。结果表明:缙云山各林分现存凋落物厚度为1.4～4.5 cm,具有明显的分层结构;林分未分解U层、半分解S层和分解D层现存凋落物量分别为1.97～8.59、2.84～10.18和3.58～17.43 t·hm-2,林分年凋落物量为2.17～9.86 t·hm-2·a-1,凋落物总储量为14.21～32.42 t·hm-2,凋落物分解常数为0.15～0.31,林下凋落物分解95%时所需时间针阔混交林和楠竹林均在10年以上,凋落物分解速率比较缓慢;林下凋落物层营养元素含量以Ca、N为主,Fe、K、Mg次之;凋落物总的营养元素释放率表现为常绿阔叶林(0.80)>灌木林(0.72)>针阔混交林(0.50)>楠竹林(-0.17);与叶片相比,凋落物中N、K、Mn 3种营养元素含量明显降低;为探明酸雨影响营养元素循环的作用机理,对模拟酸雨的离子含量与凋落物淋滤液盐基离子含量进行了分析,其相关性大小表现为楠竹林(相关系数0.895)>针阔混交林(0.826)>灌木(0.700)>常绿阔叶林(0.699),楠竹林凋落物营养元素的淋滤受酸雨影响最大,常绿阔叶林受其影响最弱;推测在这一过程中以凋落物的吸附作用为主。     

森林凋落物淋溶中的溶解有机物与紫外-可见光谱特征

对格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolat)人工林新近凋落物、半分解层(F层)和分解层(H层)凋落物进行室内模拟淋洗实验,研究了凋落物淋溶过程中溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度变化及紫外-可见(UV-Vis.)光谱特征.结果表明,格氏栲和杉木人工林新近凋落物淋出液的DOC浓度较低,F层淋出液的DOC浓度较高;格氏栲凋落物淋出液的DOC浓度基本上随淋溶次数的增加而降低,杉木的则先升后降.淋出液中溶解有机物(DOM)的紫外吸收值均随波长的增加而减小,且UV-Vis.吸收曲线均在200nm附近出现吸收峰,不同来源DOM的E240/E420存在显著差异;同一样品各次淋出液的DOC浓度与E200有很好的线性关系(P2＞0.90),据此,可用E200值估算DOC浓度.     

杨树人工林凋落物养分归还功能研究

对杨树中龄林、成熟林凋落物量、组成特征、季节动态及凋落物中N、P、K、Fe、Ca、Mg含量进行了定位观测和实验测定.结果表明:杨树成熟林的年凋落物量为4.45 t·hm-2·a-1,是中龄林的1.42倍,两者存在显著差异(ρ＜0.05);叶是凋落物的主要形式,分别占中龄林、成熟林总凋落物量的70.1%和81.5%;凋落物量具有明显的季节动态,表现为"双峰"型;成熟林养分归还量是68.4 kg·hm-2·a-1,是中龄林48.96 kg·hm-2·a-1的1.4倍;两林分各养分年归还量的大小顺序为N＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞Fe＞P;杨树成熟林的N、P、Fe、Mg4种元素的利用率大于中龄林的,而K和Ca元素的利用率却相反.     

我国中东部不同气候带成熟林凋落物生产和分解及其与环境因子的关系

在大尺度气候梯度上研究森林凋落物生产分解与气候因子的关系,对于了解森林生态系统碳循环有着重要的作用.在寒温带的黑龙江呼中、温带的吉林长白山、暖温带的北京东灵山、北亚热带的湖北神农架、中亚热带的四川都江堰和浙江古田山,选择典型地带性成熟林,设置72个样地.观测和研究各地点森林凋落物的产量、凋落动态和分解速率,分析三者与环境因子之间的关系,结果表明:不同气候带森林生态系统凋落物年产量为亚热带森林＞暖温带森林＞温带森林＞寒温带森林.随纬度的增加,凋落物产量逐渐减少,凋落物产量与森林类型极显著相关,与年均温显著相关,而与年均降水关系不显著.凋落物生产动态表现为亚热带地区3个类型森林生态系统为双峰型,暖温带、温带、寒温带3个类型森林生态系统为单峰型.凋落物分解速率k表现出了与凋落物产量相似的变化趋势,即随着纬度的增加,分解速率k值逐渐降低,分解速率与年均温极显著相关,与年均降水显著相关.     

神农架巴山冷杉天然林凋落量及养分特征

 研究了湖北神农架巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)天然林凋落物量、凋落物N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量及其归还量。结果表明: 巴山冷杉天然林的年凋落量为5 702.99 kg·hm^–2; 巴山冷杉林的凋落物组成比较丰富, 主要有落叶、落枝、球花、球果和其他5部分, 其中以落叶为多, 占总凋落量的46.00%; 凋落量的月变化模式呈双峰型, 分别在2006年10~11月和2007年4~5月达到峰值; 凋落物养分含量的大小顺序为: N＞K＞Ca＞P＞Mg; N、P、K、Ca、Mg的年归还量分别为: 39.106 3、4.534 6、13.436 7、5.496 5和0.091 1 kg·hm^–2; 就凋落物各组分的养分年归还量而言, 落叶的养分归还量远远大于其余组分的养分归还量, 占总归还量的52.65%。因此, 不论凋落量还是养分归还量, 巴山冷杉林凋落物中的落叶都占绝对优势。     

川西亚高山针叶林树种云杉和冷杉土壤酸碱性差异及其机制

比较了川西亚高山针叶林主要树种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)样地各土层(0—5 cm、5—10cm、10—20 cm)土壤pH值差异,并从两树种养分吸收和养分归还相关累积H~+输入方面探究其差异原因。研究结果表明:云杉样地各土层土壤pH值均显著高于冷杉样地(P0.05);云杉样地地被物累积H~+输入显著低于冷杉样地(P0.05);云杉样地凋落物中P、Mg、N、C平均浓度显著低于冷杉(P0.05),而Ca、C/N、木质素/N、C/P显著高于冷杉样地(P0.05),两树种凋落物中木质素、K平均浓度无显著差异。云杉和冷杉凋落物化学特性主成分分析PC_1、PC_2方差贡献率分别为73.7%和15.6%,累积方差贡献率为89.4%,其中PC_1主要综合Ca、C/P、C/N、木质素/N、P、N、Mg的信息;PC_2主要综合木质素、K、C的信息。各土层土壤pH值均与地被物累积H~+输入显著负相关,与PC_1样本分数显著正相关。研究结论:云杉和冷杉样地土壤pH值存在显著树种差异,且云杉使土壤pH值变大,冷杉使土壤pH值变小,这主要与地被物形成以及凋落物化学特性有关,即与凋落物的量和凋落物分解速率、凋落物养分归还率密切相关。     

亚热带3种树种凋落叶厚度对其分解速率及酶活性的影响

对中国亚热带树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)3个树种在不同凋落物厚度下凋落物分解速率和分解酶活性进行了探究.利用分解网袋法,根据浙江省的平均酸雨水平,在酸雨(pH4.0)条件下设置了凋落物40g、凋落物20g、凋落物10g 3个梯度.结果表明:凋落物分解速率随厚度的增加呈加快的趋势,杉木凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.24、0.27、0.34,香樟凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.25、0.3、0.32,银杏凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.42、0.5、0.58;脲酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,纤维素酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g、凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,蔗糖酶活性表现为:后期凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,凋落物分解过程是多种酶共同作用的结果.     

Base-cation Cycling by Individual Tree Species in Old-growth Forests of Upper Michigan,USA

The influence of individual tree species on base-cation (Ca, Mg, K, Na) distribution and cycling was examined in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) in old-growth northern hardwood – hemlock forests on a sandy, mixed, frigid, Typic Haplorthod over two growing seasons in northwestern Michigan. Base cations in biomass, forest floor, and mineral soil (0–15 cm and 15–40 cm) pools were estimated for five replicated trees of each species; measured fluxes included bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, litterfall, forest-floor leachate, mineralization + weathering, shallow-soil leachate, and deep-soil leachate. The three species differed in where base cations had accumulated within the single-tree ecosystems. Within these three single-tree ecosystems, the greatest quantity of base cations in woody biomass was found in sugar maple, whereas hemlock and basswood displayed the greatest amount in the upper 40 cm of mineral soil. Base-cation pools were ranked: sugar maple > basswood, hemlock in woody biomass; sugar maple, basswood > hemlock in foliage; hemlock > sugar maple, basswood in the forest floor, and basswood > sugar maple, hemlock in the mineral soil. Base-cation fluxes in throughfall, stemflow, the forest-floor leachate, and the deep-soil leachate (2000 only) were ranked: basswood > sugar maple > hemlock. Our measurements suggest that species-related differences in nutrient cycling are sufficient to produce significant differences in base-cation contents of the soil over short time intervals (<65 years). Moreover, these species-mediated differences may be important controls over the spatial pattern and edaphic processes of northern hardwood-hemlock ecosystems in the upper Great Lakes region.     

Exchange of Proton and Major Elements in Two-Layer Canopies Under Acid Rain in a Subtropical Evergreen Forest in Central-South China

Canopy exchanges of H^＋ and N （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N） and other major ions were evaluated and quantified In twolayer canopies based on throughfall measurements in Shaoshan Forest during the period 2000-2002, central-south China, The collected annual rainfall, throughfall, and sub-throughfall were 1 401, 1 191, and 1 084 mm/year, respectively. Fifteen percent and 8% of rainfall （or 9% of throughfall） were intercepted by the top canopy and sub-canopy layers, respectively, The foliar leaching of base cations from the top canopy was significantly higher than that from the sub-canopy, and the latter accounted for 25% of the former. The uptake of H^＋ and NH4^＋ was significantly higher in the top canopy than in the sub-canopy, indicating that the canopy buffering capacity in the top canopy was stronger than the sub-canopy; Mg^2＋ can be absorbed from water flux on the sub-canopy foliar surfaces to compensate for the Mg deficit in the forest soil during the growing season,     

桉树与针叶树、阔叶树生理生化指标季节变化的比较

该文对广西桂林灵田乡桉树、针叶树和阔叶树生理生化季节变化进行了比较研究。结果表明：桉树与其它4个针阔叶树种的生理生化指标因季节更替而呈现不同的变化规律,其中5个树种叶片的比叶面积是在夏季最高、冬季最低,其均值依次为桉树>红锥>黧蒴栲>杉木>马尾松;叶片叶绿素含量为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,总叶绿素含量四季平均值为桉树>黧蒴栲>红锥>杉木>马尾松;叶片可溶性糖含量的季节变化为夏季>春季>冬季>秋季,桉树的平均可溶性糖最高;叶片蛋白质含量都在春季最高、夏季最低,阔叶树种的蛋白质含量显著高于针叶树种,桉树的平均蛋白质含量最高;叶片硝酸还原酶活性顺序为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,桉树的平均硝酸还原酶活性最高。综上所述,在自然生长环境下,这5个树种的生理生化等指标对季节的响应机制不同,但桉树的生理指标大于其他几个树种。这反映了人工种植的桉树具有高生产力和生长优势。     

桂北不同林龄桉树人工林土壤微生物数量和酶活性特征研究

为探讨桉树不同林龄土壤微生物活性的响应特征,该研究采用时空互代法,选择广西北部低山丘陵地区1～5年生桉树人工林为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物、酶活性在不同土层和季节的变化规律。结果表明:(1)土壤微生物和酶活性在土层中有明显的垂直分布特征,均随土层加深而趋于降低,且各土层间差异显著。(2)细菌、放线菌数量随季节的大小顺序为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,真菌的变化规律为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,而酶活性随季节变化表现为夏季、秋季活性较高,春季、冬季活性较低。(3)细菌、真菌、脲酶、过氧化氢酶随林龄增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势,放线菌则呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势,而蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶随林龄的增大趋于增大。(4)林地土壤中三大类群微生物与四种土壤酶之间存在极显著正相关关系,说明土壤微生物与土壤酶活性相互影响,两者之间关系密切,共同影响土壤的质量。综上可知,不同土层土壤微生物和酶活性的季节响应特征差异较大,总体在冬季最低,主要与气温、水分条件、凋落物养分的归还等有关。不同季节、土层、林龄之间的交互作用对土壤微生物和酶活性有显著影响。     

Shifts in controls on the temporal coherence of throughfall chemical flux in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA

Major ion and mercury (Hg) inputs to terrestrial ecosystems include both wet and dry deposition (total deposition). Estimating total deposition to sensitive receptor sites is hampered by limited information regarding its spatial heterogeneity and seasonality. We used measurements of throughfall flux, which includes atmospheric inputs to forests and the net effects of canopy leaching or uptake, for ten major ions and Hg collected during 35 time periods in 1999–2005 at over 70 sites within Acadia National Park, Maine to (1) quantify coherence in temporal dynamics of seasonal throughfall deposition and (2) examine controls on these patterns at multiple scales. We quantified temporal coherence as the correlation between all possible site pairs for each solute on a seasonal basis. In the summer growing season and autumn, coherence among pairs of sites with similar vegetation was stronger than for site-pairs that differed in vegetation suggesting that interaction with the canopy and leaching of solutes differed in coniferous, deciduous, mixed, and shrub or open canopy sites. The spatial pattern in throughfall hydrologic inputs across Acadia National Park was more variable during the winter snow season, suggesting that snow re-distribution affects net hydrologic input, which consequently affects chemical flux. Sea-salt corrected calcium concentrations identified a shift in air mass sources from maritime in winter to the continental industrial corridor in summer. Our results suggest that the spatial pattern of throughfall hydrologic flux, dominant seasonal air mass source, and relationship with vegetation in winter differ from the spatial pattern of throughfall flux in these solutes in summer and autumn. The coherence approach applied here made clear the strong influence of spatial heterogeneity in throughfall hydrologic inputs and a maritime air mass source on winter patterns of throughfall flux. By contrast, vegetation type was the most important influence on throughfall chemical flux in summer and autumn.     

广州市森林土壤水化学和元素收支平衡研究

为了探讨酸沉降对森林生态系统的影响,于1998年4月至1999年3月对广州市3个不同林分试验点的降雨,林内穿透雨和土壤渗透水进行了物理量测定和化学分析,据此计划了元素的收支平衡,研究表明：（1）SO4^2-和Ca^2 是土壤水中最主要的阴,阳离子,土壤水中的主要组分浓度的变化与树冠和凋落物淋溶的贡献以及土壤中一系列物理化学过程（如硝化作用,吸附作用,阳离子交换反应）有关;（2）土壤水中H^ 和Al^3 浓度的增高是土壤酸化的重要指标,可能对森林植被构成潜在危害;（3）S－沉降（＞110kg/hm^2.a)可能不是目前土壤酸化的主要原因,也没引起土壤中碱性离子的大量淋失,由于研究区土壤有较强的吸附So4^2-的能力和容量,So4^2-和与之关系密切的Ca,Mg,K等元素在土壤中处于积累阶段;（4）过量的N沉降（＞20kg/hm^2.a)和NH4^ 的硝化 作用是广州市森林土壤进一步酸化的主要原因,由于该地区NOx排放量逐年上升,因此N沉降对森林生态系统的负面影响会进一步加剧。     

Effects of forest clear-cutting on the sulphur, phosphorus and base cations fluxes through podzolic soil horizons

Clear-cutting considerably alters the flow of nutrients through the forest ecosystem. These changes are reflected in soil solution concentrations and fluxes. The effects of clear-cutting (stems only) on the fluxes of water soluble phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and base cations (Ca, Mg and K) through a podzolic soil were studied in a Norway spruce dominated mixed boreal forest in eastern Finland. Bulk deposition, total throughfall (throughfall + stemflow) and soil percolate from below the organic (O), eluvial (E) and illuvial (B) horizons were collected for 4 years before and for 3 years after cutting. Annual deposition loads (kg ha^–1) to the forest floor were less after clear-cutting, averaging 1.7 S, 0.84 Ca, 0.14 Mg, 0.64 K and 0.10 P. Before cutting, the loads were 4.6 S, 2.7 Ca, 0.70 Mg, 6.2 K and 0.20 P. Annual fluxes of total S and sulphate (SO ₄ ^2– ) from below the O-horizon were also lower (33%) after clear-cutting, total S averaging 2.0 kg ha^–1, the flux from below the B-horizon also diminished after clear-cutting. The flux of total P (mainly inorganic) from below the O-horizon increased threefold (6.9 kg ha^–1; sum over the 3-year period) compared to period before cutting. The fluxes of base cations from below the O-horizon increased twofold. The flux of K⁺ from below the O- and E-horizons was most strongly correlated with that of phosphate (PO ₄ ^3– ) and those of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ with the DOC flux. Increased fluxes of P and base cations to the mineral soil generated only slightly increased fluxes from below the B-horizon. The retention of base cations and P in the mineral soil indicates there was little change in leaching to ground and surface waters after clear-cutting.     

桂林会仙喀斯特湿地芦苇群落土壤微生物数量动态分析

以广西桂林会仙喀斯特湿地典型芦苇植物群落为研究对象,于春、夏、秋、冬四个季节分别采集0~10cm,10~20 cm和20~30 cm不同层次的土壤样品,分析根际微生物与非根际微生物的数量特征及季节动态变化特点,探讨微生物数量对水热季节变化的响应规律。结果表明:不同季节的根际微生物与非根际微生物组成,均以细菌占绝对优势;微生物数量分布大小顺序为细菌放线菌真菌,细菌最高比例为96.62%,放线菌最高比例为35.38%,真菌的比例较低,最高仅为0.30%。细菌,真菌和放线菌的垂直变化明显,均随着土层的增加而呈现递减的趋势。不同土壤层次根际微生物与非根际微生物的季节变化一致,细菌数量表现为夏季秋季春季冬季,真菌数量表现为秋季夏季春季冬季,放线菌数量表现为秋季春季夏季冬季;细菌、放线菌、真菌的最大值分别为2.70×10~7、1.92×10~6、3.35×10~4cfu·g~-1,土壤微生物数量与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等呈显著正相关。芦苇植物群落根际土壤微生物呈现出一定的根际效应,并与微生物数量、土壤深度、月平均降雨量和月平均气温变化等有关,而在冬季的根际效应则表现不显著。土壤养分含量是调节会仙喀斯特湿地土壤微生物数量变化的一个主要因素。     

Experimental manipulations of water and nutrient input to a Norway spruce plantation at Klosterhede,Denmark

At Klosterhede, Denmark experimental manipulations of water and nutrient inputs to a forest stand were carried out under a 1200 m² roof simulating i) summer drought, ii) removal of N and S input, and iii) optimal nutrition and water availability. In practise, manipulation of element fluxes in a complex system like a forest may cause unintended changes such as climatic effects from the roof which may interfere with the results of the intended manipulation. This paper illustrates the extent and effects of such unintended changes.The most important climatic change under the roof was a 50% reduction of photosynthetic light which caused a decrease in moss cover on the ground floor. Soil temperatures under the roof were decreased 0.3°C during summer and increased 0.2°C during winter. Air humidity was not changed. Throughfall water amount decreased close to the stems whereas element concentrations in throughfall increased close to the stems and with tree size on the ambient plots. This distinct spatial pattern was changed under the roof to a more variable water distribution from the sprinkling system and to constant element concentrations in the sprinkling water. This loss/change of spatial variability in the input was reflected in the soil solution. The concentration patterns found in soil water (increasing close to the stem and with tree size) in the ambient plots were no longer observed under the roof.Exclusion of throughfall by the roof disturbed the internal cycle of nutrients leached from the canopy. The removal of canopy leached Ca and K by the roof caused a decline in soil water concentrations, even on the drought plot where natural throughfall was only cut off during two summer months. The internal cycle of Ca and K had to be restored by addition of Ca and K under the roof. Further, leachable elements and soluble compounds may be washed out from litterfall during the collection period on the roof, and thus lost from the internal cycle by by exclusion of throughfall.It is important to consider these problems in the design of new manipulation experiments and in the interpretation of the results. Some recommendations are given.