鲤肝细胞抗氧化系统对微囊藻毒素毒性的反应

用10μg／L的微囊藻毒素LR(Microcystin—LR,MC—LR)处理鲤肝细胞培养物,检测鲤肝细胞抗氧化系统的6项指标。结果表明,MC—LR处理后活性氧(ROS)含量明显升高,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量迅速下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性明显升高,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH—Px)活性在MC—LR处理15min后也有明显上升,但谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性在MC—LR处理后没有明显变化。另外,还从氧自由基理论解释了微囊藻毒素造成鲤肝细胞损伤的可能机理。     

锰,硒对离体大鼠工作心脏心肌收缩功能的影响

我们曾通过对比观察证明,饲喂低硒饲料两个月与注射黄嘌呤-黄嘌呤氧化酶3d对大鼠的影响相似,均能使心肌收缩功能减弱、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性降低、脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量增多、电子自旋共振谱线面积增大。本实验沿用相同的低硒饲料与硒、锰添加量,在离体鼠心肌上,观     

硒、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和不饱和脂肪酸在鼠脑亚细胞中的分布

采用梯度离心和放射性同位素等方法从鼠脑中分离得到髓磷脂、突触囊、轻突触体、重突触体、线粒体６个亚细胞组分。分别测定了各亚细胞中硒－７５、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和不饱和脂肪酸的含量,结果表明这些成分在鼠脑亚细胞中的分布呈现明显的相关性,同时首次在突触囊、线粒体和微粒体中检测到三种不同的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性峰,其中之一可能是红细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＥＣ１．１１．１．９）．还就机体的自我保护机制和硒在脑组织中的重要作用进行了讨论。     

亚硒酸钠对小麦幼苗中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性以及谷胱甘肽含量的影响

用1.0 mg·L-1的亚硒酸钠根施小麦幼苗,测定亚硒酸钠对谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性以及还原性谷胱甘肽含量的结果表明,外源亚硒酸钠对麦苗地上部的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性均有诱导作用,使麦苗体内的谷胱甘肽含量水平增加.     

在体和离体的大白鼠肝细胞经棉酚处理后的观察

性成熟的雄性Wistar大白鼠经小剂量棉酚持续处理半年,肝细胞的超微结构,无论是细胞器或是细胞内含物都和对照大白鼠的相似;但大剂量棉酚短期处理,即可引起肝细胞呈“空泡”样变。在离体条件下,棉酚对大鼠肝细胞的损伤作用,与在体肝细胞经大剂量棉酚短期处理的结果相同,受损伤的程度与棉酚浓度和处理时间成正相关。表明离体肝细胞对棉酚比在体肝细胞敏感,但和生精细胞相比,这些体细胞则是相对不敏感的。小剂量长期用药组及其对照组中部分大白鼠的肝细胞线粒体出现类晶体样内含物,可能提示肝细胞在超微结构水平受损伤,但与灌服棉酚没有必然联系。     

硒的抗自由基损伤作用

用黄嘌呤-黄嘌呤氧化酶体系或低硒饲料诱发自由基损伤。在培养的鼠心肌细胞上,硒能使受损心肌细胞的自由基含量、超微结构、动作电位、膜输入阻抗恢复正常;在离体灌流的鼠心上,硒能改善受损心脏的心肌收缩性能;硒能使受损鼠的心硒含量与肝谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH_(ps))活力回升、肝过氧化脂质(LPO)含量下降。上述结果提示硒保护作用的基本机制可能与增强GSH_(px)活力、促进自由基清除有关。     

硒,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和不饱和脂肪酸在鼠亚细胞中的分布

采和梯度离心和放射性同位素等方法从鼠脑中分离得到髓磷脂、突触囊、轻突触体、重突触体、线粒体６个亚细胞组分,分别测定了各亚细胞中硒－７５、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和不饱和脂肪酸的含量,结果表明这上结成分在鼠脑亚细胞中的分布呈明显的相关性,同时首次在突触囊、线粒体和微粒体中检测到三咱不同的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性峰,其中之一可能是红细胞谷胱甘过氧化物酶（ＥＣ１．１１．１．９）。还就机体的自我保护机制和硒在脑     

甘露醇对小麦细胞IAA氧化酶、过氧化物酶及GST活性的影响

研究了16 g/L甘露醇处理对小麦细胞再分化、细胞IAA氧化酶、IAA过氧化物酶、 谷胱甘肽转移酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明,甘露醇处理使小麦细胞再生能力明显降低,引起细胞蛋白质含量、IAA过氧化物酶和GST活性明显降低;但使细胞IAA氧化酶和POD活性明显增高。     

人肝刺激因子对CCl4损伤大鼠离体肝细胞内钙和钾离子稳态的影响

本工作从自愿流产孕妇的胎儿取肝,按照LaBrecque法提取人肝刺激因子(human hepaticstimulator substance,hHSS)。用荧光探针Fura-2/AM测定离体肝细胞内游离钙,用离子分析仪测细胞染毒(四氯化碳CCl_4)前后基质中钾离子含量,观察hHSS对染毒肝细胞内Ca~(2+)和K~+稳态的影响,并测定肝细胞存活率和细胞内转氨酶(ALT)的漏出作为佐证。结果表明,人胎肝中含有hHSS,hHSS能提高离体肝细胞的存活率,维持肝细胞内游离钙的相对恒定,减少细胞内钾离子和ALT的漏出。这些结果提示,hHSS可保护肝细胞内钙,钾离子稳态和肝细胞膜的稳定,从而加强大鼠离体肝细胞抗CCl_4的损伤。     

原位胶原酶循环灌注法分离猪肝细胞

本文建立了原位胶原酶循环灌注分离猪肝细胞方法并与离体两步胶原酶灌注法进行了比较。猪门静脉和下腔静脉分剐插管,先用D-Hanks液灌注,再采用自制的循环灌流装置进行胶原酶循环原位灌注分离猪肝细胞,分离后的肝细胞以5×105/ml培养,观察分离和培养7d的肝细胞产量、活率、蛋白质合成功能、葡萄糖合成功能和LDH含量。同时测定离体组的上述指标。研究结果表明采用原位胶原酶循环灌注法每克肝组织分离获得的肝细胞总量为5.1×107,肝细胞活率98.6％,培养7d肝细胞活率89.5％。肝细胞的蛋白质合成功能在培养7d中保持稳定;葡萄糖合成功能从1d时1.05±0.15nmol/cell下降到3d时0.74±0.09nmol/cell;LDH含量在3d较高。原位胶原酶循环灌注法分离的猪肝细胞总量、活率高于离体法;蛋白质合成功能和葡萄糖合成功能强于离体法。因此,原位胶原酶循环灌注分离猪肝细胞方法可获得大量高活率和良好功能的猪肝细胞。     

Effect of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers on glutathione level and related enzyme activities in isolated rat hepatocytes

A comparative study of the effect of misonidazole and novel radiosensitizers on glutathione (GSH) levels and related enzyme activities in isolated rat hepatocytes was performed. Incubation of hepatocytes with 5 mM radiosensitizers led to a decrease in the intracellular GSH level. The most pronounced decrease in cellular GSH was evoked by 2,4-dinitroimidazole-1-ethanol (DNIE); after incubation for only 15 min, GSH was hardly detected. DNIE-mediated GSH loss was dependent upon its concentration. DNIE reacted with GSH nonenzymatically as well as with diethylmaleate, while misonidazole and 1-methyl-2-methyl-sulfinyl-5-methoxycarbonylimidazole (KIH-3) did not. Addition of partially purified glutathione S-transferase (GST) did not enhance DNIE-mediated GSH loss in a cell-free system. DNIE inhibited glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), GST, and glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) activities in hepatocytes, while misonidazole and KIH-3 did not. GSH-Px activity assayed with H2O2 as substrate was the most inhibited. Inhibition of GSH-Px activity assayed with cumene hydroperoxide as substrate and GST was less than that of GSH-Px assayed with H2O2 as substrate. GSSG-R activity was decreased by DNIE, but not significantly. Incubation of purified GSH-Px with DNIE resulted in a little change in the activity when assayed with H2O2 as substrate.     

氧化型胆固醇引起的血管平滑肌细胞氧化应激损伤研究

以胆固醇为对照,研究动脉粥样硬化症中常见的两种氧化型胆固醇（３β,５α,６β－三羟胆固烷、２５－羟胆固醇）对血管平滑肌细胞损伤及损伤机制。结果表明,于损伤早期,细胞的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性增高,还原型谷胱甘肽含量减少。损伤后期谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性下降,细胞谷胱甘肽耗竭,细胞总巯基含量下降,细胞脂质过氧化产物含量和细胞羰基含量明显增高,表明细胞出现严重的氧化性损伤。而纯胆固醇,在与这两种氧化型胆固醇相同的作用时间,作用条件及剂量大于这两种氧化型胆固醇两倍以上的情况下,未曾引起细胞抗氧化酶、谷胱甘肽、蛋白质及脂质的任何明显改变。外给金属硫蛋白可减轻细胞损伤,外给Ｌ－ｂｕｔｈｉｏｎｅｉｎ－［Ｓ,Ｒ］－ｓｕｌｆｏｘｉｍｉｎｅ使细胞损伤加重,说明损伤与巯基含量有关。结果提示氧化型胆固醇引起的细胞损伤可能是通过氧应激产生。     

Ursodeoxycholic acid protects hepatocytes against oxidative injury via induction of antioxidants.

The therapeutic efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been widely demonstrated in various liver diseases, suggesting that UDCA might protect hepatocytes against common mechanisms of liver damage. A candidate for such protection is oxidative injury induced by reactive oxygen species. This study was designed to assess the effects of UDCA on oxidative injury and antioxidative systems in cultured rat hepatocytes. The viability of the hepatocytes dose-dependently decreased after hydrogen peroxide or cadmium administration. Pretreatment with UDCA significantly prevented this decrease in viability. The amounts of glutathione (GSH) and protein thiol increased significantly, but the activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were unchanged in UDCA-treated hepatocytes. The mRNA levels of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and metallothionein (MT) were significantly higher in UDCA-treated hepatocytes than in controls. In conclusion, UDCA increased hepatocyte levels of GSH and thiol-containing proteins such as MT, thereby protecting hepatocytes against oxidative injury. Our results provide a new perspective on the hepatoprotective effect of UDCA.     

Effects of a root-colonized dark septate endophyte on the glutathione metabolism in maize plants under cadmium stress

A high Cd-tolerant dark septate endophyte (DSE), Exophiala pisciphila, was inoculated into maize (Zea mays L.) roots under Cd stress. The Cd content, enzymes activity and thiol compound content relevant to glutathione (GSH) metabolism in maize leaves were analyzed. The Cd content in maize shoots increased with increasing Cd stress, but the DSE significantly reduced the Cd content at the 40?mg/kg Cd treatment. Cd stress increased the enzyme activity of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as the thiol compound contents of sulfur, thiols (-SH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The content of reduced GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio reached a peak at the 5?mg/kg Cd treatment but then decreased with increasing Cd stress. Furthermore, the DSE significantly enhanced the GR and GSH-Px activity and increased the contents of -SH and GSH under low Cd stress (5 and 10?mg/kg), but decreased the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GST activity under high Cd stress (20 and 40?mg/kg). Highly positive correlations between the Cd content with enzymes activity and enzymes activity with thiol compound content were observed. Results indicated that DSE played a role in activating GSH metabolism in maize leaves under Cd stress.     

Glutathione production in copper-deficient isolated rat hepatocytes.

Dietary copper deficiency has been shown to reduce copper-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and to increase lipid peroxidation in rats. Circulating reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations are elevated in copper-deficient (CuD) rats, which suggests an increased GSH synthesis or decreased degradation, perhaps as an adaptation to the oxidative stress of copper deficiency. GSH synthesis was examined in isolated hepatocytes from CuD rats. Isolated hepatocytes were prepared by collagenase perfusion and incubated in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, 10 mM glucose, 2.5 mM Ca2+ in the presence and absence of 1.0 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured by the glutathione reductase recycling assay. Copper deficiency depressed hepatocyte Cu by greater than 90% and increased intracellular GSH by 41-117% over the 3-h incubation, with a two- to threefold increase in the rate of intracellular GSH synthesis. Intracellular GSSG values were minimally influenced by CuD, with a constant mol% GSSG. Extracellular total glutathione (GSH + 2GSSG) synthesis was increased by approximately 33%. Both intracellular GSH and extracellular total glutathione synthesis were inhibited by BSO. The pattern of food consumption in CuD rats, meal fed versus ad libitum fed, had no effect on glutathione synthesis. The results indicate an increased hepatic GSH synthesis as a response to dietary copper deficiency and suggest an interrelationship between the essential nutrients involved in oxyradical metabolism.     

Lycopene as a natural protector against gamma-radiation induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in primary culture of isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro

The present study was designed to evaluate the radioprotective effect of lycopene, a naturally occurring dietary carotenoid, on gamma-radiation induced toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes. The cellular changes were estimated using lipid peroxidative indices like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), ceruloplasmin, vitamins A, E, C and uric acid. The DNA damage was analysed by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The increase in the severity of DNA damage was observed with the increase in gamma-radiation dose (1, 2 and 4 Gy) in cultured rat hepatocytes. TBARS were increased significantly whereas the levels of GSH, vitamins C, E and A, ceruloplasmin, uric acid and antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased in gamma-irradiated groups. The maximum damage to hepatocytes was observed at 4 Gy irradiation. Pretreatment with lycopene (1.86, 9.31 and 18.62 microM) showed a significant decrease in the levels of TBARS and DNA damage. The antioxidant enzymes increased significantly along with the levels of GSH, vitamins A, E, C, uric acid and ceruloplasmin. The maximum protection of hepatocytes was observed at 9.31 muM of lycopene pretreatment. Thus, our results show that pretreatment with lycopene offers protection against gamma-radiation induced cellular damage and can be developed as an effective radioprotector during radiotherapy.     

Lycopene as a natural protector against γ-radiation induced DNA damage,lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in primary culture of isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro

The present study was designed to evaluate the radioprotective effect of lycopene, a naturally occurring dietary carotenoid, on γ-radiation induced toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes. The cellular changes were estimated using lipid peroxidative indices like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), ceruloplasmin, vitamins A, E, C and uric acid. The DNA damage was analysed by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The increase in the severity of DNA damage was observed with the increase in γ-radiation dose (1, 2 and 4 Gy) in cultured rat hepatocytes. TBARS were increased significantly whereas the levels of GSH, vitamins C, E and A, ceruloplasmin, uric acid and antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased in γ-irradiated groups. The maximum damage to hepatocytes was observed at 4 Gy irradiation. Pretreatment with lycopene (1.86, 9.31 and 18.62 μM) showed a significant decrease in the levels of TBARS and DNA damage. The antioxidant enzymes increased significantly along with the levels of GSH, vitamins A, E, C, uric acid and ceruloplasmin. The maximum protection of hepatocytes was observed at 9.31 μM of lycopene pretreatment. Thus, our results show that pretreatment with lycopene offers protection against γ-radiation induced cellular damage and can be developed as an effective radioprotector during radiotherapy.     

Role of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in human platelet arachidonic acid metabolism

Selective removal of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and inhibition of the GSH-dependent peroxidase (GSH-Px) by 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was used to evaluate the role of GSH and GSH-Px in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in human platelets. Although total conversion of AA through the lipoxygenase pathway is lowered by GSH depletion, significant 12-HETE formation was observed suggesting that GSH and GSH-Px are not required for the generation of 12-HETE in human platelets. Prolonged treatment of platelets with CDNB (2 h) completely destroyed GSH-Px activity creating a model in which the effects of GSH alone could be determined. Platelet homogenates replenished with GSH, but lacking GSH-Px activity converted significantly higher amounts of AA to 12-HPETE and 12-HETE than control. Platelet cytosolic metabolism of 15-HPETE to 15-HETE decreased after CDNB, while the membrane metabolism remained similar to control due to high GSH-independent peroxidase activity associated with the membranes. These results indicate that GSH and GSH-Px function to enhance lipoxygenase activity, rather than catalyse the reduction of 12-HPETE to 12-HETE.     

Glutathione changes occurring after S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibition

Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, which metabolize methionine through the cystathionine pathway, and cultured L5178Y cells, which do not, were compared for their response to the inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1). When cells were incubated in Fischer's medium lacking cystine but containing 0.67 mM methionine and 10% serum, the addition of periodate-oxidized adenosine (POA), an inhibitor of SAH hydrolase, increased the level of SAH approximately 4-fold in L5178Y cells (5 mM POA) and 30-fold in hepatocytes (1 mM POA). POA treatment also decreased the amount of intracellular glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes by 6-fold, and in L5178Y cells by 3-fold. Incubation of hepatocytes with adenosine plus homocysteine, 2-chloroadenosine, or 2',3'-acyclic adenosine increased intracellular SAH and also lowered GSH levels. Neither GSH oxidation nor efflux of GSH or GSH conjugates appeared to account for the GSH loss. Intracellular GSH, covalently bound to proteins as mixed disulfides, increased when hepatocytes were incubated with POA, but the increase was insufficient to account for the total GSH loss. In hepatocytes with prelabeled [35S]GSH, POA caused the cellular GSH content to decrease while the specific activity of [35S]GSH remained constant, suggesting that inhibitor treatments that caused elevated SAH levels may have increased the degradation of GSH while GSH synthesis was inhibited.     

Role of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in human platelet arachidonic acid metabolism

Selective removal of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and inhibition of the GSH-dependent peroxidase (GSH-Px) by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was used to evaluate the role of GSH and GSH-Px in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in human platelets. Although total conversion of AA through the lipoxygenase pathway is lowered by GSH depletion, significant 12-HETE formation was observed suggesting that GSH and GSH-Px are not required for the generation of 12-HETE in human platelets. Prolonged treatment of platelets with CDNB (2 h) completely destroyed GSH-Px activity creating a model in which the effects of GSH alone could be determined. Platelet homogenates replenished with GSH, but lacking GSH-Px activity converted significantly higher amounts of AA to 12-HPETE and 12-HETE than control. Platelet cytosolic metabolism of 15-HPETE to 15-HETE decreased after CDNB, while the membrane metabolism remained similar to control due to high GSH-independent peroxidase activity associated with the membranes. These results indicate that GSH and GSH-Px function to enhance lipoxygenase activity, rather than catalyse the reduction of 12-HPETE to 12-HETE.