Paenibacillus donghaensis sp. nov., a xylan-degrading and nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from East Sea sediment

A Gram-positive and endospore-forming strain, JH8T, was isolated from deep-sea sediment and identified as a member of the genus Paenibacillus on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic analyses. According to a phylogenetic analysis, the most closely related species was Paenibacillus wynnii LMG 22176T (96.9%). Strain JH8T was also facultatively anaerobic and grew optimally at 20-25degreesC. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15:0, and the DNA G+C content was 53.1 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and Paenibacillus wynnii LMG 22176T was 7.6%, indicating that strain JH8T and P. wynnii belong to different species. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain JH8T would appear to belong to a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus donghaensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain =KCTC 13049T=LMG 23780T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus ginsengisoli</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon province,South Korea

A Gram-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, motile, spore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 1638T, was isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in Pocheon province (South Korea), and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. It grew well on nutrient agar medium, utilized a fairly narrow spectrum of carbon sources and tolerated 10% NaCl. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase tests but negative for the degradation of macromolecules such as casein, collagen, starch, chitin, CM-cellulose, xylan and DNA. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 50.7 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (44%) and C16:0 (25%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil 1638T fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising Paenibacillus species and joined Paenibacillus anaericanus DSM 15890T with a bootstrap value of 100%. These two strains shared 99.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other. The phylogenetic distance from any other validly described species within the genus Paenibacillus was less than 96.2%. DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain Gsoil 1638T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor, Paenibacillus anaericanus, was 62%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 1638T (= KCTC 13931T = LMG 23406T = CCUG 52472T) was classified in the genus Paenibacillus as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed.     

Pedobacter jeongneungensis sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

Strain BH45(T) was isolated from forest soil of Mt. Bukhan in Jeongneung, Seoul, Korea. The Gram-staining-negative strain BH45(T) grows at 4-30°C (optimum of 25-30°C) and between pH 5-8 (optimum of pH 6-8). Its major cellular fatty acids are C(18:3) ω6c (6,9,12) and C(10:0). The G+C content of genomic DNA was 40.2 mol%. The major respiratory quinone system in strain BH45(T) is menaquinone-7. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that strain BH45(T) is closely related to the genus Pedobacter. Sequence similarities with P. terrae KCTC 12762(T), P. suwonensis KACC 11317(T), P. soli KACC 14939(T), P. alluvionis DSM 19624(T), P. roseus KCCM 42272(T), P. yonginense KCTC 22721(T) were 97.5, 97.1, 97.0, 97.0, 97.0, and 96.0%, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization results distinguish strain BH45(T) from two Pedobacter species with high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. According to the phenotypic and molecular data, the strain BH45(T) clearly represents a novel species within the genus Pedobacter; thus, the name Pedobacter jeongneungensis sp. nov. is proposed for this strain. The type strain is BH45(T) (=KACC 15514(T) =JCM 17626(T)).     

Lactobacillus alvi sp. nov., isolated from the intestinal tract of chicken

Strain R54(T) was isolated from the gizzard of hens. The isolate was Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, gas-forming, catalase-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming and short-rod-shaped. The optimal temperature for growth was 40 °C and the DNA G+C content was 42.7 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequences similarity showed that strain R54(T) was most closely related to Lactobacillus ingluviei LMG 20380(T) (97.5%), followed by Lactobacillus coleohominis CIP 106820(T) (96.1%), Lactobacillus secaliphilus DSM 17896(T) (95.6%) and Lactobacillus gastricus LMG 22113(T) (95.4%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain R54(T) and L. ingluviei LMG 20380(T) , was 43.3%. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain R54(T) were C(18:1 ω9c) (64.9%) and C(16:0) (20.0%), and the major polar lipid group was phospholipids. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomy approach, strain R54(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus, for which the name Lactobacillus alvi sp. nov. is proposed (type strain R54(T) = KCCM 90099(T) = JCM 17644(T)).     

Effect of carbon sources on the induction of xylanolytic-cellulolytic multienzyme complexes in Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus strain B-6

The effect of polymeric substances such as alpha-cellulose, birchwood xylan, corn hull, and sugarcane bagasse, and of soluble sugars such as L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-xylose, and cellobiose, on the induction of multienzyme complexes in a facultatively anaerobic bacterium, Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6, was investigated under aerobic conditions. Cells and culture supernatants of strain B-6 grown on different carbon sources were analyzed. Cells grown on each carbon source adhered to cellulose. Hence strain B-6 cells from all carbon sources must have an essential component responsible for anchoring the cells to the substrate surfaces. Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), zymogram analysis, and enzymatic assays indicated that many proteins having xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities from P. curdlanolyticus B-6 grown on each carbon source were produced as two multienzyme complexes in the culture supernatants. These results indicate that P. curdlanolyticus B-6 produced multienzyme complexes when grown on both polymeric and soluble sugars. The multienzyme complexes of P. curdlanolyticus B-6 consisted of the main enzymes and non-enzymatic subunits and the production of some different subunits, depending on the carbon source.     

Hymenobacter perfusus sp. nov., Hymenobacter flocculans sp. nov. and Hymenobacter metalli sp. nov. three new species isolated from an uranium mine waste water treatment system

Three red-pink pigmented strains, designated A1-12(T), A2-50A(T) and A2-91(T), were recovered from two different sites in a uranium mine. For all strains, the optimum growth temperature was 25°C, the optimum pH was 6.0-6.5 and the DNA G+C contents were between 60 and 63.4 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and the fatty acid profiles contained iso- and anteiso-branched C15 fatty acids, summed feature 3 (16:1 ω6c and/or ω7c and/or 15:0 iso 2-OH), summed feature 4 (17:1 anteiso B and/or iso I) and the unsaturated fatty acid 16:1 ω5c as the major components. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these organisms represented three distinct branches within the family Flexibacteraceae most closely related to the members of the genus Hymenobacter. Strain A1-12(T) formed a distinct phylogenetic line along with H. rigui KCTC 12533(T) and they shared approximately 98.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. However, these two strains shared only 14.7% pairwise similarity in their genomic DNA. Strains A2-50A(T) and A2-91(T) formed two distinct lineages, related to the species H. soli KCTC 12607(T), sharing about 95.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between themselves, and 88.3 and 92.0% with other members of the genus Hymenobacter. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and physiological and biochemical characteristics, these isolates were considered to represent three novel species for which we propose the names Hymenobacter perfusus for strain A1-12(T) (=CIP 110166=LMG 26000), Hymenobacter flocculans for strain A2-50A(T) (=CIP 110139=LMG 25699) and Hymenobacter metalli for strain A2-91(T) (=CIP 110140=LMG 25700).     

Pseudoxanthomonas icgebensis sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of Anopheles stephensi field-collected larvae

A Gram-negative, aerobic, golden yellow, rod-shaped bacterium, a strain designated ICGEB-L15(T), was isolated from the larval midgut of Anopheles stephensi captured in District Jhajjar, Haryana, India. The strain ICGEB-L15(T) grows at 30-50°C (optimum 30-37°C), pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 2% NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C(15:0) (22.5% of total fatty acid), anteiso-C(15:0) (16.5%), iso-C(17:1) 9c (10.3%), iso-C(16:0) (7.3%), C(16:0) (6.1%), and iso-C(11:0) (5.3%). The strain showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with the type strains Pseudoxanthomonas daejeonensis KCTC 12207(T) (97.4%), Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensis J36(T) (97.17%), and Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana AMX 26B(T) (97.11%). The DNA relatedness between ICGEB-L15(T) and Pseudoxanthomonas daejeonensis KCTC 12207(T), Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensis J36(T) and Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana AMX 26B(T) was 24.5%, 28.2%, and 33.6%, respectively. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 69.9 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone of strain ICGEB-L15(T) was Q-8. The strain ICGEB-L15(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas based on physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic properties; therefore, the name Pseudoxanthomonas icgebensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ICGEB-L15(T) (=KACC 14090(T) =DSM 22536(T)).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus seodonensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a plant of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campanula</Emphasis>

Strain DCT-19^T, representing a Gram-stain-positive, rodshaped, aerobic bacterium, was isolated from a native plant belonging to the genus Campanula on Dokdo, the Republic of Korea. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this strain was closely related to Paenibacillus amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290^T (98.6%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paenibacillus tundrae A10b^T (98.1%), and Paenibacillus xylanexedens NRRL B-51090^T (97.6%). DNADNA hybridization indicated that this strain had relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with P. amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290^T (30.0%), P. xylanexedens NRRL B-51090^T (29.0%), and P. tundrae A10b^T (24.5%). Additionally, the genomic DNA G + C content of DCT-19^T was 44.8%. The isolated strain grew at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 0–4% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%), and a temperature of 15–45°C (optimum 25–30°C). The sole respiratory quinone in the strain was menaquinone-7, and the predominant fatty acids were C_15:0 anteiso, C_16:0 iso, and C_16:0. In addition, the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain DCT-19^T is proposed as a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus seodonensis sp. nov. is proposed (=KCTC 43009^T =LMG 30888^T). The type strain of Paenibacillus seodonensis is DCT-19^T.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus albilobatus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from acidic soil on Jeju Island

A rod-shaped, white color colony with lobate architectures, strain h2^T was isolated from a moderately acidic soil on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain h2^T is closely related to Paenibacillus relictisesami DSM 25385^T (97.4%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paenibacillus azoreducens KACC 11244^T (97.2%), and Paenibacillus cookii LMG 18419^T (97.0%). DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that the strain h2^T has relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with respect to P. relictisesami DSM 25385^T (10.2%) and P. azoreducens KACC 11244^T (13.7%). Additionally, the genomic DNA G + C content of h2^T is 51.5 mol%. The isolated strain grew at pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0–7.0) and 0–5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%) and a temperature of 15–45°C (optimum 35°C). The quinones in the strain are MK-6 and MK-7, and the predominant fatty acid is C_15:0 anteiso (32.1%) followed by C_17:0 anteiso (26.5%), and C_16:0 iso (21.0%). Based on its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain h2^T is proposed as a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus albilobatus sp. nov. is proposed (= KCCM 43269^T = JCM 32395^T = LMG 30408^T). The type strain of Paenibacillus albilobatus is h2^T.     

Use of plate-wash samples to monitor the fates of culturable bacteria in mercury- and trichloroethylene-contaminated soils

With the ultimate aim of developing bioremediation technology that use the optimum bacterial community for each pollutant, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and phylogenetic analysis and identified communities of culturable bacteria in HgCl(2)- and trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated soil microcosms. PCR-DGGE band patterns were similar at 0 and 1 ppm HgCl(2), but changes in specific bands occurred at 10 ppm HgCl(2). Band patterns appearing at 10 and 100 ppm TCE were very different from those at 0 ppm. Phylogenetic analysis showed four bacterial groups in the HgCl(2)-contaminatied cultures: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Most high-density bands, decreased-density bands, and common bands were classified into the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, respectively; the effects of HgCl(2) on culturable bacteria appeared to differ among phyla. Duganella violaceinigra [98.4% similarity to DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) strain], Lysobacter koreensis (98.2%), and Bacillus panaciterrae (98.6%) were identified as bacteria specific to HgCl(2)-contaminated soils. Bacteria specific to TCE-contaminated soils were distributed into three phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria), but there was no clear relationship between phylum and TCE effects on culturable bacteria. Paenibacillus kobensis (97.3%), Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus (96.3%), Paenibacillus wynnii (99.8%), and Sphingomonas herbicidovorans (99.4%) were identified as bacteria specific to TCE-contaminated soils. These bacteria may be involved in pollutant degradation.     

Sphingopyxis panaciterrae sp. nov., isolated from soil from ginseng field

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 124T, was isolated from a soil sample taken from a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea). The isolate contained Q-10 as the predominant lipoquinone, plus C18:1 7c and summed feature 4 (C16:1 6c and/or iso- C15:0 2-OH) as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.1 mol%, and the major polar lipids consisted of sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. A comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil 124T was most closely related to Sphingopyxis chilensis (98.7%), Sphingopyxis alaskensis (98.2%), Sphingopyxis witflariensis (98.2%), Sphingopyxis taejonensis (98.0%), and Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida (97.6%). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between strain Gsoil 124T and its phylogenetically closest neighbors was less than 22%. Thus, on the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 124T should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Sphingopyxis, for which the name Sphingopyxis panaciterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 124T (=KCTC 12580T=LMG 24003T).     

Ultrastructural alterations induced by Δ(24(25))-sterol methyltransferase inhibitors on Trichomonas vaginalis

In a search for thermophilic ethanol-tolerant bacteria, water-sediment samples collected at springs in Yunnan province of China were screened by ethanol enrichment. A novel thermophilic bacterium, strain E13(T) , was isolated. It exhibits a unique and remarkable ability to preferably grow in the presence of ethanol and is able to tolerate 13% (v/v) ethanol at 60 °C. The isolate is a facultative aerobic, Gram-positive, motile, spore-forming rod that is capable of utilizing a range of carbon sources, such as xylose, arabinose and cellobiose. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene similarity showed the strain to be affiliated with the species Anoxybacillus flavithermus (99.2% sequence similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization comparisons demonstrated a 64.8% DNA-DNA relatedness between strain E13(T) and A. flavithermus DSM 2641(T) . On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA-DNA hybridization data, it was concluded that the isolate merited classification as a novel subspecies of A. flavithermus, for which the name Anoxybacillus flavithermus ssp. yunnanensis ssp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this subspecies is E13(T) (=CCTCC AB2010187(T) =KCTC 13759(T) ).     

Sphingobacterium canadense sp. nov., an isolate from corn roots

A free-living Gram-negative bacterial strain CR11(T) was isolated from corn roots. Polyphasic taxonomy was performed, including API20 NE and API50 CH bacterial identification kits, Biolog analysis, lipids and fatty acid analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA and cpn60 gene sequence analyses. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain CR11(T) belonged to the genus Sphingobacterium and was closely related to Sphingobacterium multivorum IFO 14947(T) (98% similarity) and Sphingobacterium. thalpophilum ATCC 43320(T) (97% similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization showed 11% and 13% DNA re-association with S. multivorum LMG 8342(T) and S. thalpophilum LMG 11520(T), respectively. Major fatty acids (16:0, 15:0 iso and 17:0 iso 3-OH) and the G+C content of the DNA (40.5 mol%), were also similar to those of the genus Sphingobacterium. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. In all analyses, including phenotypic characterization, this isolate was found to be different from the closely related species, S. multivorum and S. thalpophilum. On the basis of these results, this strain represents a new species within the genus Sphingobacterium. The name Sphingobacterium canadense sp. nov. is suggested and the type strain is CR11(T) (=NCCB 100125(T)=LMG 23727(T)).     

Genetic diversity of endophytic diazotrophs of the wild rice, Oryza alta and identification of the new diazotroph, Acinetobacter oryzae sp. nov

Thirty-three endophytic diazotrophs were isolated from surface-sterilized leaves, stem, and roots of wild rice Oryza alta. The SDS-PAGE profile of total protein and insertion sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) fingerprinting grouped the isolates into four clusters (I-IV). The 16S rRNA gene sequence homology of the representative strains B21, B31, B1, and B23 of clusters I, II, III, and IV were assigned to Pseudomonas oleovorans (99.2% similarity), Burkholderia fungorum (99.4% similarity), Enterobacter cloacae (98.9% similarity), and Acinetobacter johnsonii (98.4% similarity), respectively. The results showed wide genetic diversity of the putative diazotrophic strains of the wild rice, O. alta, and the strains of cluster IV are the first report of nitrogen-fixing Acinetobacter species. The cell size, phenotypic characters, total protein profile, genomic DNA fingerprinting, DNA-DNA hybridization, and antibiotic resistance differentiated strain B23(T) from its closest relatives A. johnsonii LMG999(T) and Acinetobacter haemolyticus LMG996(T). The DNA-DNA hybridization also distinguished the strain B23(T) from the closely related Acinetobacter species. Based on these data, a novel species, Acinetobacter oryzae sp. nov., and strain B23(T) (=LMG25575(T)?=?CGMCC1.10689(T)) as the type strain were proposed.     

Paracoccus bengalensis sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph from the rhizospheric soil of an Indian tropical leguminous plant

Paracoccus versutus-like isolates from the rhizosphere of Clitoria ternatea, a slender leguminous herb (family--Papilionaceae), found ubiquitously in waste places and village forests of the Lower Gangetic plains of India, presented a case of graduated infraspecific variation that was capped by the identification of a new species Paracoccus bengalensis (type strain JJJ(T) = LMG 22700(T) = MTCC 7003(T)). The diverged phenetic and genetic structure of these sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs presented a case of apparent nonconformity of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with results of DNA-DNA hybridization. Despite high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with P. versutus one of the newly isolated strains, viz., JJJ(T) was identified as a new species of Paracoccus by virtue of its explicitly low DNA-DNA hybridization (42-45%) with the type strain of the closest species P. versutus (), distinct G + C content (65.3 mol%), physiological and biochemical differences amounting to <60% phenetic similarity with strains of P. versutus as well as new isolates akin to the species. The newly described species also had a unique fatty acid profile that was distinguished by the absence of 18:1 omega9c, unique possession of Summed feature 3 (16:1omega7c & 15:0 iso 2-OH), 19:0 10 methyl, and a much higher concentration of 19:0 cycloomega8c.     

Lysobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov., a novel species isolated from soil in Pocheon Province, South Korea

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, nonspore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 357T, was isolated from soil sample of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea). The isolate contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and iso-C16:0, iso-C17:1 9c, and iso-C15:0 as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.3mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Gsoil 357T was most closely related to Lysobacter gummosus (97.6%) and Lysobacter antibioticus (97.6%). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain Gsoil 357T and its phylogenetically closest neighbors was less than 17%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 357T should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 357T (=KCTC 12602T=DSM 18420T).     

Comamonas granuli sp. nov., isolated from granules used in a wastewater treatment plant

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated as Ko03(T), was isolated from microbial granules, and was characterized, using a polyphasic approach, in order to determine its taxonomic position. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase, but negative for gelatinase and beta-galactosidase. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain formed a monophyletic branch towards the periphery of the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Comamonas, its closest neighbors being Comamonas koreensis KCTC 12005(T) (95.9% sequence similarity), Comamonas nitrativorans DSM 13191(T) (95.7%), and Comamonas odontotermitis LMG 23579(T) (95.7%). Strain Ko03(T) had a genomic DNA G+C content of 68.4 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was Q-8. The major fatty acids were C(16:1) omega7c (44.7%), C(16:0) (28.1%), C(18:1) (16.1%), and C(10:0) 3-OH (3.5%). These chemo-taxonomic results supported the affiliation of strain Ko03(T) to the genus Comamonas. However, low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain Ko03(T) from recognized Comamonas species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Ko03(T) represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas granuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Ko03(T) (= KCTC 12199(T) = NBRC 101663(T)).     

Shivajiella indica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family "Cyclobacteriaceae" with nitrate reducing activity

Novel orange pigmented, Gram-negative-staining, rod-shaped, non-motile, strictly aerobic strains designated NIO-S1(T) and NIO-S2 were isolated from the water sample of a pond adjacent to the coast and an algal mat from a fish pond, respectively, at Kakinada, India. Both strains were positive for oxidase, catalase and β-galactosidase activities. The predominant fatty acids in NIO-S1(T) were iso-C(15:0) (39.6%), anteiso-C(15:0) (9.9%), iso-C(17:0) 3OH (10.9%) and C(16:1)ω7c/C(16:1)ω6c (summed feature 3) (5.7%). The strains contained MK-7 as the major respiratory quinine, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified lipids as the polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain NIO-S1(T) was a member of the family "Cyclobacteriaceae" of the class "Sphingobacteriia" and it clustered with the genera Fontibacter, Cecembia and Aquiflexum with phylogenetic distances of 6.8, 9.0 and 12.2% (93.2, 91.0 and 87.8% similarity), respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization between strains NIO-S1(T) and NIO-S2 showed a relatedness of 93% and rep-PCR banding patterns were similar. Based on data from the current polyphasic study, it is proposed that the new isolates be placed in a new genus and species with the name Shivajiella indica gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Shivajiella indica is NIO-S1(T) (= KCTC 19812(T)=MTCC 11065(T)).     

Paenibacillus tylopili sp.nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from the mycorhizosphere of Tylopilus felleus

Two chitinolytic bacterial strains (designated MK2^T and V7) were isolated from the mycorhizosphere of the fungus Tylopilus felleus. The strains were facultatively anaerobic G⁺ endospore formers. Physiological analysis and 16S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP assays revealed nearly identical profiles for both strains, demonstrating their relationship at the species level. Sequences specific for the genus Paenibacillus were found within the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain MK2^T. The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarity to the sequences of Paenibacillus amylolyticus, P. pabuli and P. xylanilyticus. DNA-DNA relatedness of the strain with the type strain of P. amylolyticus was 4.95 %, of P. pabuli 38.0 %, and of P. xylanilyticus 46.3 %, indicating no relatedness between MK2^T and any of them at the species level. The most abundant fatty acids in strains MK2^T and V7 were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0 and n-C_16:0. DNA-DNA relatedness, morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic analyses, and phylogenetic data based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing made it possible to describe both strains as the novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus tylopili is proposed, the type strain being MK2^T (DSM 18927^T, LMG 23975^T).     

A novel electrochemically active and Fe(III)-reducing bacterium phylogenetically related to Aeromonas hydrophila,isolated from a microbial fuel cell

A facultative anaerobic bacterium was isolated from a mediator-less microbial fuel cell fed with artificial wastewater containing acetate and designated as PA3. The isolate was identified as a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila based on its biochemical, physiological and morphological characteristics as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization. PA3 used glucose, glycerol, pyruvate and hydrogen to reduce Fe(III), nitrate and sulfate. Cyclic voltammetry showed that PA3 was electrochemically active and was the culture collection strain A. hydrophila KCTC 2358. Electricity was generated from a fuel cell-type reactor, the anode compartment of which was inoculated with cell suspensions of the isolate or A. hydrophila KCTC 2358. The electrochemical activities are novel characteristics of A. hydrophila.